Energy conscious design should become an inherent part of the design process. This study shall present energy conscious guidelines in a format that can be integrated into the decision-making process. The three elements which can be manipulated through this design process are outlined to provide a source of reference for the designer. The passive solar energy systems, the landscaping, and the building form allow an integration and optimization of their inherent components to achieve energy conscious design. The material is specifically formatted to appeal to the designer's need to quickly locate the material and then to easily review its contents. An outline format is maintained throughout the study that remains concise in presentation with abundant references to illustrations. This study does not attempt to fully educate the user on the subjects presented, nor is all the information contained herein. These guidlines attempt to provide a basis for energy conscious design in the decision-making process and to encourage the designer to become more versed in these areas. / M. Arch.

Reaction of BiPh3 or Bi(OtBu)3 with benzohydroxamic acid (H2-BHA) results in formation of novel mono- and di-anionic hydroxamato complexes; [Bi2(BHA)3]∞1, [Bi(H-BHA)3] 2, [Bi(BHA)(H-BHA)] 3, all of which display nM activity against Helicobacter pylori. Subsequent dissolution of [Bi2(BHA)3]∞ in DMSO/toluene results in hydrolysis to the first structurally authenticated {Bi34} oxido-cluster [Bi34O22(BHA)22(H-BHA)14(DMSO)6] 4. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / John W. Keller / During the Industrial Revolution, economist Alfred Marshall published his classic book entitled Principles of Economics, in which he suggests that the external economies of scale (positive externalities) produced by the clustering of many small innovative businesses could rival the internal economies of scale achieved by a few large vertically-integrated businesses. The distinction between these two models of industrial organization, one based on many small innovative firms and the other based on a few large conglomerated firms, is the basis of cluster development theory. This distinction has been further developed in the economic development literature through the significant contributions of Schumpeter (creative destruction), Jacobs (necessary inefficiency), and Porter (diamond model). Modern cluster development theory expands upon the work of these classic theorists. Contributions relevant to this study include Markusen’s cluster typologies, Press and Feldman’s cluster lifecycle phases, Munnich’s rural knowledge cluster framework, and Doloreux’s case study of a rural innovation system. This case study applies the lessons of cluster development theory to an emerging cluster of businesses in Wamego, Kansas that share the common Wizard of Oz theme. While this cluster is not a “traditional” cluster (it does not benefit from positive externalities relating to product or process), it does create positive marketing externalities that significantly affect the local economy. This report names the cluster (Oz Cluster), identifies the typological structure of the cluster (hub and spoke), profiles the key actors and decisions which are shaping this emerging cluster, and concludes with lessons learned from the Oz Cluster and alternative scenarios for further cluster development. The Oz Cluster model of economic development demonstrates how communities can profit from niche-based tourism. Such economic development must focus on the establishment and growth of regionally competitive businesses with strategic competitive advantages. Alternative scenarios for further cluster development include: 1) expand the Oz theme; 2) diversify the cluster; and 3) maintain current level of success.

Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden neue Erkenntnisse bei der Aufklärung der Mechanismen, die für die Reaktivität von Übergangsmetall- und Metalloxid-Clustern verantwortlich sind, gewonnen. Dies ist aus zwei Gründen gelungen: Zum einen erlaubt die gradienten-korrigierte Dichtefunktional-Methode eine zuverlässige Beschreibung von strukturellen und energetischen Eigenschaften dieser Cluster, insbesondere durch die Entwicklung einer neuen Generation von Hybrid-Austausch- und Korrelations-Funktionalen im Rahmen der verallgemeinerten Gradienten-Näherung. Diese wurden erstmalig in entsprechenden quantenchemischen Programmen implementiert und getestet. Zum zweiten stellte die fruchtbare Zusammenarbeit mit den experimentellen Bereichen, eine Herausforderung für die Theorie dar, mittels der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zur konzeptionellen Planung der Experimente beizutragen (A. Fielicke, Dissertation, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2001). / In this work the transition metal and metal oxide clusters has been investigated with the aim of gaining a better insight into the mechanisms which govern their reactivity. The theoretical study of the structural and energetic properties of the clusters has been carried out within the framework of the density functional theory by means of a new family of gradient-corrected hybrid density functionals which has been coded for the first time into quantum chemistry packages. The theoretical findings stimulated the experimental investigation of the gas phase reactivity of these species which confirmed the correctness of the reaction mechanism models proposed (A. Fielicke, Doctoral Thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2001).

This diploma thesis will show how mutual cooperation of small and medium businesses in a tourism cluster can increase promotion and revenue in the tourism industry. Theoretical part of this study presents definitions, characteristics and typology of clusters. Later on, the theoretical part describes practices in the mapping of clusters and a cluster's lifecycle. The last chapters will summarize the benefits of clusters to its stakeholders and means of financing and program support via EU grants. Practical part is focused on the strategy of a tourism cluster in the Central Bohemian region of the Czech Republic. This strategy also includes useful examples of how the cluster members can actively and effectively participate in managing mutual activities and projects. Operations, organizational structure, finance and support are also topics that are going to be discussed in this study.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden in einem temperaturvariablen (10 K-300 K) 22-Pol-Ionenspeicher Ion-Molekuel-Reaktionen bei tiefen Temperaturen in der Gasphase untersucht. Die Ionentemperatur wird mit spektroskopischen Methoden charakterisiert. Es ergibt sich gute Uebereinstimmung zwischen Translations- und Rotationstemperatur der Ionen und der nominellen Speichertemperatur. Es werden zwei Systeme untersucht, die ueber langlebige Zwischenkomplexe ablaufen: (i) die Assoziation des Methyl-Kations mit Kohlenmonoxid bei 80 K und (ii) Wachstums-, Fragmentations- und Deuterierungsdynamik kationischer Wasserstoffcluster in Para- und Normal-Wasserstoff sowie Deuterium bei 10 K. Es ergeben sich sehr grosse Assoziationsratenkoeffizienten fuer Reaktion (i), die gut mit theoretischen Vorhersagen uebereinstimmen. Die Bildungsratenkoeffizienten kleiner Wasserstoffcluster (H_i^+,i<9) in Normal-Wasserstoff (75 Prozent Ortho-Anteil) sind stark reduziert gegenueber der Bildung in reinem Para-Wasserstoff. Dies laesst sich durch den Uebertrag der Rotationsenergie des Ortho-Wasserstoffs auf den Cluster erklaeren. Das Studium der Deuterierungsdynamik zeigt, dass der Austausch einzelner Protonen in kleineren Clustern sehr schnell ab- laeuft, mit Erreichen des {H_9^+} aber fast zum Stillstand kommt. Diese Resultate kann man auf der Grundlage einer dynamischen Schalenstruktur verstehen.

Interactions between an intense laser pulse and cluster targets are investigated using the recent experimental results of the cluster fusion experiments on the Texas Petawatt Laser (TPW). We achieved about 2x10⁷ DD fusion neutrons per shot on the TPW by optimizing the laser and gas jet parameters. A few different types of cluster targets were used on the TPW including deuterium clusters, deuterated methane clusters, deuterium cluster + helium-3 mixture, and deuterated methane cluster + helium-3 mixture. We designed our own neutron detectors and proton detectors for the measurements of the fusion yields. The calibration method of neutron detectors is described in detail. Through the yield measurements of the 2.45 MeV neutrons from the DD fusion reactions and 14.7 MeV protons from the D-³He fusion reactions in the deuterium-helium-3 mixture target, we successfully measured the ion temperature of the fusion plasma at the time of the fusion reactions. / text

In the last few years the World Wide Web has dramatically changed the way people are communicating with each other. The growing availability of Social Media Systems like Internet fora, weblogs and social networks ensure that the Internet is today, what it was originally designed for: A technical platform in which all users are able to interact with each other. Nowadays, there are billions of user comments available discussing all aspects of life and the data source is still growing. This thesis investigates, whether it is possible to use this growing amount of freely provided user comments to extract quality related information. The concept is based on the observation that customers are not only posting marketing relevant information. They also publish product oriented content including positive and negative experiences. It is assumed that this information represents a valuable data source for quality analyses: The original voices of the customers promise to specify a more exact and more concrete definition of \"quality\" than the one that is available to manufacturers or market researchers today. However, the huge amount of unstructured user comments makes their evaluation very complex. It is impossible for an analysis protagonist to manually investigate the provided customer feedback. Therefore, Social Media specific algorithms have to be developed to collect, pre-process and finally analyze the data. This has been done by the Social Media monitoring system AIM (Automotive Internet Mining) that is the subject of this thesis. It investigates how manufacturers, products, product features and related opinions are discussed in order to estimate the overall product quality from the customers\\\' point of view. AIM is able to track different types of data sources using a flexible multi-agent based crawler architecture. In contrast to classical web crawlers, the multi-agent based crawler supports individual crawling policies to minimize the download of irrelevant web pages. In addition, an unsupervised wrapper induction algorithm is introduced to automatically generate content extraction parameters which are specific for the crawled Social Media systems. The extracted user comments are analyzed by different content analysis algorithms to gain a deeper insight into the discussed topics and opinions. Hereby, three different topic types are supported depending on the analysis needs. * The creation of highly reliable analysis results is realized by using a special context-aware taxonomy-based classification system. * Fast ad-hoc analyses are applied on top of classical fulltext search capabilities. * Finally, AIM supports the detection of blind-spots by using a new fuzzified hierarchical clustering algorithm. It generates topical clusters while supporting multiple topics within each user comment. All three topic types are treated in a unified way to enable an analysis protagonist to apply all methods simultaneously and in exchange. The systematically processed user comments are visualized within an easy and flexible interactive analysis frontend. Special abstraction techniques support the investigation of thousands of user comments with minimal time efforts. Hereby, specifically created indices show the relevancy and customer satisfaction of a given topic. / In den letzten Jahren hat sich das World Wide Web dramatisch verändert. War es vor einigen Jahren noch primär eine Informationsquelle, in der ein kleiner Anteil der Nutzer Inhalte veröffentlichen konnte, so hat sich daraus eine Kommunikationsplattform entwickelt, in der jeder Nutzer aktiv teilnehmen kann. Die dadurch enstehende Datenmenge behandelt jeden Aspekt des täglichen Lebens. So auch Qualitätsthemen. Die Analyse der Daten verspricht Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahmen deutlich zu verbessern. Es können dadurch Themen behandelt werden, die mit klassischen Sensoren schwer zu messen sind. Die systematische und reproduzierbare Analyse von benutzergenerierten Daten erfordert jedoch die Anpassung bestehender Tools sowie die Entwicklung neuer Social-Media spezifischer Algorithmen. Diese Arbeit schafft hierfür ein völlig neues Social Media Monitoring-System, mit dessen Hilfe ein Analyst tausende Benutzerbeiträge mit minimaler Zeitanforderung analysieren kann. Die Anwendung des Systems hat einige Vorteile aufgezeigt, die es ermöglichen, die kundengetriebene Definition von \"Qualität\" zu erkennen.

Distributed processing cluster design using commodity hardware and software has proven to be a technological breakthrough in the field of parallel and distributed computing. The research presented herein is the original investigation on distributed processing using hybrid processing clusters to improve the calculation efficiency of the compute-intensive applications. This has opened a new frontier in affordable supercomputing that can be utilised by businesses and industries at various levels. Distributed processing that uses commodity computer clusters has become extremely popular over recent years, particularly among university research groups and research organisations. The research work discussed herein addresses a bespoke-oriented design and implementation of highly specific and different types of distributed processing clusters with applied load balancing techniques that are well suited for particular business requirements. The research was performed in four phases, which are cohesively interconnected, to find a suitable solution using a new type of distributed processing approaches. The first phase is an implementation of a bespoke-type distributed processing cluster using an existing network of workstations as a calculation cluster based on a loosely coupled distributed process system design that has improved calculation efficiency of certain legacy applications. This approach has demonstrated how to design an innovative, cost-effective, and efficient way to utilise a workstation cluster for distributed processing. The second phase is to improve the calculation efficiency of the distributed processing system; a new type of load balancing system is designed to incorporate multiple processing devices. The load balancing system incorporates hardware, software and application related parameters to assigned calculation tasks to each processing devices accordingly. Three types of load balancing methods are tested, static, dynamic and hybrid, which each of them has their own advantages, and all three of them have further improved the calculation efficiency of the distributed processing system. The third phase is to facilitate the company to improve the batch processing application calculation time, and two separate dedicated calculation clusters are built using small form factor (SFF) computers and PCs as separate peer-to-peer (P2P) network based calculation clusters. Multiple batch processing applications were tested on theses clusters, and the results have shown consistent calculation time improvement across all the applications tested. In addition, dedicated clusters are built using SFF computers with reduced power consumption, small cluster size, and comparatively low cost to suit particular business needs. The fourth phase incorporates all the processing devices available in the company as a hybrid calculation cluster utilises various type of servers, workstations, and SFF computers to form a high-throughput distributed processing system that consolidates multiple calculations clusters. These clusters can be utilised as multiple mutually exclusive multiple clusters or combined as a single cluster depending on the applications used. The test results show considerable calculation time improvements by using consolidated calculation cluster in conjunction with rule-based load balancing techniques. The main design concept of the system is based on the original design that uses first principle methods and utilises existing LAN and separate P2P network infrastructures, hardware, and software. Tests and investigations conducted show promising results where the company's legacy applications can be modified and implemented with different types of distributed processing clusters to achieve calculation and processing efficiency for various applications within the company. The test results have confirmed the expected calculation time improvements in controlled environments and show that it is feasible to design and develop a bespoke-type dedicated distributed processing cluster using existing hardware, software, and low-cost SFF computers. Furthermore, a combination of bespoke distributed processing system with appropriate load balancing algorithms has shown considerable calculation time improvements for various legacy and bespoke applications. Hence, the bespoke design is better suited to provide a solution for the calculation of time improvements for critical problems currently faced by the sponsoring company.

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Rio de Janeiro, RJ / Este presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o fenômeno dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APLs), a partir de uma contextualização histórica sobre onde e como surgiu o conceito de Distrito Industrial e onde posteriormente derivaram as mais diversas nomenclaturas e conceitos correlatos. Centralmente o trabalho busca trazer luz do porque a cooperação entre os agentes envolvidos em um APL não ocorre de maneira que todas suas potencialidades sejam aproveitadas. Por consequência possui os seguintes objetivos específicos: a) identificar conceitos de Distritos Industriais, Arranjos Produtivos Locais, Clusters, e outros, suas aplicações práticas e diferenças conceituais; b) verificar quais os tipos de cooperação mais praticados no APL estudado, suas motivações; c) verificar quais propostas de cooperação são mais repelidas e suas motivações; d) identificar a percepção sobre a realização de atividades cívicas (solidárias, comunitárias); e) verificar se a rede de contatos é ativa e dinâmica, se há intensa troca de informações entre os envolvidos; f) identificar a presença de alto estoque de capital social no APL estudado; g) identificar qual a percepção do empresário envolvido sobre os limites e fronteiras entre cooperar e competir. Para tal é realizada então pesquisa exploratória, explicativa e qualitativa com o objetivo de verificar como é percebida a cooperação no APL de moda do município de São Gonçalo, localizado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. São também trazidos à compreensão fatores que favorecem ou desfavorecem a cooperação no APL estudado. Foram realizados levantamentos em livros, artigos científicos e sites da internet para que fosse possível adquirir massa crítica que propiciasse reflexão sobre a questão da cooperação em arranjos empresariais em geral antes da execução da pesquisa de campo. A pesquisa de campo conta com entrevistas abertas a empresários para levantamento de dados e posterior análise. Por fim a presente pesquisa está direcionada à análise da percepção sobre cooperação de empresários do APL do setor de moda do município de São Gonçalo. Na análise foram consideradas as atividades exercidas pelos empresários com os demais agentes do APL, sua percepção sobre benefícios da cooperação e possíveis receios sobre a interação intra-firmas. Além disso, foram analisadas as interações do empresário com a sociedade local, assim como o grau de envolvimento de seu cotidiano em atividades (não empresariais) com aqueles que residem na mesma região. / This present study aims to investigate the phenomenon of Local Productive Arrangements (APLs), from a historical context of where and how the concept of industrial district emerged. Centrally this text seeks to bring light on cooperation between the agents involved in an APL does not occur as its potential to be. Therefore has the following main objectives: a) identify concepts of Industrial Districts, Local Production Systems, Clusters, and others, its practical applications and conceptual differences; b) determine what types of cooperation practiced in most APL studied, their motivations; c) determine which proposals for cooperation are more repelled and their motivations; d) identify the perception of conducting civic activities (solidarity, community); e) verify if the network of contacts is active and dynamic, if there is intense exchange of information among stakeholders; f) identify the presence of high stock of social capital in group studied; g) identify the perception of the entrepreneur involved on the limits and boundaries between cooperate and competition. To this is then performed exploratory, explanatory and qualitative research with the goal of checking how it is perceived cooperation in APL fashion in São Gonçalo, located in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Are also brought to understanding factors that favor or disfavor cooperation in APL studied. Surveys were researched in books, journal articles and websites to provide a critical mass and promote reflection on the issue of cooperation in business arrangements. The field research has data collection and subsequent analysis interviews. Finally this research is directed to the analysis of the perception of cooperation of businessmen of APL in the fashion sector in São Gonçalo. In the analysis we considered the activities performed by entrepreneurs with the other agents of the APL, their perception of benefits of cooperation and possible fears about intra-firm interaction. Furthermore, we analyzed the interactions of the entrepreneur with the local society as well as the degree of involvement in their daily activities (non-business) with those who reside in the same region.