Abstract Background: The packaging design of a product, primarily the design element colour, affects purchase intention extensively. This has been stated in prior studies. However, whether colour has the same effect in the Swedish market has not been researched. Furthermore, there has been limited research on the difference between the genders' perception of gendered colours on product packaging and colours' effect on purchase intention in the Cosmetics and Personal care industry. Therefore, these elements are the focus of this research.   Purpose: This research aims to evaluate the effect of product packaging colour on Swedish residents' purchase intention in the Cosmetics and Personal Care industry. Furthermore, the relationship between gendered colours on product packaging and purchase intention will be analysed, comparing females and males.   Method: This study is deductive research, and it is based on a positivism paradigm. It uses a quantitative approach of gathering data through an online questionnaire. The sample consisted of 194 Swedish residents gathered through convenience sampling. Moreover, the data was analysed using Cronbach alpha coefficient, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Ordered logistic regression to test the hypotheses.    Findings: The theoretical framework identified a research gap concerning the impact of product packaging colours on purchase intention and how gender-specific packaging colours affect males and females differently. Based on the existing literature, five hypotheses were formulated. The findings confirmed that product packaging colours for all Swedish residents, had a significant positive influence on purchase intention, leading to the acceptance of H1. Moreover, both males and females demonstrated a significant positive effect on purchase intention when exposed to packaging colours associated with their respective genders, resulting in the acceptance of H2 and H4. However, both genders demonstrated a non-significant effect on purchase intention when exposed to packaging colours associated with the opposite gender, leading to the rejection of H3 and H5.   Conclusion: The results show that product packaging colour has a positive effect on purchase intention among Swedish residents. Moreover, it shows that the Gender Schema theory is still relevant in today's society, which shows contribution to theory. Further, marketers should continue to use gendered colours in their product packaging.

By making a CDA the linguistic and semantic features in cosmetic products are going to be examined. For the purpose of this study, 99 products, from two companies, are analysed in order to find out if the marketing teams of the companies are using different linguistic and semiotic features in order to persuade their target group. Theories of masculinity and femininity are presented and the relationship between gender and language is analysed. Furthermore, Aristotle’s theory about the three proofs of persuasion ethos, pathos and logos is discussed. After analyzing and discussing the data that have been gathered in relation with the background theories, significant differences are noticed on the products for the two genders. In the research appears that the two genders are targeted in different ways and that different linguistic and semiotic features are used for each gender.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第25149号 / 理博第5056号 / 新制||理||1721(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 杉浦 秀樹, 教授 村山 美穂, 教授 平田 聡 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Biologically inspired logarithmic CMOS sensors offer high dynamic range imaging capabilities without the difficulties faced by linear imagers. By compressing dynamic range while encoding contrast information, they mimic the human visual system’s response to photo stimuli in fewer bits than those used in linear sensors. Despite this prospect, logarithmic sensors suffer poor image quality due to illumination dependent fixed pattern noise (FPN), making individual pixels appear up to 100 times brighter or darker. This thesis is primarily concerned with alleviating FPN in logarithmic imagers in a simple and convenient way while undertaking a system approach to its origin, distribution and effect on the quality of monochrome and colour images, after FPN correction. Using the properties of the Human visual system, I propose to characterise the errors arising from FPN in a perceptually significant manner by proposing an error measure, never used before. Logarithmic operation over a wide dynamic range is first characterised using a new model; yi j =aj +bj ln(exp sqrt(cj +djxi)−1), where yi j is the response of the sensor to a light stimulus xi and aj, bj, cj and dj are pixel dependent parameters. Using a proposed correction procedure, pixel data from a monochromatic sensor array is FPN corrected to approximately 4% error over 5 decades of illumination even after digitisation - accuracy equivalent to four times the human eyes ability to just notice an illumination difference against a uniform background. By evaluating how error affects colour, the possibility of indiscernible residual colour error after FPN correction, is analytically explored using a standard set of munsell colours. After simulating the simple FPN correction procedure, colour quality is analysed using a Delta E76 perceptual metric, to check for perceptual discrepancies in image colour. It is shown that, after quantisation, the FPN correction process yields 1−2 Delta E76 error units over approximately 5 decades of illumination; colour quality being imperceptibly uniform in this range. Finally, tone-mapping techniques, required to compress high dynamic range images onto the low range of standard screens, have a predominantly logarithmic operation during brightness compression. A new Logr'Gb' colour representation is presented in this thesis, significantly reducing computational complexity, while encoding contrast information. Using a well-known tone mapping technique, images represented in this new format are shown to maintain colour accuracy when the green colour channel is compressed to the standard display range, instead of the traditional luminance channel. The trade off between colour accuracy and computation in this tone mapping approach is also demonstrated, offering a low cost alternative for applications with low display specifications.

This project report offers insight into my research, creative process and work during my two-year Master in visual communication at Konstfack, Stockholm.Clean: Not the Monochrome, Universal and Neutral Modernism You Expect is the published culmination of a period of visual research highlighting Modernism — Modernist (graphic) design and architecture to be precise — as a power structure by uncovering its connections to colonialism and design authoritarianism through misperception, whiteness, exclusive practicing and imposition.The book uses intersections of visual material, personal experience and theory to deconstruct the inheritance of the creative practitioner working in the realm of Modernism as well as its presumed neutrality.

A Esclerose Múltipla (EM) é uma doença inflamatória autoimune caracterizada por desmielinização e degeneração do sistema nervoso central (SNC) duas a três vezes mais frequente em mulheres. A etiologia da EM é dividida em dois subtipos principais: o tipo remitente-recorrente (EMRR) mais comum, caracterizado por dois ou mais episódios de agravamento dos sintomas que envolvem diferentes locais do SNC, separados por pelo menos 1 mês e remisão dos sintomas e o tipo progressivo é a forma menos comum, caracterizada por um contínuo agravamento dos sintomas desde o início geralmente sem recaídas claras ou remissões. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o comprometimento da visão de cores e de sua relação com perdas de atenção, memória visual imediata, memória visual tardia, memória operacional e funções executivas dos portadores de esclerose múltipla tipo remitente recorrente. Método: participaram 41 pacientes com esclerose múltipla de idades entre 20 e 58 anos (35,4±12,2) e 37 controles com idade (34,7±12,1) e escolaridade semelhante. A discriminação de cores foi avaliada com o Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) e a avaliação de funções neuropsicológicas foram utilizados subtestes da bateria Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) - Pattern Recognition Memory, Spatial Span, Spatial Recognition Memory, Information Sampling Task, Stop Signal Task e Rapid Information Processing; Escalas de Depressão e Ansiedade de Beck e Escala de Determinação Funcional da Qualidade de vida (DEFU). Resultados: A visão de cores está prejudicada de forma difusa em 24% dos pacientes com esclerose múltipla, tanto em pacientes com histórico de neurite óptica quando em pacientes que não tiveram neurite óptica. Na parte cognitiva, os pacientes demonstraram lentidão em executar as tarefas, comprometimento na atenção, na memória visual de curto e longo prazo, na memória operacional, na memória visuoespacial, além de lentidão no processamento de informações. Há uma relação entre alterações na visão de cores e alterações de memória visual somente em testes em que os estímulos são complexos e com inúmeros detalhes / Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by demyelination and central nervous system (CNS) degeneration. It is two times more frequent in women. It can be presented in two subtypes: the relapsing-remitting (RR), most common type, characterized by two or more episodes of focal disorders in different sites of the CNS, and remission of the symptoms; and the progressive subtype, less common, characterized by a continuous worsening of the symptoms, since the beginning, usually with no remissions. The present research evaluated color vision impairment and its relationship to attention loss, short-term memory, long-term memory, working memory and executive function in patients with the relapsing-remitting MS type. Methods: 41 patients with multiple sclerosis (20 to 58 years, 35.4 ± 12.2 in average) and 37 controls matched to age (34.7 ± 12.1 in average) and years of education participated of the study. Color vision was tested using the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) and the neuropsychological assessment was performed using tests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) - Pattern Recognition Memory, Spatial Span, Spatial Recognition Memory, Information Sampling Task, Stop Signal Task, Rapid Information Processing the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories and the Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis quality of life instrument. Results: Color vision was diffusely impaired in 24% of the MS patients, with or with no history of optic neuritis. Patients also showed a delay during the tasks execution, impairment in attention, short and long-term visual memory and working memory, and slowness in the information processing. There was a relationship between color vision loss and visual memory impairment, but only in tests with complex and highly detailed stimuli

<p>This thesis examines usage of English colour terms in context, based on an extensive computerised text corpus, the Bank of English. It describes the ways in which English colour terms may be used to refer to nuances outside their normal area of designation and to attributes outside the colour domain. Usage patterns are analysed on three different levels: with regard to the overall frequency of occurrences, nominal domains and individual tokens, respectively. </p><p>Cognitive linguistics supplies the theoretical framework employed in the analyses of the observed patterns. The study identifies three types of usage where colour terms refer to peripheral colour nuances or to concepts outside the colour domain: classifying, figurative and marked usage. </p><p>When a colour term has a classifying function, it can be used outside the normal area of designation. This usage is analysed as a type of reference-point construction where a term referring to a salient point in the colour domain is used to subcategorise an entity whose actual colour may be only a peripheral member of the category named by the colour term. An analysis of the OED and the Bank of English shows that this type of usage is primarily restricted to a few of the most salient basic terms. </p><p>This study points to the close affinities between classifying and figurative usage. Figurative expressions of colour terms frequently have a classifying function. I argue that figurative meanings are derived through two types of metonymy: +SALIENT ATTRIBUTE FOR OBJECT+ and +SALIENT CONCRETE ATTRIBUTE FOR SALIENT ABSTRACT ATTRIBUTE+. </p><p>Marked usage arises when specific colour terms are used in nominal domains where the specificity is not expected. This phenomenon is consequently confined to non-basic colour terms. </p><p>On the basis of the established patterns of usage and the frequency of occurrences, this thesis suggests that the colour category may be analysed as a radial category, with the basic colour terms forming the centre. </p>

This thesis examines usage of English colour terms in context, based on an extensive computerised text corpus, the Bank of English. It describes the ways in which English colour terms may be used to refer to nuances outside their normal area of designation and to attributes outside the colour domain. Usage patterns are analysed on three different levels: with regard to the overall frequency of occurrences, nominal domains and individual tokens, respectively. Cognitive linguistics supplies the theoretical framework employed in the analyses of the observed patterns. The study identifies three types of usage where colour terms refer to peripheral colour nuances or to concepts outside the colour domain: classifying, figurative and marked usage. When a colour term has a classifying function, it can be used outside the normal area of designation. This usage is analysed as a type of reference-point construction where a term referring to a salient point in the colour domain is used to subcategorise an entity whose actual colour may be only a peripheral member of the category named by the colour term. An analysis of the OED and the Bank of English shows that this type of usage is primarily restricted to a few of the most salient basic terms. This study points to the close affinities between classifying and figurative usage. Figurative expressions of colour terms frequently have a classifying function. I argue that figurative meanings are derived through two types of metonymy: +SALIENT ATTRIBUTE FOR OBJECT+ and +SALIENT CONCRETE ATTRIBUTE FOR SALIENT ABSTRACT ATTRIBUTE+. Marked usage arises when specific colour terms are used in nominal domains where the specificity is not expected. This phenomenon is consequently confined to non-basic colour terms. On the basis of the established patterns of usage and the frequency of occurrences, this thesis suggests that the colour category may be analysed as a radial category, with the basic colour terms forming the centre.

Utifrån arbetsmodellen Learning study, med variationsteorin som utgångspunkt har forskning genomförts i två klasser i Sverige med syftet att försöka identifiera kritiska aspekterna för elever i årskurs nio inom ämnesområdet det vita ljuset och dess färgspektrum. Studien är en vidareutveckling av en tidigare genomförd studie i Hong Kong och har därför även haft till syfte att undersöka om de identifierade kritiska aspekterna är generaliserbara från en skolkontext till en annan kontext. Den svenska skolan styrs nationellt utifrån styrdokument, skollag, läroplan och kursplan för skolämnet och läraren har även riktlinjer för att få en yrkesetisk förankring. Dessa delar är viktiga att läraren tar i beaktning inför planering av undervisningen. Elevernas bakgrund och förkunskaper i ämnet är av stor vikt för läraren att ta hänsyn till för att de ska kunna ta till sig undervisningen om det som läraren har tänkt att de ska lära sig. I denna studie kunde åtta kritiska aspekter identifieras i de två klasser som undersökningen genomfördes i. Fem av de kritiska aspekterna var redan identifierade i Hong Kong. Slutsatsen är att de kritiska aspekter som identifierats i en kontext också är giltiga i en annan. Som helhet fick forskarna insikten om att Learning study som arbetsmodell och variationsteorin som vägledande princip vid planering av undervisning, kan leda till ett rikare lärande både för eleverna, men även för lärarna som deltar i forskningen. / The Swedish school system is governed on the basis of national policy documents; school law, curriculum and the syllabus for the school subject. The teacher also have guidelines to follow to get a professional ethical foundation and needs to take this and the students' backgrounds and prior knowledge of the subject into account before planning a lesson. How can this be done with one model? This study shows how a Learning study can be used together with the theory of variation as a guideline to richer the learning for pupils in the ninth grade, in two Swedish classes. One of the intentions of this study was to try to identify critical aspects about the learning object: the colour of light. This study is a refinement of a previous study done in Hong Kong and has also been designed to examine if critical aspects can be transferred from one school context to another context. In this study eight critical aspects where identified in the two classes that the survey was conducted in. Five of them where already identified in the study from Hong Kong. The conclusion is that critical aspects are generalized, not only between classes in Sweden, but also between different countries, even if it is from a third grade in Hong Kong to a ninth grade in Sweden. Learning study, as a model, and the theory of variation, as a guiding principle, can lead to a richer learning both for the pupils, but also for the teachers that participate in the research.

<p>Utifrån arbetsmodellen Learning study, med variationsteorin som utgångspunkt har forskning genomförts i två klasser i Sverige med syftet att försöka identifiera kritiska aspekterna för elever i årskurs nio inom ämnesområdet det vita ljuset och dess färgspektrum. Studien är en vidareutveckling av en tidigare genomförd studie i Hong Kong och har därför även haft till syfte att undersöka om de identifierade kritiska aspekterna är generaliserbara från en skolkontext till en annan kontext.</p><p>Den svenska skolan styrs nationellt utifrån styrdokument, skollag, läroplan och kursplan för skolämnet och läraren har även riktlinjer för att få en yrkesetisk förankring. Dessa delar är viktiga att läraren tar i beaktning inför planering av undervisningen. Elevernas bakgrund och förkunskaper i ämnet är av stor vikt för läraren att ta hänsyn till för att de ska kunna ta till sig undervisningen om det som läraren har tänkt att de ska lära sig.</p><p>I denna studie kunde åtta kritiska aspekter identifieras i de två klasser som undersökningen genomfördes i. Fem av de kritiska aspekterna var redan identifierade i Hong Kong. Slutsatsen är att de kritiska aspekter som identifierats i en kontext också är giltiga i en annan. Som helhet fick forskarna insikten om att Learning study som arbetsmodell och variationsteorin som vägledande princip vid planering av undervisning, kan leda till ett rikare lärande både för eleverna, men även för lärarna som deltar i forskningen.</p> / <p>The Swedish school system is governed on the basis of national policy documents; school law, curriculum and the syllabus for the school subject. The teacher also have guidelines to follow to get a professional ethical foundation and needs to take this and the students' backgrounds and prior knowledge of the subject into account before planning a lesson. How can this be done with one model?</p><p>This study shows how a Learning study can be used together with the theory of variation as a guideline to richer the learning for pupils in the ninth grade, in two Swedish classes. One of the intentions of this study was to try to identify critical aspects about the learning object: the colour of light. This study is a refinement of a previous study done in Hong Kong and has also been designed to examine if critical aspects can be transferred from one school context to another context.</p><p>In this study eight critical aspects where identified in the two classes that the survey was conducted in. Five of them where already identified in the study from Hong Kong. The conclusion is that critical aspects are generalized, not only between classes in Sweden, but also between different countries, even if it is from a third grade in Hong Kong to a ninth grade in Sweden. Learning study, as a model, and the theory of variation, as a guiding principle, can lead to a richer learning both for the pupils, but also for the teachers that participate in the research.</p>