O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o uso da cor em ambientes internos industriais, sendo regidos por legislação e normatização específicas, uma vez que envolvem atividade de trabalho humano. Numa primeira etapa é apresentada pesquisa bibliográfica com intuito de caracterizar as exigências legais que definem o uso da cor para estes ambientes. Identifica-se a legislação relacionada à Segurança do Trabalho, de abrangência nacional -- em conformidade com o Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; e outras de abrangência mais restrita. Por exemplo, o contexto estadual de São Paulo, que disciplina orientações do Corpo de Bombeiros e Centro de Vigilância Sanitária da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Sob a ótica da Segurança do Trabalho, são avaliadas a aplicação de cores em: máquinas, equipamentos, elementos construtivos, indicação de localização de equipamentos e sinalização de segurança. O uso de vários matizes para situações distintas propicia ao trabalhador o reconhecimento de vários cenários por meio de padronização de informação; possibilitando-lhe tomar ciência da presença de um material e os riscos e perigos a ele relacionados. Paralelamente, o presente estudo compreendeu pesquisa de campo para efeito de registros fotográficos de ambientes de trabalho: isto foi feito para exemplificar os tópicos estudados. Ao considerar a presença do trabalhador, percebe-se que entender visão de cores torna-se primordial para melhor avaliar a eficácia da sinalização e de outras informações relativas à cor existentes no ambiente de trabalho. Assim, foram analisadas a resposta fisiológica do organismo diante da cor para pessoas de visão normal e exigências relativas às atividades ou tarefas desempenhadas pelo trabalhador em condições de exposição à sinalização. Neste percurso foram ainda verificados aspectos relativos à classificação e nomenclatura das cores. Como resultado, a análise sustentou -- ou não --a aplicação de determinado matiz para situações específicas. Nas considerações finais, o foco está na obrigatoriedade do uso da cor relacionado à Segurança e a sinalização recomendada para advertir sobre os riscos existentes, sem considerar a particularidades das atividades e tarefas a serem desempenhadas e as características de cada indivíduo. Conclui-se que quanto mais informação houver a respeito dos agentes que compõem um determinado sistema, mais assertivamente será possível indicar soluções de aplicação de cor no ambiente de trabalho. / The objective of this work was to analyze the usage of colour at industrial environments which follow strict rules because there are workers involved in. At first a bibliographical research was developed to recognize the legal requirement that define the use of colours in such environments. There are rules related to Occupational Safety that are mandatory nationwide, according to the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and other rules which are more restrict. For example, in the State of Sao Paulo, there are rules that instruct the Fire Department and the Health Surveillance Center. Under the perspectives of Occupational Safety, the use of colours on machines, equipments, building components and safety systems and principles of signaling were evaluated. The use of hues in different situations enables the worker the recognition sceneries due to the standardized information, making him be aware of the presence of a certain material and the risks and hazard that are related to it. This work also embodied a practical research to take photographs of different work rooms to show the studied topics. When the presence of a worker is considered, it is possible to realize that understanding about colour vision is essential to verify signallig performance and more information about colour where people work. So, the physiological answers to colour were studied considering people with normal vision and their necessary behaviour in certain situations that involved signaling while they were working. During this study the qualification of colours and their given names were verified. As a result, the analysis sustained - or not - the application of a certain hue in a certain situation. In the final analysis the focus was on the compulsory use of colour related to Occupational Safety and the recommended signaling to advise workers against existing risks without considering the specific aspect of each task that a worker can develop and his particular characteristics. The conclusion shows that the more available information a professional can get about a system, the more assertive solutions about the use of colour at work environment will be reached.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-05-06T12:57:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_TesteComputadorizadoAvaliacao.pdf: 2426574 bytes, checksum: 1a7bce3f4ebea8a25887a50dba8215c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-05-12T15:35:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_TesteComputadorizadoAvaliacao.pdf: 2426574 bytes, checksum: 1a7bce3f4ebea8a25887a50dba8215c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-12T15:35:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_TesteComputadorizadoAvaliacao.pdf: 2426574 bytes, checksum: 1a7bce3f4ebea8a25887a50dba8215c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente estudo visou garantir condições favoráveis para a avaliação de discriminação de cores em crianças, por meio de uma adaptação no modo Trivector do teste de discriminação de cores de Mollon-Reffin. Como a tarefa original, de indicar a abertura do C de Landolt, se mostrou pouco intuitiva para crianças pequenas, o alvo foi mudado para uma área colorida aproximadamente quadrada e a resposta requerida passou a ser tocar no alvo. O modo de teste Trivector mede os limiares de discriminação de cor ao longo de três linhas de confusão características das três formas variantes de visão de cor humana: protan-, deutan- e tritan-. O Experimento I avaliou a concordância entre o teste original e a versão adaptada, com 29 sujeitos adultos com visão de cor normal. A comparação dos limiares obtidos com as duas versões, por meio do método de avaliação de concordância de Bland-Altman, mostrou boa concordância entre as versões. No Experimento II, o teste adaptado foi aplicado em 25 crianças de 2 a 7 anos, usando técnicas de treino operante para estabelecer e manter o desempenho dos sujeitos. Os limiares diminuíram progressivamente acompanhando o aumento na idade. Os limiares protan- e deutan- foram consistentemente menores que os limiares tritan-, um padrão que já havia sido observado com adultos no teste original. Os resultados demonstram que, feitas as adaptações necessárias, o teste é adequado para a avaliação da discriminação de cor em crianças pequenas e pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a identificação das variações da visão de cor durante o desenvolvimento, bem como para a aplicação em outras populações humanas e, inclusive, outros primatas. (CNPq, FINEP). / The present study aimed at providing conditions for the assessment of color discrimination in children using a modified version of the Trivector mode of the Mollon-Reffin color discrimination test. Since the task of indicating the gap of the Landolt C used in that test proved counterintuitive and/or difficult for young children to understand the target stimulus was changed to a square patch of color the subjects were asked to touch. The Trivector test measures color discrimination for the protan, deutan and tritan confusion lines. Experiment I sought to evaluate the correspondence between the CCT and the child-friendly adaptation with adult subjects (n=29) with normal color vision. Comparison of the thresholds obtained with both tests using Bland-Altman statistical methods showed good agreement between the two test versions. Experiment II tested the child-friendly software with children 2 to 7 years old (n=25) using operant training techniques for establishing and maintaining the subjects‟ performance. Color discrimination thresholds were progressively lower as age increased. The protan and deutan thresholds were consistently lower than tritan thresholds, a pattern repeatedly observed in adults tested with the CCT. The results demonstrate that the test is fit for assessment of color discrimination in young children and may be a useful tool for the establishment of color vision thresholds during development, as well as for use with other human populations, as well as with other primate species. (CNPq, FINEP).

Ma thèse a pour objet l’étude des couleurs du mobilier d’apparat en bronze dans le monde gréco-romain, produit entre le IIe s. av. n. è. et le IIe s. de n. è. en Méditerranée. Elle place au cœur de sa démarche historique la caractérisation des couleurs, leur analyse technique et l’étude de leurs valeurs symboliques, associées à des contextes de production et de réception précis. Redonner en effet aux couleurs toute leur place dans l’ameublement de luxe en bronze, en conduire l’étude typologique, iconographique et technique, les replacer dans leur contexte de réception permet de comprendre non seulement l’impact visuel recherché par le maître de maison, mais aussi et surtout leurs valeurs spécifiques dans l’élaboration du discours des élites à destination de leurs semblables et des autres classes de la société. Pour identifier et comprendre cette polychromie, une démarche interdisciplinaire combinant des méthodologies archéologiques, archéométriques et sociologiques a été appliquée. 538 pièces de mobilier en bronze à décors polychromes sont ainsi recensées et réparties dans diverses catégories. Ces multiples données sont réunies et mises en relation grâce à la création et l’utilisation d’une base de données relationnelle nommée « Iris ». La convergence de ces méthodes et de ces angles d’attaque du matériel étudié vise à un seul but : apprécier la valeur des couleurs et des autres traitements de surface de ces objets de luxe d’inspiration grecque dans le processus général d’acculturation des populations et provinces romaines au modèle gréco-romain, un modèle défini par Paul Veyne comme propre à un Empire où « la culture y était hellénique et le pouvoir était romain ». / My thesis aims to study the colours of bronze ceremonial furniture produced by the Greco-Roman world between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE in the Mediterranean. The main objective is to characterize of colours, their technical properties, and symbolic values associated with specific production and reception contexts.Consequently, by using archaeological contexts, techno-typological and iconographic studies, the objective of this research is to characterize the specificity and originality of the use and visual impact of bronze in the elaboration of the discourse of the Greco-Roman elite, owner of this ostentatious furniture; this discourse is also aimed at this elite as other classes of Roman society.My thesis explores as much the history of techniques as that of arts and mentalities. It combines archaeological, archaeometric, and sociological methodologies for an interdisciplinary approach. 538 pieces of bronze furniture with polychrome decorations are identified and divided into different categories. Furthermore, these multiple data are also collected and linked through the creation and use of a relational database named “Iris”.The convergence of these methods has a single purpose: to appreciate the significance of colours and to investigate other surface treatments on Greek inspired luxury furnishings. The gradual acculturation of “the Greek world” as a result of Roman expansion is evident in a study of this furniture, its colours, and other treatments using the same historical perspective as defined by Paul Veyne as: an Empire where “la culture y était hellénique et le pouvoir était romain”.

This thesis analyses the effect of the personal history of Arthur and Corinne Cantrill, two Australian independent filmmakers, on their style of filmmaking. It analyses their representation of film-form experimentation within national Australian art in a range of independent film works. It reflects on their cultural relation to the general history of independent filmmaking in Australia, America and Europe. It studies the circumstances tat resulted in the appearance of the Cantrills' experimental film and their relation to international art theories and film experimentation. This thesis will examine how the Cantrills' film works, which were often critical of conventional filmmaking styles, and their critical writing, statements and promotion of their independent and experimental film work contributed significantly to theoretical discussion and argument about the physical nature of film within Australia. This examination is explored through asking and answering the central question: The work of Aurtheur and Corinne Cantrell is theoretically drawn from a tradition of European arts and visually drawn from Australian landscape and urban culture; can their work be identified and undertood as Australian art?

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a relatively new method applied to food quality assessment. EIS allows relatively inexpensive assessment, is fast, easy to operate and non-invasive. It has been adopted for investigation of fundamental electrical properties of plant tissues. Although the applications of EIS for food quality determination have been reported previously, the analytical relationships between electrical impedance properties and quality criteria have not yet been fully developed. Further exploration is thus important in acquiring more data on electrical impedance characteristics of fruits and vegetables and researching new approaches for determination of their quality. This dissertation aims to investigate the electrical impedance properties of fruits and vegetables, and explore the relationship between impedance and quality criteria. In particular, the present dissertation outlines experimental research conducted on relationships between impedance properties and fruit tastes as well as the impedance changes observed during ripening process. Impedance measurement to monitor moisture content changes in the progress of drying is also included in this research. In summary, the impedance properties have merits in fruits and vegetables quality assessment. The current used subjective visual inspection and assessment could be replaced by the EIS based approach as it is a more precise measurement of food quality. Further study is required to give this method practical value.

<p>The aim of this thesis was to determine whether there has been a trend of increasing or decreasing water colour, absorbance, in Lake Mälaren during the last 35 years and whether it could be correlated with water discharge. The discharge was accounted for using regression analysis. The data material was analyzed for trends using a nonparametric test, the so-called seasonal Mann- Kendall test. The regression model could only account for a small (maximum of 24%) variation due to discharge. Thisindicates that discharge single-handedly can not explain the variation in absorbance. The trend analysis indicated a significant yearly increase in absorbance of 0.93% - 2.43% yr-¹ for three out of four investigated sub-basins, namely, Galten, Ekoln and Skarven. This strongly implies that there has been an increase of absorbance and a change in the amount of organic material in Lake Mälaren during the last 35 years.</p>

<p>An inquiry into the post-war European aesthetic and political landscape should take the international organization Unesco’s colour reproductions and travelling exhibitions of paintings into consideration. In these, the organization implements André Malraux’ idea of the “imaginary museum” as a framework for a future cosmopolitical, aesthetic (and utopian) community. During the late 1940’s, the Swedish government also discusses the need for raising an “aesthetic awareness” amongst their citizens as a consequence to a poor knowledge in the fine arts. In short, there is a poor developed sensibility amongst the Swedish people. An aesthetic (re)shaping has political consequences since it concerns the sensibility of the political subject and his or hers ability to partake in a political order. The issue at hand is how these re-shapings are constituted and further developed, i.e. how these create new ways of sensing and new forms for the political subject. Or, in the stance of Unesco: the cosmopolitical subject.</p><p>The international organization Unesco has its roots in the early 20th century. The making of the organization – both its birth and bureaucratic constitution – coincides with an emergent information society. Radio, colour-photography, television and film all defy boundaries in some way. These media re-organized time, space and perception, changing the awareness of the other. These media linked the world together in the following logic: same time, but different place. The work that Unesco undertook came to revolve around these media and this logic, especially since Unesco furthered Malraux’s imaginary museum. Unesco’s constitution describes the origins of conflict as residing in man’s mind and promotes the free flow of ideas by word and image. New media would act in an enlightening way and play a significant role in making the organizations dream of a global unity come true. This thesis describes art’s function in Unesco’s attempt to bring this utopia to life.</p> / <p>En undersökning av efterkrigstidens estetiska och politiska landskap bör ta hänsyn till den internationella organisationen Unesco:s kataloger och vandringsutställningar med färgreproduktioner. Organisationen implementerar i dessa André Malrauxs ”imaginära museum” som en tankemodell för en framtida kosmopoltisk, estetisk (och utopisk) gemenskap. Under det sena 1940-talet diskuteras också i Sverige behovet av ”estetisk fostran” som en konsekvens av en estetisk obildning, en illa utvecklad sensibilitet hos det svenska folket. En estetisk (om)bildning har en politisk innebörd såtillvida att det rör det politiska subjektets förnimmande och hans eller hennes förmåga att vara delaktig i en politisk ordning. Frågan är hur ovan nämnda ombildningar konstitueras och utvecklas, hur dessa kan alstra nya sätt att förnimma eller ge upphov till nya former för den politiska subjektiviteten. Eller för Unesco:s räkning: den kosmopolitiska subjektiviteten.</p><p>Den internationella organisationen Unesco har rötter i det tidiga 1900-talet. Organisationens konstitution – dess födelse och författning – sammanfaller med ett framväxande informationssamhälle. Radion, färgfotografiet, televisionen och filmen trotsar på olika sätt gränser. Den omordning av tid, rum och perception som dessa medier medgav, gav en ny medvetenhet om den andre. Medierna knöt samman världen enligt logiken: samtidigt, men på olika platser. Unesco:s arbete kom på olika sätt att kretsa kring dessa medier och denna logik, särskilt som man vidareutvecklade Malrauxs imaginära museum. Unesco:s konstitution beskriver konflikters inre härkomst och uttrycker en vilja att låta idéer flöda fritt över nationsgränser med hjälp av ord och bild. De nya medierna kunde verka upplysande och skulle spela en framträdande roll i organisationens förverkligande av sin dröm om en världspolitisk enhet. Denna uppsats beskriver konstens plats i Unesco:s försök att förverkliga denna utopi.</p>

<p>Microarray technology is a promising approach for the simultaneous analysis of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are the most abundant form of genetic variation. In this thesis enzyme-assisted microarray-based methods were developed to improve the accuracy and genotype discrimination power of the current methods for SNP genotyping. The improved technology was applied for analysing recessively inherited disease mutations, for Y-chromosomal SNPs in a population study, for an evolutionary analysis of SNPs in flycatchers and for multiplexed quantitative determination of SNP-allele frequencies in pooled DNA samples. </p><p>A robust attachment chemistry for immobilising oligonucleotides on glass surface was established, based on an evaluation of eight covalent coupling methods. A four-colour fluorescence detection strategy, which enabled a multiplexed quantitative analysis for as little as 2% of a minority allele frequency in pooled samples was generated. </p><p>Twenty-five Y-chromosomal SNPs were screened in a collection of 300 samples from five Finno-Ugric-speaking populations using minisequencing on microarrays. In these populations six distinct haplotypes were defined by the six SNPs that were polymorphic. Data from five microsatellite markers was combined with the SNP data, revealing shared Y-chromosomal haplotypes between the Finns and the Saami, indicating, in accordance with earlier data, at least two founding Y-chromosomal lineages in these populations.</p><p>Database screening and subsequent validation of 125 potential SNPs in the highly repetitive type 1 interferon genes and genes coding for proteins in the interferon-related regulatory pathways revealed 25 informative SNPs in the Finnish and Swedish populations. These SNPs were included in a panel for microarray based genotyping that should find a variety of applications in genetic studies due to the important immunoregulatory functions of the IFN family.</p><p>The significance of sex-chromosome evolution on speciation was investigated in two naturally hybridising flycatcher species (N=459) by analysing a panel of 20 SNPs using minisequencing on microarrays. A strong selection against gene flow across the species boundary of sex-linked genes was observed, as well as a sex-chromosomal influence on male plumage characteristics that have previously been shown to reinforce isolation in these birds. The results suggest a major role for sex-chromosome-mediated isolation of the two flycatcher species.</p>

This thesis is about modelling and predicting the perceived whiteness of plain paper from the paper composition, including fluorescent whitening agents. This involves psychophysical modelling of perceived whiteness from measurable light reflectance properties, and physical modelling of light scattering and fluorescence from the paper composition. Existing models are first tested and improvements are suggested and evaluated. A colour appearance model including simultaneous contrast effects (CIECAM02-m2), earlier tested on coloured surfaces, is successfully applied to perceived whiteness. An extension of the Kubelka-Munk light scattering model including fluorescence for turbid media of finite thickness is successfully tested for the first time on real papers. It is extended to layered constructions with different layer optical properties and modified to enable parameter estimation with conventional d/0° spectrophotometers used in the paper industry. Lateral light scattering is studied to enable simulating the spatially resolved radiance factor from layered constructions, and angle-resolved radiance factor simulations are performed to study angular variation of whiteness. It is shown that the linear CIE whiteness equation fails to predict the perceived whiteness of highly white papers with distinct bluish tint. This equation is applicable only in a defined region of the colour space, a condition that is shown to be not fulfilled by many commercial office papers, although they appear white to most observers. The proposed non-linear whiteness equations give to these papers a whiteness value that correlates with their perceived whiteness, while application of the CIE whiteness equation outside its region of validity overestimates perceived whiteness. It is shown that the fluorescence efficiency of FWA is essentially dependent only on the ability of the FWA to absorb light in its absorption band. Increased FWA concentration leads accordingly to increased whiteness. However, since FWA absorbs light in the violet-blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the reflectance factor decreases in that region with increasing FWA amount. This violet-blue absorption tends to give a greener shade to the paper and explains most of the observed greening and whiteness saturation at larger FWA concentrations. A red-ward shift of the quantum efficiency is observed with increasing FWA concentration, but this is shown to have a negligible effect on the whiteness value. The results are directly applicable to industrial applications for better instrumental measurement of whiteness and thereby optimising the use of FWA with the goal to improve the perceived whiteness. / PaperOpt

This thesis is about modelling and predicting the perceived whiteness of plain paper from the paper composition, including fluorescent whitening agents. This includes psycho-physical modelling of perceived whiteness from measurable light reflectance properties, and physical modelling of light scattering and fluorescence from the paper composition. Existing models are first tested and improvements are suggested and evaluated. The standardised and widely used CIE whiteness equation is first tested on commercial office papers with visual evaluations by different panels of observers, and improved models are validated. Simultaneous contrast effects, known to affect the appearance of coloured surfaces depending on the surrounding colour, are shown to significantly affect the perceived whiteness. A colour appearance model including simultaneous contrast effects  (CIECAM02-m2), earlier tested on coloured surfaces, is successfully applied to perceived whiteness. A recently proposed extension of the Kubelka-Munk light scattering model including fluorescence for turbid media of finite thickness is successfully tested for the first time on real papers. It is shown that the linear CIE whiteness equation fails to predict the perceived whiteness of highly white papers with distinct bluish tint. This equation is applicable only in a defined region of the colour space, a condition that is shown to be not fulfilled by many commercial office papers, although they appear white to most observers. The proposed non-linear whiteness equations give to these papers a whiteness value that correlates with their perceived whiteness, while application of the CIE whiteness equation outside its region of validity overestimates perceived whiteness. It is shown that the quantum efficiency of two different fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) in plain paper is rather constant with FWA type, FWA concentration, filler content, and fibre type. Hence, the fluorescence efficiency is essentially dependent only on the ability of the FWA to absorb light in its absorption band.  Increased FWA concentration leads accordingly to increased whiteness. However, since FWA absorbs light in the violet-blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the reflectance factor decreases in that region with increasing FWA amount. This violet-blue absorption tends to give a greener shade to the paper and explains most of the observed greening and whiteness saturation at larger FWA concentrations. A red-ward shift of the quantum efficiency is observed with increasing FWA concentration, but this is shown to have a negligible effect on the whiteness value. The results are directly applicable to industrial applications for better instrumental measurement of whiteness and thereby optimising the use of FWA with the goal to improve the perceived whiteness. In addition, a modular Monte Carlo simulation tool, Open PaperOpt, is developed to allow future spatial- and angle-resolved particle level light scattering simulation. / PaperOpt