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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
391

Extração de carotenóides totais e ß-caroteno por ultrassom no resíduo de indústria de polpa de goiaba (Psidium guajava L)

Santos, Thatiana Santana 30 July 2013 (has links)
This work reports the extraction ß-carotene and total carotenoids in the residue of the guava pulp industry by Soxhlet and ultrasound. The Soxhlet technique was evaluated from the solvent: dichloromethane, methanol and hexane, and drying process: freeze-drying and convective drying. The solvents dichloromethane showed the best yield ß-carotene and total carotenoids and the drying by freeze was most favorable. Ultrasound extraction was evaluated: relation mass/solvent, temperature, time and power extraction device. The better extraction condition for maximum yield of ß-carotene by ultrasound was 20 minutes, at a sample to solvent radio 1:70 (g mL-1), power 154 W and temperature 30°C. The results showed that ultrasound obtained it highest ß-carotene yield (693,16 µg 100 g-1) in 20 minutes only, while Soxhlet obtained low yield (494, 9 µg 100g-1) in 8h. For total carotenoids the Soxhlet extraction obtained a yield of 6693,4 µg 100 g-1, in the ultrasound obtained the better yield (9912,28 µg 100 g-1) in the power 92,4W. / Este trabalho reporta a extração de ß-caroteno e carotenoides totais em resíduo agroindustrial de polpa de goiaba por Soxhlet e ultrassom. Na técnica de Soxhlet foram avaliados os solventes: hexano, diclorometano e metano e os processos de secagem: liofilização e secagem convectiva. O solvente diclorometano apresentou melhor rendimento para a extração de ß-caroteno e carotenoides totais e a liofilização foi o processo de secagem mais favorável. A extração por ultrassom foi avaliada quanto a relação massa/solvente, temperatura, tempo e potência de extração. A melhor condição de extração de ß-caroteno em ultrassom foi 20 minutos, razão massa/solvente 1:70 (g mL-1), potência 123,2 W e temperatura 30°C. Os resultados mostraram que o ultrassom gerou o melhor rendimento (693,16 µg 100g-1) em 20 minutos, enquanto que a extração por Soxhlet alcançou um rendimento inferior (494,97 µg 100g-1) em 8 h. Para carotenoides totais a extração por Soxhlet apresentou um rendimento de 6693,4 µg 100g-1 e no ultrassom foi obtido um melhor rendimento (9912,28 µg 100g-1) com uma potência de 92,4 W.
392

Tolerância à dessecação em Pleurostima purpurea (Velloziaceae): trocas gasosas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e conteúdo relativo de água foliar / Desiccation tolerance in Pleurostima purpurea (Velloziaceae): gas exchanges, photosynthetic pigments and leaf relative water content

Saulo de Tarso Aidar 07 December 2005 (has links)
Pleurostima purpurea (Velloziaceae) é uma espécie rupícola encontrada em afloramentos rochosos do estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. Por apresentar notável capacidade de tolerar a dessecação vegetativa, este estudo teve o intuito de esclarecer detalhes sobre a estratégia ecofisiológica utilizada por tais plantas frente à desidratação do ambiente e as vantagens associadas ao processo. Para tanto foi analisada a dinâmica de trocas gasosas, o conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos e o conteúdo relativo de água de tecidos foliares durante os processos de dessecação e reidratação de indivíduos adultos cultivados. Comportaram-se como homeohídricas típicas economizadoras de água sob condição de seca moderada que, quando agravada, assumiram o comportamento de pecilohídricas e peciloclorófilas. A suspensão da irrigação provocou o fechamento estomático sob conteúdo relativo de água foliar acima de 90%, levando a restrições sobre a transpiração e assimilação líquida de carbono até o estabelecimento da anabiose. Durante este processo, houve um atraso na diminuição do CRAfoliar em relação ao CRAplanta-solo. A degradação das clorofilas acompanhou a diminuição do CRAfoliar, o qual alcançou o valor médio mínimo de 17% sem incorrer na abscisão das folhas, enquanto sua resíntese somente se iniciou após a total reidratação dos mesmos tecidos. Durante todo este processo o conteúdo de carotenóides manteve-se estável. 12 horas de reidratação do solo de cultivo foram suficientes para a retomada respiratória. Um balanço positivo de CO2 foi observado a partir da 36ª hora de reidratação quando o grau de abertura estomática passou a ser maior do que o observado para o grupo controle. Comparando-se com as condições iniciais, 84 horas de reidratação foram suficientes para a recuperação fotossintética mesmo com uma recuperação apenas parcial do conteúdo de clorofilas. Assim como os tecidos foliares, suas raízes também devem ser tolerantes à dessecação. / Pleurostima purpurea (Velloziaceae), a rupicolous flowering species found in rock outcrops in Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil, show notable capacity to endure vegetative desiccation. This study had the intent to show more details about the ecophysiological strategy used by these plants facing a drying ambient and the advantages associated with the process. For this, it was analised the gas exchanges, photosynthetic pigments content, and relative water content of leaf tissues during desiccation and rehydration of cultivated individuals. They behaved typicaly as homeohydrics water savers under moderated drought condition that, when aggravated, prosecute with poikilohydric and poikilochlorophyllous behavior. After watering suspension, stomatic closing was observed under a relative leaf water content up to 90% that resulted in gas exchanges restrictions until the anabiosis. During this process, it was observed a delay in the leaf relative water content (RWCleaf) decrease comparing to the plant-soil relative water content (RWCplant-soil). The chlorophylls degradation acompanished the RWCleaf decrease, which achived the minimum average value of 17% without incur in leaves abscission, while its resynthesis just begun after the full leaves rehydration. During all of this process, the carotenoids content remained stable. Twelve hours of soil rehydration were sufficient for the respiration retake. A positive carbon balance was observed since the 36th hour of rehydration, when the degree of stomatic opening became bigger than that observed for the control group. Comparing with inicial conditions, 84 hours of rehydration were sufficient to photosynthetic recovery, even just with a parcial recovery of chlorophyll content. As well as the leaf tissues, its roots might be desiccation tolerants.
393

Avaliação da extração de compostos bioativos com propriedades antioxidantes e corantes presentes em urucum e piquiá / Evaluation of extraction of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and color properties in urucum and piquia

Chisté, Renan Campos, 1983- 18 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T21:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chiste_RenanCampos_D.pdf: 8233764 bytes, checksum: 20989b604d256eba3bcdcfda79445208 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os compostos bioativos presentes no reino vegetal possuem importantes funções e ações biológicas, podendo ser considerados promotores da saúde humana. Já é reconhecida a associação entre a ingestão de frutas e vegetais e a diminuição do risco de desenvolvimento de diversas desordens crônico-degenerativas, tais como câncer, inflamações, doenças cardiovasculares, catarata, degeneração macular e outras, sendo os carotenóides e compostos fenólicos alguns dos grupos de compostos bioativos aos quais são atribuídas tais ações. As sementes e os extratos de urucum (Bixa orellana L.) são utilizados como corantes nas indústrias alimentícias, farmacêutica e de cosméticos, devido à presença majoritária do carotenóide bixina. Até então, não havia sido relatada na literatura a composição de compostos fenólicos das sementes de urucum. Dessa forma, foi desenvolvido e validado um método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada aos detectores de arranjo de diodos e espectrômetro de massas (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) para separar, identificar e quantificar bixina e os compostos fenólicos em semente de urucum. Adicionalmente, foi otimizado um procedimento de extração simultânea desses compostos através da metodologia de superfície de resposta. Além de bixina, conhecida por ser o principal carotenóide em sementes de urucum, a hipolaetina e um derivado de ácido caféico foram identificados, pela primeira vez, como os principais compostos fenólicos. O procedimento otimizado envolveu 15 extrações com acetona:metanol:água (50:40:10, v/v/v) como solvente, razão sólido-líquido de 1:9 (m/v) e 5 min para cada extração em ultrassom. O método cromatográfico proposto foi validado com sucesso para a análise simultânea de compostos fenólicos e bixina em sementes de urucum. Extratos líquidos de urucum com elevada capacidade antioxidante e potencial de cor foram obtidos a partir da extração de bixina e de compostos fenólicos de sementes de urucum utilizando solventes com diferentes polaridades (água, etanol:água, etanol, etanol:acetato de etila e acetato de etila). Os valores mais elevados de compostos fenólicos totais foram encontrados nos extratos obtidos com água, etanol:água e etanol (0,5 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico/mL), e o valor mais elevado de bixina foi encontrado no extrato obtido com etanol:acetato de etila (5,2 mg/mL), que foi caracterizado como o mais vermelho e o mais vívido (a* = 40,5, h°=46,1, C* = 58,4). O extrato obtido com etanol:acetato de etila também apresentou a maior atividade anti-radical livre (4,7 umol equivalente Trolox/mL) e a maior porcentagem de proteção ao triptofano contra o oxigênio singlete (63,6 %). Por outro lado, acetato de etila e a mistura etanol:água foram os solventes menos eficazes para a extração de compostos fenólicos e bixina, respectivamente. De acordo com a análise estatística multivariada, etanol:acetato de etila e acetato de etila foram os solventes mais promissores para obtenção de extratos de urucum com ambas as propriedades antioxidantes e de cor. A partir da extração com diferentes solventes (água, etanol:água, etanol, etanol:acetato de etila e acetato de etila), foram também obtidos extratos liofilizados de urucum, e a capacidade antioxidante na desativação de diferentes espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e de nitrogênio (RNS) foi avaliada. Além disso, os teores de compostos fenólicos e de bixina dos extratos de urucum foram determinados por HPLC-DAD. Todos os extratos de urucum foram capazes de desativar todas as espécies reativas testadas (peróxido de hidrogênio, ácido hipocloroso, oxigênio singlete, radical óxido nítrico, ânion peroxinitrito e radical peroxila), em baixas concentrações na faixa de ?g/mL, com exceção do radical superóxido. O extratos de sementes de urucum obtidos com etanol:acetato de etila e acetato de etila, que apresentaram os maiores níveis de hipolaetina e bixina, respectivamente, foram os extratos com a maior capacidade antioxidante. Adicionalmente, o padrão de bixina apresentou os menores valores de IC50 na desativação de todas as ROS e RNS testadas. O piquiá (Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers), fruta nativa da região Amazônica, pode ser considerado uma fonte inexplorada de compostos bioativos, uma vez que poucos estudos sobre seus constituintes químicos e fitoquímicos estão disponíveis. Dessa forma, a composição química e fitoquímica da polpa de piquiá foi determinada, incluindo a composição de carotenóides e de compostos fenólicos por HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. De acordo com a composição nutricional, água (52 %) e lipídios (25 %) foram os principais componentes encontrados na polpa e o valor energético total foi 291 kcal/100 g. Sobre os compostos bioativos, a polpa apresentou (base seca) maior teor de compostos fenólicos (236 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico/100 g), flavonóides totais (67 mg equivalentes de catequina/100 g) e taninos totais (60 mg equivalentes de ácido tânico/100 g) em relação ao teor de carotenóides totais (7 mg/100 g) e alfa-tocoferol (1 mg/100 g). Os principais compostos fenólicos identificados por HPLC-DAD-MS/MS, foram ácido gálico (182 ug/g polpa), seguido por ácido elágico ramnosídeo (107 ug/g polpa) e ácido elágico (104 ug/g polpa). Os principais carotenóides identificados foram all-trans-anteraxantina (3 ug/g), all-trans-zeaxantina (3 ug/g), all-trans-neoxantina (2 ug/g), all-trans-violaxantina (1 ug/g) e all-trans-?-caroteno (0,7 ug/g). A capacidade anti-radical livre da polpa (3,7 mmol equivalente Trolox/100 g) indica que a polpa pode ser considerada um eficiente sequestrador do radical peroxila. Foram obtidos também extratos liofilizados de polpa de piquiá a partir da extração com diferentes solventes (água, etanol:água, etanol, etanol:acetato de etila e acetato de etila). Todos os extratos naturais foram caracterizados em relação ao teor de compostos bioativos (compostos fenólicos totais, flavonóides, taninos, carotenóides e tocoferóis). Além disso, a capacidade de desativação do radical peroxila, assim como a porcentagem de proteção contra o oxigênio singlete foi determinada para todos os extratos. Os extratos obtidos com água e a mistura etanol:água apresentaram os maiores teores (base seca) de compostos fenólicos totais (9,2 e 6,3 mg de equivalentes de ácido gálico/g, respectivamente), flavonóides totais (3,8 e 2,5 mg equivalente de catequina/g, respectivamente) e taninos totais (7,6 e 2,4 mg de ácido tânico/g, respectivamente). O extrato obtido com etanol:água também apresentou a maior capacidade de desativação do radical peroxila (ORAC) (0,3 mmol equivalente Trolox/g extrato). Por outro lado, o extrato obtido com etanol, que foi classificado como o de cor mais vívida e amarelo (C*ab = 13,7 e b* = 13,3), apresentou o maior teor de carotenóides totais (0,1 mg/g) e maior percentual de proteção contra o oxigênio singlete (10,6 %). Com base nos resultados deste estudo, etanol:água, água e etanol são os solventes mais promissores para obtenção de extratos de piquiá com alto teor de compostos bioativos, proteção contra o oxigênio singlete e capacidade sequestradora do radical peroxila. Portanto, tais informações são importantes para as indústrias alimentícia, cosmética e farmacêutica, sabendo que o piquiá e o urucum são fontes naturais acessíveis de compostos bioativos para serem usados como potencial matéria-prima para obtenção de extratos contra os danos oxidativos em alimentos ou sistemas biológicos / Abstract: The bioactive compounds found in the plant kingdom have important biological functions and actions and may be considered human health promoters. The association between the intake of fruits and vegetables and the decreased risk of developing several chronic-degenerative disorders is already recognized, being the carotenoids and phenolic compounds, groups of the bioactive compounds responsible for such actions. The annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seeds and extracts are used as colourant in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, due to the presence of bixin. As far as we are concerned, no information about the composition of phenolic compounds present in the annatto seeds and extracts was reported. Thus, a method by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and mass spectrometer (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) was developed and validated for separation, identification and quantification of phenolic compounds and bixin in annatto seeds. Furthermore, using response surface methodology, an optimized procedure for simultaneous extraction of both compound classes was established. In addition to bixin, known to be the main carotenoid in annatto seeds, hypolaetin and a caffeoyl acid derivative were identified as the main phenolic compounds. The optimized procedure involved 15 extractions using acetone:methanol:water (50:40:10, v/v/v) as solvent, a solid¿liquid ratio of 1:9 (w/v) and an extraction time of 5 min per extraction in a sonicator. Validation data indicated that the developed HPLC method is suitable for the simultaneous analysis of phenolic compounds and bixin in annatto seeds. Liquid annatto extracts with high antioxidant capacity and colour potential were obtained from annatto seeds by extraction of phenolic compounds and bixin using solvents with different polarities (water, ethanol:water, ethanol, ethanol:ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate). The highest levels of total phenolic compounds were found in the water, ethanol:water and ethanol extracts (0.5 mg gallic acid equivalent/mL), and the highest level of bixin was found in the ethanol:ethyl acetate extract (5.2 mg/mL), which was characterised as the reddest and the most vivid one (a* = 40.5, h° = 46.1, C* = 58.4). The ethanol:ethyl acetate extract also showed the highest antioxidant activity (4.7 umol Trolox equivalent/mL) and the highest percentage of tryptophan protection against singlet oxygen (63.6 %). On the other hand, ethyl acetate and ethanol:water were the least effective solvents for the extraction of phenolic compounds and bixin, respectively. According to the multivariate statistical analysis, ethanol:ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate were the most promising solvents to obtain annatto extracts with both antioxidant and colour properties. From the extraction with different solvents (water, ethanol:water, ethanol, ethanol:ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate), freeze-dried annatto extracts were also obtained, and the capacities to scavenge reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) species were evaluated. In addition, the levels of phenolic compounds and bixin in the annatto extracts were determined by HPLC-DAD. All annatto extracts were able to scavenge all the tested reactive species (hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, singlet oxygen, nitric oxide radical, peroxynitrite anion and peroxyl radical) at low concentration in the ug/mL range, with the exception of superoxide radical. The ethanol:ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate extracts of annatto seeds, which presented the highest levels of hypolaetin and bixin, respectively, were the extracts with the highest antioxidant capacity, and the bixin standard presented the lowest IC50 values. Piquia (Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers), a native fruit from Amazon region, can be considered an unexploited source of bioactive compounds, since few studies about chemical and phytochemical constituents are available. Thus, the chemical and phytochemical composition of piquia pulp was determinaed, including the composition of carotenoids and phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. According to the nutritional composition, water (52 %) and lipids (25 %) were the major components found in the pulp and the total energetic value was 291 Kcal/100 g. Regarding the bioactive compounds, the pulp presented (dry basis) higher content of phenolic compounds (236 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g), total flavonoids (67 mg catechin equivalent/100 g) and total tannins (60 mg tannic acid equivalent/100 g) than total carotenoids (7 mg/100 g) and alfa-tochopherol (1 mg/100 g). The major phenolic compounds identified by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS were gallic acid (182 ug/g pulp), followed by ellagic acid rhamnoside (107 ug/g pulp) and ellagic acid (104 ug/g pulp). The main carotenoids identified were all-trans-antheraxanthin (3 ug/g), all-trans-zeaxanthin (3 ug/g), all-trans-neoxanthin (2 ug/g), all-trans-violaxanthin (1 ug/g) and all-trans-beta-carotene (0.7 ug/g). The antioxidant capacity of the pulp (3.7 mmol Trolox/100 g) indicates that the pulp can be considered a good peroxyl radical scavenger. Freeze-dried extracts of piquia using five solvents with different polarities (water, ethanol:water, ethanol, ethanol:ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate) were also obtained. All natural extracts were characterised in relation to the contents of bioactive compounds (total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids and tocopherols). In addition, the scavenging capacity of all piquia extracts against peroxyl radical, as well as the quenching capacity against singlet oxygen were determined. All the data were used for classification of the piquia extracts applying multivariate statistical analysis. The water and ethanol:water extracts presented the highest levels of total phenolic compounds (9.2 and 6.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, respectively), total flavonoids (3.8 and 2.5 mg catechin equivalent/g, respectively) and total tannins (7.6 and 2.4 mg tannic acid/g, respectively). The ethanol:water extract also showed the highest scavenging capacity against peroxyl radical (ORAC) (0.3 mmol Trolox equivalent/g extract). On the other hand, the ethanol extract, which was classified as the most vivid and yellow one (C*ab = 13.7 and b* = 13.3), presented the highest level of total carotenoids (0.1 mg/g) and highest percentage of protection against singlet oxygen (10.6 %). Based on the results of this study, ethanol:water mixture, water and ethanol are the most promising solvents to obtain piquia extracts with high contents of bioactive compounds, protection against singlet oxygen and peroxyl radical scavenging capacity. Therefore, such informations are important for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, since piquia and annatto are natural sources of bioactive compounds available for use as a potential raw material to obtain extracts against oxidative damage in foods or biological systems / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos
394

Contribution au developpement d'un procédé visant à la valorisation d'extraits du fruit de gac (Momordica Cochinchinensis Spreng.) au Vietnam / Contribution to the development of a process for valorisation of the extracts from gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) in Vietnam

Mai, Huynh Cang 30 January 2014 (has links)
Le fruit de gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) est un fruit traditionnel au Vietnam, lequel est extrêmement bénéfique pour la santé. L’arille de gac est une excellente source de caroténoïdes naturels, particulièrement le lycopène et le β-carotène. Ces composés antioxydants sont capables de neutraliser les radicaux libres et offrent des applications multiples, allant des effets généraux sur la santé à la prévention de certaines maladies chroniques. Ce travail a contribué au développement d’un procédé visant à la valorisation d’extraits du fruit de gac au Vietnam. Ce travail contient quatre parties principales: effet du semi-séchage sur les propriétés d’antioxydantes du fruit de gac; extraction de l’huile du fruit de gac assistée par enzymes; concentration des caroténoïdes de l’huile de gac par la filtration tangentielle; purification et cristallisation des caroténoïdes.<p>Dans la première partie, une étude du semi-séchage de l´arille de gac à différentes températures (40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C et 80°C) et à trois modes de séchage (séchage à l’air, séchage sous vide et lyophilisation) a été effectuée pour déterminer l’effet de la mode, de la température et de l’humidité finale de séchage sur la couleur, la teneur en caroténoïdes totaux (TCC) et l’activité d’antioxydante totale (TAA) de l’arille de gac. Les résultats montrent que la lyophilisation permet une meilleure conservation permettant une valorisation ultérieure de la couleur, la TCC et la TAA de l’arille de gac. Le séchage sous vide donne les meilleurs résultats que le séchage à l’air. Une température entre 50°C et 60°C est optimale pour conserver la couleur, la TCC et la TAA de l’arille. Ces propriétés sont mieux conservées à l’issue d’un séchage permettant une humidité finale du produit de 15 à 18% (base sèche (db)) (semi-séchage) par rapport à 6% db. Le produit semi-séché peut être conservé pendant quelques mois. <p>Dans la deuxième partie, une étude d’optimisation d’extraction de l’huile de l’arille de gac assisté par des enzymes a été menée en utilisant la méthodologie de la surface de réponse. Un plan expérimental du type «design composite central» avec quatre variables indépendantes - la concentration en enzymes, le temps, la température et la vitesse d'agitation - a été réalisé. Les résultats montrent que ces quatre variables ont un effet significatif sur le rendement d’extraction de l’huile. Il n'y a pas d'interaction significative entre ces variables. Dans les conditions optimales obtenues (14,6% d’enzyme, 127 minutes, 58°C et 162 rpm), le rendement maximal de l’huile et la TCC obtenus sont de 79,5% et 5,3 mg/g de matière sèche, respectivement. Il existe une forte corrélation entre le rendement de l’huile obtenue et la TCC. Les propriétés physico-chimiques de l'huile extraite ont été déterminées. Enfin, les résultats du test Schaal montrent que le temps de conservation de l'huile extraite est comparable à d’autres huiles alimentaires, présentant le même type de profil en acides gras.<p>Dans la troisième partie, les caroténoïdes de l'huile ont étés concentrés à l'aide d'une filtration tangentielle, en utilisant une membrane céramique, selon deux modes de fonctionnement (recyclage total et batch). Dans les expériences en mode recyclage total, l'effet de la taille des pores de la membrane, la température et la pression transmembranaire sur le flux de perméat et le coefficient de rétention a été exploité. Les résultats montrent que ces facteurs ont un effet sur flux de perméat et le coefficient de rétention de la TCC, des phospholipides et des acides gras libres. La résistance intrinsèque de la membrane, la résistance de polarisation et la résistance liée au colmatage ont été estimées. Les conditions optimales déterminées sont 5 nm, 2 bars et 40°C, pour la taille des pores, la pression transmembranaire et la température, respectivement. En mode batch, le rétentat a été caractérisé en mesurant l'acidité, les phospholipides, la TCC, la TAA, des solides solubles totaux, la teneur en matières solides, la couleur et la viscosité de la solution. La TCC dans le rétentat est de 65,28 mg/ml (8,65 fois supérieure à celle dans l'huile d'alimentation). Les analyses de la TAA montrent que la contribution antioxydante principale de l'huile gac est lipophile. Après la filtration, la TAA lipophile du rétentat est 6,8 fois supérieur à celle de l’huile d’alimentation. L’analyse de la résistance indique que la résistance intrinsèque de la membrane représente 24% de la résistance totale. La majeure partie de la résistance est la résistance de polarisation (55%) tandis que la résistance de colmatage contribue pour 30%. <p>Dans la quatrième partie, les caroténoïdes provenant de l’huile du fruit de gac ont étés purifiés et cristallisés par une saponification combinée à l'utilisation de propylène glycol (un solvant moins toxique que les solvants organiques généralement utilisés). Ce processus est compatible à une consommation humaine, aux applications cosmétiques et plus respectueux de l'environnement que les procédés existants. Les résultats indiquent que l'utilisation de Tween 80 (0,05 ml/g d’huile) comme émulsifiant peut aider à augmenter la récupération des cristaux de caroténoïdes. La combinaison de 0,4 ml/g d'hydroxyde de potassium et 0,8 ml/g de propylène glycol donne un meilleur rendement de caroténoïdes. Une étude d’optimisation du processus de purification a été réalisée en utilisant la méthodologie de surface de réponse. Un plan expérimental du type «design composite central» avec trois variables indépendantes- la vitesse d'agitation, la température et le temps de réaction - a été effectué. Les résultats montrent que ces trois variables ont un effet significatif sur la récupération des caroténoïdes par cristallisation. Les interactions entre la vitesse d'agitation et la température ainsi qu’entre la température et le temps de réaction sont significatives. Dans les conditions optimales (1094 rpm; 46°C et 228 min), le rendement de caroténoïdes estimé est de 93,5%. Les cristaux de caroténoïdes contiennent 57,34% de lycopène et 36,67% de β-carotène. Ces résultats montrent que environ 85% et 78% du lycopène et du β-carotène, respectivement, ont étés récupérés.<p>Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse a contribué à la valorisation du fruit de gac au Vietnam, par une procédure de fabrication qui est économique et utilisant moins de produits chimiques. La recherche a permis de trouver les conditions optimales pour chaque étape de fabrication. Un nouvel axe de recherche pour valoriser le fruit de gac a été ouvert; il porte sur l’étude de l’application tant de l’huile de gac concentrée et riche en caroténoïdes naturels que des cristaux de caroténoïdes dans l’industrie alimentaire, pharmaceutique ou cosmétique.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
395

Effect of environmental, developmental and genetic factors on flavonoid and carotenoid profile of Vaccinium berries

Zoratti, L. (Laura) 28 September 2015 (has links)
Abstract Vaccinium berries contain high yields of antioxidant compounds, such as flavonoids and carotenoids, which are recognized to benefit human health. Therefore, commercial interest in cultivated and wild Vaccinium berries is increasing globally. Flavonoids and carotenoids are important secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of which is regulated by interaction of the genetic background of the plant and the surrounding environment. In fruits the production of secondary metabolites has also a tight linkage with developmental processes. The present thesis is focused on developmental and environmental factors affecting the biosynthesis of carotenoids and flavonoids in berries of the genus Vaccinium. In bilberry altogether eight carotenoids were detected, with lutein and β-carotene being the most abundant compounds, accompanied by minor amounts of xanthophylls, such as antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin. During ripening the accumulation of carotenoids decreased. Simultaneously the expression of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (VmCCD1) gene increased, indicating degradation of carotenoids during the fruit development. Simultaneously, flavonols and anthocyanins accumulated during the last stages of berry ripening. Environmental factors had a marked effect on the anthocyanin profile of ripe bilberries. Especially lower temperatures affected more on the accumulation of the delphinidin-based anthocyanidins than on the cyanidin-based ones. However, the spectral light composition also played a role, as an increased proportion in blue wavelengths increased the delphinidin-based anthocyanins at ripe stage. The effect of light quality on other phenolic compounds and carotenoid accumulation was less pronounced. The present results can be applied to cultivation of Vaccinium species in order to produce berries with high nutritional value. / Tiivistelmä Vaccinium-suvun marjat sisältävät runsaasti antioksidatiivisiä yhdisteitä, kuten flavonoideja ja karotenoideja, joilla on viimeaikaisissa tutkimuksissa havaittu lukuisia terveysvaikutuksia. Tämän johdosta kiinnostus sekä viljeltyjä mustikoita että metsämustikoita kohtaan on kasvanut maailmanlaajuisesti. Flavonoidit ja karotenoidit ovat kasvien tuottamia sekundäärimetabolian yhdisteitä, joiden biosynteesin säätelyyn vaikuttavat sekä kasvin geneettinen tausta että ympäristötekijät. Hedelmissä ja marjoissa sekundääriyhdisteiden tuoton säätelyyn vaikuttaa huomattavasti myös kehityksellisten vaiheiden eteneminen. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä selvitettiin marjan kehitykseen liittyvien tekijöiden sekä ympäristötekijöiden vaikutusta flavonoidien ja karotenoidien biosynteesiin sekä viljelyillä mustikoilla että metsämustikoilla. Metsämustikoista tunnistettiin kahdeksan erilaista karotenoidi-yhdistettä, joista luteiini ja β-karoteeni esiintyivät yleisimpinä ksantofyllin, antheraksantiinin, neoksantiinin, violaksantiinin ja zeaksantiinin ohella. Karotenoidien pitoisuudet olivat suurimmillaan marjankehityksen alkuvaiheessa ja laskivat kypsyvissä marjoissa. Vastaavasti karotenoideja pilkkovan VmCCD1 entsyymigeenin ilmeneminen lisääntyi kohosi marjan kypysymisen loppuvaiheessa. Antosyaanien ja myrisetiini-pohjaisten flavonolien pitoisuudet sen sijaan kohosivat kypsymisen aikana. Tässä tutkimuksessa ympäristötekijöillä osoitettiin olevan suuri vaikutus antosyaanien laadulliseen kertymiseen, sillä delfinidiini-tyypin antosyaanien pitoisuudet muuttuivat enemmän ympäristötekijöiden vaikutuksesta verrattuna syanidiini-tyypin antosyaaneihin. Alhaisempi lämpötila yhdessä spesifisten valo-olosuhteiden kanssa lisäsi eniten delfinidiini-tyypin antosyaanien tuottoa. Myös valon laadulla voitiin osoittaa olevan vaikutusta antosyaanien biosynteesiin. Sininen valo lisäsi erityisesti delfinidiini-tyypin antosyaanien tuottoa kypsissä marjoissa. Flavonolien ja karotenoidien tuottoon valon laadun vaikutus oli sen sijaan vähäisempää. Väitöskirjatyön tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää marjojen viljelyssä haluttaessa vaikuttaa marjojen ravitsemukselliseen koostumukseen.
396

Traces d’ADN bactérien et composés volatils comme premiers éléments de traçabilité des sels de terroir de l’océan Atlantique / Traces of bacterial DNA and volatile compounds as first factors of traceability pertaining to salt from regional marshes in the Atlantic Ocean.

Donadio, Clara 18 September 2014 (has links)
Exploité depuis toujours, le sel a connu, au temps de la Gabelle notamment, des heures de gloire certaines, faisant de lui un métal blanc précieux, recherché et coûteux. Cependant, de nos jours, il est considéré comme un minéral essentiel, certes, mais aussi dangereux pour la santé si surconsommé. Ainsi, les paludiers d'aujourd’hui doivent mettre en avant le caractère authentique de leur produit et leur savoir-faire ancestral, symboles de qualité dans l'esprit des contemporains, pour réussir à maintenir leur activité et leur part de marché. L'objectif de cette étude était ainsi de définir des pistes qui garantiraient aux paludiers la protection de leur travail, par exemple dans le cadre d'une démarche d'appellation d'origine contrôlée ou protégée. Pour ce faire, un partenariat avec des sauniers de la Côte Atlantique Française (Ile de Ré, Ile de Noirmoutier, presqu'Ile de Guérande, salines de Saint-Armel) a permis de collecter divers échantillons (eaux des marais, sels). Dans un premier temps, une recherche de microorganismes et une étude sur les traces d'ADNr-16S présent sur les cristaux de sel, ont permis de caractériser une partie du microbiote halophile se développent au niveau des bassins de production du sel de mer, alors que leur teneur en sel peut aller jusqu'à 25 %. Dans un second temps, une recherche de composés volatils a été conduite afin de déterminer si l'environnement pouvait influencer l'empreinte olfactive des eaux des marais et du sel lors de sa formation et / ou de sa récolte. Un protocole d'extraction et d'analyses a été développé et a permis la mise en évidence d'un profil en composés volatils propre à chaque bassin. Parmi les composés volatils détectés, de nombreux norisoprénoïdes, provenant probablement de la dégradation de caroténoïdes produits par les microorganismes halophiles, ont ainsi été identifiés : pour le « bassin » Ile de Ré, 21 composés volatils ont été identifiés dont 8 composés dérivés des caroténoïdes (CDC) ; pour le « bassin » de Noirmoutier, 13 composés dont 7 CDC ; pour le « bassin » de Saint-Armel, 54 composés dont 25 CDC ; pour le « bassin » Guérandais, 19 composés dont 10 CDC.D'une façon générale, les résultats obtenus aussi bien d'un point de vue microbiologique que chimique, ont révélé une forte corrélation entre les marais salants et le sel qu'ils produisent : les microorganismes spécifiques d'un environnement laissent des empreintes sur les eaux et le sel, ce qui permettrait notamment aux paludiers de caractériser leur produit en vue d'une protection basée sur de véritables marqueurs propres à chaque marais (pour des origines distantes de quelques kilomètres, des différences sont déjà notables entre salines tant au niveau « odeur » qu'au niveau microbiote). / Salt has always been exploited in living memory. It has known its heyday at several occasions throughout history, particularly during the period of the French Gabelle, and therefore came to be seen as a precious white metal both sought after and expensive. Yet, nowadays, although it has been considered as an essential mineral, it has also turned up to be unhealthy when taken in excessive amounts. Consequently, salt workers of our day and age have to highlight the genuine nature of their product as well as their ancestral skills, for they both stand out as tokens of quality for our contemporaries. Meeting the expectations of the consumer is the only way for them to keep up with their work and maintain their share on the market. Thus, this study aimed to define ways for salt workers to have their work preserved, for instance throughout a Protected Designation of Origin. Therefore, a partnership with Atlantic French salt workers (from Ré Island, Noirmoutier, Guérande and Saint-Armel) has been established, allowing us to collect samples of salt marsh water and salts.First, an overview of microorganism population and 16S-rDNA in each water or salt sample permitted to define what kinds of microorganism populations were to be found in salt marshes. Secondly, a search for volatile components was led so as to determine whether the environment might affect the olfactory footprint of salt marshes and of salt itself during its formation and its harvest. A process of extraction and analysis has been developed, shedding light on a link between the origin and the olfactory footprint of salt. As an example, the halophilous microorganisms which are extremely rich in carotenoid (hence the red-orange colour of some marshes) are partly responsible for the presence of norisoprenoids in the volatile components which have been identified: 21 compounds were identified in Ré Island (including 8 norisoprenoids), 13 in Noirmoutier (including 7 norisoprenoids), 54 in Saint-Armel (including 25 norisoprenoids),19 in Guérande (including 10 norisoprenoids).For each area, DNA traces and volatile profiles were identified. Therefore, a strong link can be established between salt marshes and the salt they produce. It appears that the differences between salt flats regarding either their smell or their microbiota is always noteworthy, even when marshes are only a few miles apart. Thus, the specific pool of the identified microorganisms which leave prints on the salt would allow saltworkers to define their product so as to ensure a form of protection based on specific markers which are proper to each marsh.
397

Bruit de trafic routier : implications comportementales et écophysiologiques chez la rainette verte Hyla arborea / Road traffic noise : behavioral and physiological impacts on the European treefrog Hyla arborea

Troïanowski, Mathieu 29 October 2014 (has links)
Le bruit engendré par le trafic routier est aujourd'hui une des nuisances sonores d'origine anthropique les plus importantes en milieu terrestre. Cette thèse, à l'interface entre comportement et écophysiologie, a eu pour but de déterminer expérimentalement les impacts d'une exposition à du bruit de trafic routier tant sur les systèmes de communication (acoustique et visuelle) que sur la physiologie (stress, immunité…) animale. Le choix de Hyla arborea, espèce utilisant à la fois des signaux acoustiques et colorés pour la communication, nous a permis de tester efficacement nos différentes hypothèses. Alors que chez de nombreuses espèces d'oiseaux des modifications du système de communication acoustique ont été observées (tant chez l'émetteur que le récepteur), mes travaux n'ont pas mis en évidence de telles perturbations chez Hyla arborea. Cependant, et pour la première fois, j'ai pu mettre en évidence un impact du bruit de trafic routier sur la communication visuelle, une exposition chronique à du bruit de trafic routier entraînant une perte de couleur chez les mâles. Enfin, des mesures physiologiques m'ont permis de montrer qu'une exposition chronique à du bruit de trafic routier est stressant (élévation du niveau de corticostérone) et a un effet immunosuppresseur (dû à l'augmentation du stress) chez H.arborea. Ainsi cette thèse démontre que le bruit de trafic routier peut avoir un impact plus large que ce qui était suggéré jusqu'à présent en impactant, en plus de la communication acoustique, la communication visuelle (signaux colorés) et la physiologie des animaux / Road traffic noise is undoubtedly the most important source of anthropogenic noise on terrestrial habitat. This thesis, at the interface between behaviour and physiology was designed to experimentally determine the impacts of road traffic noise exposure on both animal communication systems (acoustic and visual) and physiology (stress, immunity ...) The choice of Hyla arborea, species using both acoustic and coloured signals for communication, allowed us to efficiently test our various hypotheses. While in many bird species changes in acoustic communication system have been observed (in both the transmitter and receiver) my results do not show such disturbances in H. arborea. However, for the first time, I was able to highlight the impact of road traffic noise on visual communication, chronic exposure to traffic noise resulting in colouration loss in male. In addition, physiological measures have allowed me to show that road traffic noise exposure is stressful (corticosterone level rise) and has immunosuppressive effect (due stress rise) in H.arborea. Thus, this thesis demonstrates that road traffic noise may have a larger effect than previously thought by impacting, in addition to the acoustic communication, visual communication (impact on coloured signals) and animal physiology
398

Évaluation du potentiel de couverture des besoins en vitamine A des jeunes enfants à partir des sauces accompagnant les aliments de base consommés au Bénin / Assessment of the potential of sauces accompanying staple foods in Benin to meet Vitamin A requirements of young children.

Amoussa Hounkpatin, Waliou B.A 13 December 2011 (has links)
L'identification et l'amélioration du potentiel pro-vitaminique A des sauces accompagnant les aliments de base pourraient constituer une voie alimentaire de lutte contre la carence en vitamine A (CVA) chez les jeunes enfants au Bénin. La qualité nutritionnelle et la rétention en provitamines A des sauces lors des procédés traditionnels de préparation ont été évaluées au moyen d'une démarche itérative terrain et laboratoire. Une enquête de consommation alimentaire par pesées et mesures anthropométriques auprès de 420 enfants a permis d'évaluer l'état nutritionnel des sujets et l'adéquation des apports en fer, zinc et vitamine A (VA) et d'identifier les principales sources de VA dans l'alimentation. La mangue, les œufs, l'huile de palme rouge (HPR) ou diverses sauces légumes-feuilles (LF) constituent les principaux aliments locaux riches en VA consommés (34,2% des enfants enquêtés). Lorsqu'elles sont consommées, les sauces participent à la couverture de 71 à 129% des apports journaliers recommandés en VA des jeunes enfants. Le suivi au niveau ménage des procédés traditionnels de préparation des sauces les plus prometteuses notamment les sauces LF-amarante à base d'HPR ou de jus de noix de palme (NP), a permis d'identifier les traitements thermiques appliqués aux LF, aux NP ou à l'HPR comme des étapes critiques. Le chauffage de l'HPR à 180-200°C apparaît comme l'étape la plus préjudiciable à la VA. Elle réduit de plus de 70%, et en moins de 3 min, les teneurs en α-carotène, en β-carotène et en activité équivalent rétinol (AER). La violaxanthine, caroténoïde non pro-VA est le seul composé significativement affecté lors du blanchiment des feuilles d'amarante (100°C) mais l'AER reste élevée avec ou sans ajout de potasse traditionnelle. Les sauces formulées à base des ingrédients LF-amarante, NP ou HPR présentent une bonne acceptabilité, une AER élevée et leur consommation pourrait être promue avantageusement dans le cadre d'approches alimentaires de lutte contre la CVA. / The identification and the improvement of the potential in pro-vitamins A of sauces accompanying staple foods could constitute a food-based approach for combating vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among young children in Benin. The nutritional quality and the retention of pro-vitamins A in sauces during traditional home processing has been assessed by using a field-laboratory iterative approach. Anthropometric measurements were used to appreciate subjects' nutritional status. A food consumption survey of 420 young children was conducted to assess the adequacy of iron, zinc and vitamin A (VA) intakes, and to identify the main VA-rich foods eaten by children using the weighed food record method. Mangoes, eggs, red palm oil (RPO), various leafy vegetables (LV) and palm nut juice sauces appeared to be the main VA-rich foods consumed by 34.2% investigated children. When consumed, these LV sauces containing RPO or palm nut juice (PNJ) contributed to the meeting of 71-129% of the recommended VA intake of young children. The traditional processing method of the most promising sauces such as amaranth leaf sauces based on RPO or PNJ was monitored step by step during home visits and allowed identifying the thermal treatments applied to LV, to palm nut or to RPO as critical steps. Heating the RPO at 180-200°C appears as the more prejudicial step to VA. It decreased more than 70% and in less than 3 min, α-carotene, β-carotene and Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE) contents. Violaxanthin, a non pro-VA carotenoid, was the only compound to be significantly affected by the thermal treatment (100°C) of amaranth leaves. RAE remained high after blanching even when alkaline traditional potash was added. The formulated sauces on the basis of the ingredients LV-amaranth, palm nut or RPO present a good acceptability, a high RAE and their consumption could be promoted favorably in food-based strategies to alleviate VAD.
399

Approches combinatoires pour la reconstruction d'une voie de biosynthèse chez la levure : variation des niveaux d'expression et analyse fonctionnelle d'une étape clé de la voie / Combinatorial approaches to rebuild a biosynthetic pathway in yeast : variation of expression levels and functional analysis of a key step in the pathway

Carquet, Marie 24 March 2015 (has links)
Afin d’optimiser la production d’un composé d’intérêt tout en évitant les conséquences néfastes sur la viabilité cellulaire, un défi majeur de l’ingénierie métabolique est d’obtenir un équilibre entre les flux métaboliques endogènes de la cellule et le flux consommé par une nouvelle voie de biosynthèse. Dans ce contexte d’optimisation, les stratégies combinatoires génèrent une diversité de voies métaboliques et de modes de régulation rassemblant de précieuses informations quant aux choix d’orientations stratégiques à faire. Notre étude s’inscrit dans un projet visant à produire les molécules responsables de l’arôme, de la couleur et du parfum du safran (Crocus sativus) chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Une approche combinatoire a été adoptée pour moduler les niveaux d’expression de trois gènes menant à la synthèse de leur précurseur commun : la zéaxanthine. Cette stratégie nous a permis de décrire des biais inattendus dans la régulation des niveaux d’expression des gènes exprimés sur plasmide. Nous avons détecté une forte interférence transcriptionnelle entre les gènes dans notre système, ainsi qu’une influence de la nature des séquences codantes. Ces éléments, identifiés comme critiques, imposent sur les niveaux d’expression des trois gènes une régulation plus importante que la force des promoteurs qui les contrôlent. Afin de poursuivre le projet vers son objectif final, la réaction de clivage de la zéaxanthine menant à la synthèse des composés d’intérêt du safran a fait l’objet d’une analyse fonctionnelle détaillée. Une absence d’activité de l’enzyme décrite dans la littérature comme responsable de cette réaction nous a conduits à proposer des perspectives d’ingénierie pour atteindre l’objectif final du projet / To optimize the production of a value added compound while avoiding toxic consequences on the cell viability, a challenge in the metabolic engineering field is to balance the endogenous metabolic fluxes and the newly consumed fluxes. In this optimization context, combinatorial strategies can generate several variants of synthetic metabolic pathways. This strategy gives precious strategic information on the right combinations of function and regulation choices to be made in the ultimate pathway reconstruction. Our study aimed at the production of the molecules responsible for aroma, dye, and fragrance of saffron (Crocus sativus) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A combinatorial approach was chosen to modulate expression levels of three genes involved in their common precursor biosynthesis: zeaxanthin. This strategy allowed us to describe some unexpected bias in the regulation of the plasmid-encoded genes expression levels. We detected strong transcriptional interference between the different genes in our system, and the ORF nature also seemed to influence the expression levels. These critical factors imposed a stronger regulation of the three genes expression levels than the promoter strength initially chosen to control them. The project was continued toward its final objective by making a detailed functional analysis of the zeaxanthin cleavage reaction leading to the molecules of interest synthesis. This reaction was described to be catalyzed by a specific enzyme, but no activity was observed in our experiments. This result led us to propose some tools to reach the final goal of the project
400

Adaptive Advantages of Carotenoid Pigments in Alpine and Subalpine Copepod Responses to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Induced Phototoxicity

Kovach, Matthew James 05 1900 (has links)
Alpine zooplankton are exposed to a variety of stressors in their natural environment including ultraviolet radiation. Physiological coping mechanisms such as the accumulation of photoprotective compounds provide these zooplankton protection from many of these stressors. Elevated levels of carotenoid compounds such as astaxanthin have been shown to help zooplankton survive longer when exposed to ultraviolet radiation presumably due to the strong antioxidant properties of carotenoid compounds. This antioxidant capacity is important because it may ameliorate natural and anthropogenic stressor-induced oxidative stress. While previous researchers have shown carotenoid compounds impart increased resistance to ultraviolet radiation in populations of zooplankton, little work has focused on the toxicological implications of PAH induced phototoxicity on zooplankton containing high levels of carotenoid compounds. This thesis discusses research studying the role that carotenoid compounds play in reducing PAH induced phototoxicity. By sampling different lakes at elevations ranging from 9,500' to 12,700' in the front range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, copepod populations containing different levels of carotenoid compounds were obtained. These populations were then challenged with fluoranthene and ultraviolet radiation. Results discussed include differences in survival and levels of lipid peroxidation among populations exhibiting different levels of carotenoid compounds, and the toxicological and ecological implications of these results.

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