This research charts the long cultural trajectory of albinism from early modern travel encounters and Enlightenment exhibitions to medical classification and biological experimentation. It argues the whiteness of albinism functioned as a visible provocation to thinkers involved in work crucial to major conceptual developments in western science and medicine. It stresses this rare complexion was a prism through which medical and scientific researchers studied human variation, disease and inheritance. It examines how albinism paralleled a broader historical production of modern racial and pathological identities. T¬his research traces medico-scientific discourses in order to understand their affect on people diagnosed with albinism. It commences with analysis of ‘unusually white’ people in travel narratives and Enlightenment ephemera between 1650-1799. It bridges plural representations of ‘unusual whiteness’ as sub-human or racially distinct with the crystallisation from the 1770s of a pathological definition for ‘leucoethiopia’. It demonstrates circulation of medical case studies and the formal classification of albinism as congenital disease by medical men in 1822 reflected a far-reaching revolution in medical thought and practice across Europe. It links this medical paradigm shift with the rise of heredity theory from the 1850s. It argues widespread experimentation with albino animals supported fierce early twentieth-century debates among biologists about Mendel’s laws of heredity. It concludes with analysis of the dialectic between medical knowledge about albinism and ‘albino’ identities. It argues people with albinism both internalised and camouflaged medical associations with defect through the adoption of class privilege and individual social tactics. Overall, this research makes a significant claim to rethink the histories of race, disability and medicine. It spotlights albinism as a critical nexus to understand the making of the normal and the pathological body, and it pinpoints the unstable relationship between medical diagnosis and individual agency.

Det finns ett flertal vetenskapliga artiklar samt erfarenhetsbaserade artiklar omfärgassociationer. Där vissa fokuserar på vilka associationer färger har, medanvissa andra skriver om färgkombinationer eller kulturella samt geografiskaskillnader. Sedan finns också en del litteratur kring marknadsföring och färg, föratt se hur viktigt detta är.Tanken med detta examensarbete var att skapa en översikt på det som har medfärgassociationer att göra, då det finns en hel del litteratur kring ämnet. Samt attta fram vilka färger som finns till utvalda associationer, men dessutom för attbelysa vikten av färger inom marknadsföring. Efter litteratursökningar valdesåtta litteraturer som analyserats och sedan sammanställts med associationer ochtillhörande färger i en tabell. Dessa blev sorterade efter positiva och negativaassociationer samt genusassociationer.Slutsatsen är att en association kan ha multipla färger, dock kan även en färg hamultipla associationer. Där svart färg ofta är något som anses vara negativt,medan det finns andra färger såsom orange samt grön är enbart positiva. Någotsom är viktigt är att tänka ett steg längre när det kommer till marknadsföring,detta då färger är beroende av vilket sammanhang de används. Alltså skall maninte fokusera alltför mycket på vad en färg associeras till som enskild färg, utanha i åtanke vilket sammanhang som denna kommer att användas istället. / There are quite a few articles that addresses the area of colour associations. Where some focus on what associations certain colours has, while others write about colour combinations or cultural and geographical differences when it gets to colour associations. Then there are articles concerning marketing and colour importance as well.The aim for this thesis was to create an overview of colour associations, because there is quite a bit of literature to be found about this subject. Also, to see which colours that are linked to certain associations, and to highlight the importance of colour in marketing. Eight articles concerning this subject, both scientific and experience-based articles were selected. Thereafter they were analysed and compiled into a table containing the colours associated to certain association. These tables were sorted by positive, negative and gender associations.The conclusion is that an association can contain multiple colours and a single colour can contain multiple associations. Black is often associated with something negative, whereas there are other colours such as orange and green that are solely positive. Something that is important to consider about marketing and colour associations is that colour is dependable in which context it is used. Which means you shouldn’t focus too much on what a single colour is associated with, but instead have in mind what context said colour are to be used in.

Det finns ett flertal vetenskapliga artiklar samt erfarenhetsbaserade artiklar om färgassociationer. Där vissa fokuserar på vilka associationer färger har, medan vissa andra skriver om färgkombinationer eller kulturella samt geografiska skillnader. Sedan finns också en del litteratur kring marknadsföring och färg, för att se hur viktigt detta är. Tanken med detta examensarbete var att skapa en översikt på det som har med färgassociationer att göra, då det finns en hel del litteratur kring ämnet. Samt att ta fram vilka färger som finns till utvalda associationer, men dessutom för att belysa vikten av färger inom marknadsföring. Efter litteratursökningar valdes åtta litteraturer som analyserats och sedan sammanställts med associationer och tillhörande färger i en tabell. Dessa blev sorterade efter positiva och negativa associationer samt genusassociationer. Slutsatsen är att en association kan ha multipla färger, dock kan även en färg ha multipla associationer. Där svart färg ofta är något som anses vara negativt, medan det finns andra färger såsom orange samt grön är enbart positiva. Något som är viktigt är att tänka ett steg längre när det kommer till marknadsföring, detta då färger är beroende av vilket sammanhang de används. Alltså skall man inte fokusera alltför mycket på vad en färg associeras till som enskild färg, utan ha i åtanke vilket sammanhang som denna kommer att användas istället. / There are quite a few articles that addresses the area of colour associations. Where some focus on what associations certain colours has, while others write about colour combinations or cultural and geographical differences when it gets to colour associations. Then there are articles concerning marketing and colour importance as well. The aim for this thesis was to create an overview of colour associations, because there is quite a bit of literature to be found about this subject. Also, to see which colours that are linked to certain associations, and to highlight the importance of colour in marketing. Eight articles concerning this subject, both scientific and experience-based articles were selected. Thereafter they were analysed and compiled into a table containing the colours associated to certain association. These tables were sorted by positive, negative and gender associations. The conclusion is that an association can contain multiple colours and a single colour can contain multiple associations. Black is often associated with something negative, whereas there are other colours such as orange and green that are solely positive. Something that is important to consider about marketing and colour associations is that colour is dependable in which context it is used. Which means you shouldn’t focus too much on what a single colour is associated with, but instead have in mind what context said colour are to be used in.

The purpose of this study is to create a new logotype for the student-run organisation LinTek Näringsliv (LinTek Corporate Relations), a sub-brand of the Union of Science and Technology Students at Linköping University, by means of research through design. The course of the design work followed a defined process and began with a pre-study, establishing the group’s current situation, their value words and wishes for the design. After a time an evaluation, in the form of a questionnaire distributed to the target audience, was made to review whether the new logotype had achieved its goals. The results show that the respondents, overall, have a neutral or positive view of the design, that the visual connection to LinTek is visible and that it now is more difficult to confuse LinTek Näringsliv with LARM. The existing theories regarding logotype and brand design are therefore proven to be true in this study.

A major limitation for remote sensing analyses of oceanographic variables is loss of spatial data. The Data INterpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions (DINEOF) method has demonstrated effectiveness for filling spatial gaps in remote sensing datasets, making them more easily implemented in further applications. However, dataset reconstructions with this method are sensitive to the characteristics of the input data used. The spatial and temporal coverage of the input imagery can heavily impact the reconstruction outcome, and thus, further metrics derived from these datasets, such as phytoplankton bloom phenology. In this study, the DINEOF method was applied to a three-year time series of MODIS-Aqua chlorophyll-a of the Salish Sea, Canada. Spatial reconstructions were performed on an annual and multi-year basis at daily and week- composite time resolutions, and assessed relative to the original, clouded chla datasets and a set of extracted in situ chla measurements. A sensitivity test was performed to assess stability of the results with variation of cross-validation data and simulated scenarios of lower temporal data coverage. Daily input time series showed greater accuracy reconstructing chla (95.08-97.08% explained variance, RMSExval 1.49 - 1.65 mg m-3) than week-composite counterparts (68.99-76.88% explained variance, RMSExval 1.87 – 2.07 mg m-3), with longer time series of both types producing a better relationship to original chla pixel concentrations (R 0.95 over 0.94, RMSE 1.29 over 1.35 mg m-3, slope 0.88 over 0.84). Original daily chla achieved a better relationship to in situ matchups than DINEOF gap-filled chla, with annual DINEOF-processed data performing better than the multi-year. The results of this study are of interest to those who require spatially continuous satellite-derived products, particularly from short time series, and encourage processing consistency in future DINEOF studies to allow unification for global purposes such as climate change studies (Mélin et al., 2017). / Graduate

This work explores norms of dress design by the use of post internetaesthetics in mens underwear. The exploration of underwear is based onmethods formed to create a wider concept of how mens underwear couldlook like regarding shape, color, material and details. Explorations of stereotypical and significant elements of underwear suchas graphics and logotypes has been reworked to create a graphical identitybound to a brand. This is made to contextualize the work aiming to present new options andvariety in mens underwear rather than stating examples using symbols orstereotypic elements. In the making of the examples for this work the process goes front and back from digital to physical using different media to create compositions of color, graphic designs and outlines using transfer printer, digital print, and laser cutting machine.

Internal and external factors affect the quality of meat, however ageing affects final product. Main objective of this work was to determine the effects of ageing on selected physical factors (pH, colour, water holding capacity and texture shear force) which affect meat quality from consumer and further meat processing perspective. Measuring of those factors was performed in periodical time sequences (one day post-mortem and 14 days of ageing) and factors of raw and heat-modified meat were measured. There were two hundred and fifty-eight samples from Czech pied cattle used in research. Musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis (sirloin) was analyzed. Statistically high shear force difference (P=0.001) was identified at heat-modified and aged samples (decrease from 22.574 kg to 14.885 kg). Decrease of shear force during ageing of raw meat samples was observed at normal pH (pH < 5.8) beef ? from 6.403 kg to 5.982 kg. Correlations between pH and water holding capacity was found at samples which undergone ageing (r = 0.879 ***) and also at one day post-mortem samples (r = 0.872 ***). Middle correlation was observed between colour and pH at all colour parameters ? L* (r = -0.479 ***), a* (r = -0.478 ***) and b* (r = -0.581 ***). Water holding capacity and pH have influence on shear force of raw beef and also heat-modified beef; this was confirmed by correlation analysis. Lightness (L*) and water holding capacity affect heat-modified samples texture which was confirmed with multi-regression linear analysis (R2 = 0.565). As shown above the influence of meat ageing on quality parameters is high and properly aged meat from young bulls has better texture values. If the aged beef will be sold regularly it could be expected that consumer demand will increase especially due to remove the inconsistency of the quality of beef.

The goal of this thesis was to assess colour inheritance in Showa tricolour variety of koi carp (black basis, white and red signs). Fish of the same colouration were pair-mated. Colouration of fingerlings was assessed in one day age. Colouration was observed in two forms, like melanin pigmentation and non-melanin pigmentation (black- pigmented and gold -pigmented fingerlings). In the tests, gynogenesis was employed, transmissing only mother`s genome to offspring. Gynogenesis was practiced in RIFCH USB in Vodnany. Gynogenetic offspring was further photographically documented to assess colouration of fingerlings and relationship between both variants of colouration. Fry from propagation was bred in ponds to the size stage of advanced fry (Kr; 90-day old, size 5- 6 cm). In this size, fingerlings were caught from breeding ponds, counted and further documented to check phenotype segregation.

Orientador: Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T03:20:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_MariaIvoneMartinsJacintho_D.pdf: 1261091 bytes, checksum: 8a753aaea026de68ffab9783fd8d3cfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A bixina foi extraída de sementes de urucum e purificada através de sucessivas cristalizações. A seguir a bixina foi encapsulada por atomização, utilizando-se como materiais de parede diferentes misturas com goma arábica (GA), maltodextrina 20 dextrose equivalente (MD) e sacarose (Sac), com ou sem o emulsificante Tween 80. Todas as soluções de materiais de parede foram preparadas com 40% de sólidos totais em ¿spraydryer¿ operando a 180º C e diâmetro de bico injetor de 0,07 mm. As características de todas as microcápsulas foram avaliadas e a estabilidade das microcápsulas de bixina foi estudada em sistemas aquoso, gel e sólido (maria-mole), expostos a diferentes intensidades de luz. Na primeira etapa deste trabalho foram testados os seguintes materiais de parede: 95% GA+ 5% Sac, 100% maltodextrina, 99,8% maltodextrina + 0,2% Tween 80, e 80% maltodextrina+ 20% Sac para a microencapsulação de bixina. Foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: eficiência da microencapsulação, morfologia, solubilidade das microcápsulas de bixina, além da estabilidade em sistema-modelo aquoso sob luz (700 lux) e no escuro, a 21º C na presença de ar. As microcápsulas elaboradas com 95% GA + 5% Sac ou 99,8 % maltodextrina + 0,2 % Tween 80 foram as que apresentaram melhor eficiência da microencapsulação, 86 e 75%, respectivamente e, além disso, conferiram maior estabilidade a bixina durante a exposição à luz ou na estocagem no escuro. Em todos os sistemas encapsulados expostos à luz, a bixina apresentou duas etapas de degradação, que se ajustaram a cinética de primeira ordem. Na etapa seguinte, misturas de maltodextrina e goma arábica nas proporções de 1:1 e 4:1 foram utilizadas como materiais de parede para microencapsulação de bixina. A viscosidade das soluções dos materiais de parede foi determinada, bem como as seguintes propriedades das microcápsulas: retenção após secagem, rendimento, eficiência da microencapsulação e morfologia. Foi verificado que a solução de MD/GA1:1, de maior viscosidade (38,72 ± 0,26 cP), originou microcápsulas com maiores valores de retenção de bixina, rendimento de pó e eficiência da microencapsulação em comparação com a solução menos viscosa de MD/GA4:1. Apesar das diferenças observadas, apenas o rendimento e a eficiência do microencapsulação foram significativamente diferentes (p _ 0,05). A fim de se testar a estabilidade da bixina em um sistema sólido, a degradação foi avaliada em gel exposto na presença e ausência de luminosidade, ambos na presença de ar. Neste sistema, as microcápsulas obtidas com MD/GA1:1 foram as que conferiram maior estabilidade à bixina na presença e ausência de luminosidade. No gel, a cinética de degradação da bixina microencapsulada foi de ordem zero, sendo que foram observadas três etapas de degradação, enquanto que degradação da bixina não encapsulada ocorreu em apenas uma etapa. Conforme o esperado, a bixina encapsulada foi mais estável que a não encapsulada, com valores de kobs aproximadamente 13 a 15 vezes menores em comparação aos respectivos sistemas com bixina não encapsulada. As bixina encapsulada com MD:GA na proporção 1:1 foi utilizada como corante de maria-mole e a alteração da cor instrumental (sistema CIELab) foi avaliada sob 1300 lux e no escuro. Visualmente, a maria-mole colorida com bixina encapsulada apresentou alaranjado mais intenso do que a colorida com bixina não encapsulado. Como esperado, a luz apresentou um efeito deletério na coloração da maria-mole, verificado pela gradual diminuição das coordenadas de cor a* e b*, sendo mais intenso na colorida com bixina livre do que na colorida com microcápsulas de bixina. Não foram observadas alterações do L*, a* e b* na maria-mole estocada no escuro durante 130 horas. Na última etapa deste estudo foi avaliado o efeito da adição de um antioxidante natural, ácido ascórbico (AA), nas propriedades e estabilidade da bixina encapsulada com MD:GA (1:1) em gel exposto a diferentes luminosidades (0, 1300 e 2100 lux), na presença de ar a 21 ± 2º C. Como controle foi utilizado gel colorido com bixina não encapsulada acrescido de AA. Além do teor de bixina, paralelamente também foi avaliada instrumentalmente a perda de cor das amostras utilizando-se o sistema CIELab. Conforme o esperado a luminosidade teve um efeito deletério na estabilidade da bixina, refletido na diminuição dos parâmetros a*, b* e C*. A cinética de degradação da bixina foi de ordem zero, sendo que nos géis coloridos com microcápsulas foram observadas três etapas de fotodegradação, enquanto que nos coloridos com bixina não encapsulada foi observada apenas uma etapa. No escuro, a degradação da bixina também apresentou apenas uma etapa. Por outro lado, os teores de AA praticamente não sofreram alteração na presença de luz / Abstract: Bixin was extracted from annatto seeds and purified through cristalizations followed by encapsulation by spray-dryer. The wall materials used were different blends of gum Arabic (GA), maltodextrin 20 dextrose equivalent (MD) and sucrose (Suc), with and without emulsifier Tween 80. All the wall materials solutions were prepared with 40% total solids in a spray-dryer operating at 180º C with aspersion nozzle diameter of 0.07 mm. The characteristics of all microcapsules were evaluated and the stability of bixin microcapsules was monitored in model-systems, either in water, in gel or solid ("maria-mole"), exposed to different light intensities. In the first stage of the present study, the following wall materials were tested for bixin microencapsulation: 95% GA+ 5% Suc, 100% maltodextrin, 99.8% maltodextrin+0.2% Tween 80, and 80% maltodextrin+20% SUc. The microencapsulation efficiency and morfology were evaluated, along with the stability of the bixin microcapsules in an aqueous model-system under light (700 lux) and in the dark, both at 21º C in the presence of air. The microcapsules containing 95% GA+ 5% Suc and 99,8 % maltodextrin+0.2 % Tween 80 showed the highest encapsulation efficiency, respectively 86% and 75%, less superficial imperfections and higher stability under ligt and in the dark as compared to bixin encapsulated with maltodextrin alone or blended with sucrose. The kinetic behavior of bixin photodegradation in all encapsulated systems was composed by two first-order decays. In the next stage, blends of maltodextrin and gum Arabic at 1:1 and 4:1 proportions were used as wall materials for bixin microencapsulation. The viscosity of the wall material solutions was determined, as well as the following microcapsules properties: retention after dying, yield, microencapsulation efficiency and morfology. Bixin degradation was evaluated in gel exposed to the presence and absence of light, both under air. The MD/GA1:1 solution presented the highest viscosity (38.72 ± 0.26 cP), furnishing microcapsules with higher values of bixin retention, powder yield and microencapsulation efficiency as compared to the MD/GA4:1 solution with lower viscosity. Although these differences were observed, only the yield and microencapsulation efficiency were significatively different (p _ 005). Bixin microcapsulated with MD/GA1:1 was more stable under light or dark in the gel model-system. The degradation of both microencapsulated bixin followed zero-order kinetics, with three degradation steps, whilst not encapsulated bixin showed one degradation step. As expected, microencapsulated bixin was more stable than that not encapsulated, with kobs values ca. 13 to 15 times lower as compared to the correspondent systems with not encapsulated bixin. Bixin encapsulated with MD:GA (1:1) was added as colorant in "maria-mole" and color parameters (CIELab) changes were evaluated under 1300 lux and in the dark. Visually, "maria-mole" samples colored with bixin microcapsules showed a more intense orange color as compared to maria-mole colored with not encapsulated bixin. As expected, the color parameters a* and b* decreased under light, and this decrease was higher in "maria-mole" colored with not encapsulated bixin. No changes in L*, a* and b* values were observed in "maria-mole" stored in the dark during 130 hours. In the last stage, the effect of addition of a natural antioxidant, ascorbic acid (AA), on the microcapsules properties and bixin stability microencapsulated with MD:GA (1:1) was evaluated in a gel system exposed to different light intensities (0, 1300 e 2100 lux) at 21 ± 2º C in the presence of air. Bixin+AA, both not encapsulated, were used as control. Besides the levels of bixin, color was measured in a spetrocolorimeter using the CIElab system to evaluate the changes in the gel-systems. As expected, light was the main factor that caused loss of bixin, which was reflected on the decrease of the a*, b* and C * color parameters. The bixin degradation followed zero order kinetics, with three fotodegradation steps in the systems colored with both microcapsules, whilst not encapsulated bixin+AA showed one degradation step. In the dark, bixin degradation occurred in only one kinetic step. On the other hand, the AA levels remained practically unchanged in the presence and absence of light / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Submitted by Felipe Lapenda (felipe.lapenda@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-03T13:28:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Everton.pdf: 1722493 bytes, checksum: ebc735b6b2e917e61b5ffa6b9955b787 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T13:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Everton.pdf: 1722493 bytes, checksum: ebc735b6b2e917e61b5ffa6b9955b787 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Pró-reitoria para Assuntos de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação / A capacidade discriminativa de cores tem sido utilizada como forma de avaliação da percepção de cores em condições neuropsiquiátricas. No presente estudo investigou-se a existência de possíveis alterações na percepção de cores em adultos com Transtorno Depressivo Maior, utilizando-se como parâmetros os limiares de discriminação para os eixos de confusão Protan, Deutan e Tritan, a área da elipse de MacAdam e sua elipticidade. O estudo contou com 23 voluntários, sendo 11 com depressão maior (Grupo Experimental) e 12 isentos de quaisquer patologias identificáveis (Grupo Controle). Todos os participantes foram submetidos aos testes de discriminação (Cambridge Colour Test v2.0), e arranjo de cores (Lanthony Desaturated Test D-15), a fim de que fossem mensuradas e comparadas as repostas de ambos os grupos. Os resultados apontaram diferenças significativas (entre grupos Controle e Experimental) na comparação dos limiares de discriminação dos eixos testados (p < 0,05), como também para as áreas das elipses testadas, ao longo do eixo Tritan (p < 0,05). Igualmente, os resultados apontaram diferenças significativas (entre grupos Controle, Depressão Leve e Depressão Moderada/Grave) na comparação dos mesmos limiares com post-hoc para os grupos Controle e Depressão Moderada/Grave estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05). Houve também diferença significante para as áreas das elipses, bem como para o post-hoc entre Grupos Controle e Depressão Moderada/Grave (p < 0,05). Finalmente, os eixos elípticos não demonstraram diferenças significantes para nenhuma das condições entre grupos. A presente pesquisa coaduna com a suposição de que o prejuízo para sensibilidade à cor pode apresentar-se como estado ou característica dos transtornos do humor, dada a conclusão do presente trabalho ao encontrar que pacientes com transtorno depressivo maior podem apresentar alterações na capacidade discriminativa de cores, quando comparados com voluntários saudáveis.