This exploratory study examined how women managers in education in Sarawak combine their traditional and professional roles and deal with potential role conflict. The study is set in the context of an increasing number of women managers in education in Sarawak and the issues this raises for their support, if they are to harmonise their roles and advance professionally. The aim of the study is to furnish policy makers at the national and state level with information to formulate a policy document which could be adopted in preparing a strategy for the advancement of women managers, taking into account their dual roles. Both quantitative and qualitative paradigms are employed to provide depth and breadth. The postal survey questionnaire was sent to all the 109 women in the target population: all women heads and deputies in schools, teacher training colleges and the State Education Department. There was a 91.7% response rate. Additionally, eight women managers were interviewed in-depth, together with seven spouses and three other senior women in education, who are influential nationally. The eight women managers also completed time-log diaries for a week. Respondents in the survey questionnaire included managers who, at one time, had rejected promotion. This enabled the perceptions of those who had experienced difficulties in relation to promotion to be analysed, as well as those who had not. Combining the quantitative and qualitative approaches meant that they complemented, supplemented and illuminated each other. The study did not aim, initially, to explore the cultural dimension but it emerged during the interviews that their specific cultural origins (Malay, Iban and Chinese) were a significant determinant of the women managers' perceptions of their dual roles. Indigenous culture was not found to be a barrier to advancement but the research has revealed that when studying women in educational management consideration of individual cultural contexts gives additional insights into their perceptions of their two roles. Interviews with the spouses revealed corresponding views to those of their wives pertaining to women's traditional roles; they also saw complementary roles in the partnership. The close support of the extended family is a significant factor in the study. For the women studied, the boundaries between their personal and professional roles were not clear-cut. Work invaded their personal lives and family needs were perceived as paramount when considering promotion. Values relating to caring and nurturing imbued their professional and personal lives. The different cultural and environmental experiences of the women managers contributed to their varied perceptions of role conflict. Many had developed coping strategies which reduced such conflict and supported their successful performance as workers, wives, mothers and daughters. Impediments to the advancement of women managers are identified and possible courses of future action suggested. Implications for policy makers at the Ministry of Education and State Education Department as well as for future research are highlighted

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The weir was built by Joaquim Tavora DNOCS between the years 1932 and 1933 with the main objective to meet irrigation and fish farming. Its construction allowed the installation of residents in the region, thus resulting in the district Wizard, which appeared as a good location to stay, even during periods of drought, common in the region, passing also being used to supply the perpetuation sorcerer e creek leisure .Multiple uses of this reservoir can produce many problems, especially when water availability is limited by quantity or quality, which can generate conflicts. No case the weir Joaquim Tavora, it is observed that, in the years of âwater abundance " issues related to water availability are not discussed , the conflict over access and use of water is forgotten , returning , however, during periods of low fluid intake , coupled with increased demand and lack of more public policy research efficient. That investigated the conflict that was established by the use of the public water reservoir Joaquim Tavora, leading to Terms of Adjustment of Conduct - TAC, established by the State Prosecutor of the District of Jaguaribe, with signatures of irrigators on October 3, 2012, which was to determine if requiring irrigators responsabilizassem for cleaning the stretch of its stream his property, with a minimum margin of two feet wide. The term also includes the adequacy of existing along the creek and other irregularities which may impair the flow of water in the creek bed Wizard buses. The survey aimed to: identify key users involved in the conflict; locate and map the points of resistance whether or not the TAC; relate the multiple uses of water from the reservoir and identify ways of attracting water used by users, both surrounding the reservoir and in the downstream region. To arrive at the results achieved, we adopted a methodology of direct and indirect investigations, with questionnaires aimed at rural populations surrounding the weir; visits to obtain quantitative and qualitative data, and questionnaires to users of the water reservoir. / O aÃude Joaquim TÃvora foi construÃdo pelo DNOCS entre os anos 1932 e 1933, com o objetivo principal de atender a irrigaÃÃo e a piscicultura. A sua construÃÃo possibilitou a instalaÃÃo de moradores na regiÃo, surgindo assim o distrito de Feiticeiro, que se apresentava como uma localidade propÃcia à permanÃncia, inclusive nos perÃodos de estiagem, comuns na regiÃo, passando, tambÃm, a ser utilizado para abastecimento, perenizaÃÃo do Riacho Feiticeiroe lazer. Os mÃltiplos usos desse aÃude podem produzir vÃrios problemas, especialmente quando a disponibilidade de Ãgua à limitada por sua quantidade ou por sua qualidade, o que pode gerar conflitos. No caso do aÃude Joaquim TÃvora, observa-se que, nos anos de âfartura hÃdricaâ, as questÃes relacionadas à disponibilidade de Ãgua nÃo sÃo discutidas, o conflito pelo acesso e uso da Ãgua fica esquecido, retornando, contudo, nos perÃodos de baixo aporte hÃdrico, aliado ao aumento da demanda e a falta de mais polÃticas pÃblicas eficientes. Essa pesquisa investigou o conflito que foi estabelecido pelo uso dÂÃgua do aÃude pÃblico Joaquim TÃvora, levando ao Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta â TAC, estabelicido pela Promotoria PÃblica Estadual da Comarca de Jaguaribe, com assinaturas dos irrigantes no dia 03 de outubro de 2012, que teve como determinaÃÃo exigir que os irrigantes se responsabilizassem pela limpeza do trecho do riacho respectivo a sua propriedade, respeitando uma margem mÃnima de dois metros de largura. O termo tambÃm prevà a adequaÃÃo dos barramentos existentes ao longo do riacho e outras irregularidades que venham a comprometer o fluxo de Ãgua no leito do riacho feiticeiro. A pesquisa teve ainda como objetivos: identificar os principais usuÃrios envolvidos no conflito; localizar e mapear os pontos de resistÃncia ao cumprimento ou nÃo do TAC; relacionar os usos mÃltiplos da Ãgua do reservatÃrio e identificar os meios de captaÃÃo de Ãgua utilizada pelos usuÃrios, tanto no entorno do aÃude quanto na regiÃo a jusante. Para chegar aos resultados alcanÃados, foi adotada uma metodologia de investigaÃÃes diretas e indiretas, com aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios dirigidos Ãs populaÃÃes rurais localizadas no entorno do aÃude; visitas, para obter dados quantitativos e qualitativos; e aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios aos usuÃrios da Ãgua do aÃude.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O esforÃo que empreendi neste trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar a presenÃa religiosa pentecostal no interior de uma instituiÃÃo carcerÃria. Seu intento foi pensar como se dà o encontro entre as prÃticas religiosas pentecostais e o cotidiano na prisÃo a partir do ponto de vista dos internos que sÃo religiosos e dos internos que nÃo sÃo religiosos. TambÃm buscou compreender quais as consequÃncias que esse encontro provoca em termos de mudanÃa de conduta e de construÃÃo de uma nova realidade prisional. O campo de experiÃncias escolhido para guiar tal discussÃo foi a Casa de PrivaÃÃo ProvisÃria de Liberdade Professor Clodoaldo Pinto (CPPL II), mais especificamente, a VivÃncia A, conhecida tambÃm como Rua A ou âa Rua dos irmÃosâ. Nela âos irmÃos da obraâ desenvolvem as atividades do Projeto Renascer. A CPPL II à apresentada por meio de uma descriÃÃo atenta do espaÃo fÃsico e das maneiras de fazer cotidianas dos cativos. AlÃm disso, as teias de relaÃÃes tecidas entre os presos que constituem âa obraâ e os encarcerados que estÃo na Rua A à analisada de forma minuciosa. Por fim, demonstro como os presos da CPPL II demarcam suas regras de proceder a partir da categoria nativa âvaciloâ e classificam o sujeito que âvacilaâ (ou seja, que infringe as regras) como âvacilÃoâ . Cada um dos âvacilosâ à associado a possÃveis sanÃÃes, que se compÃe, basicamente, em âvacilo de morteâ e âvacilo de 1000Ââ. A especificidade da Rua A, em relaÃÃo Ãs prisÃes e ao restante das Ruas da CPPL II, està na aÃÃo dos presos do Projeto Renascer como mediadores de conflitos. / The effort undertaken in this work had as main objective to analyze the Pentecostal religious presence within a prison institution. Its intent was to think how is an encounter between Pentecostal religious practices and daily life in prison from the point of view of the inmates who are religious and inmates who are not religious. We also sought to understand what consequences this meeting causes in terms of behavioral change and building a new prison reality. The field experiments chosen to guide this discussion was the Casa de PrivaÃÃo ProvisÃria de Liberdade Professor Clodoaldo Pinto (CPPL II), more specifically, the Experience A, also known as The A Street or "The Street of brothers." There "the brothers of the work" develop activities of Projeto Renascer. The CPPL II is presented through a careful description of the physical space and everyday ways-to-do of the inmates. In addition, the webs of relationships woven between the prisoners who makes part of "the work" and who are incarcerated in The A Street is analyzed in detail. Finally, I demonstrate how the prisoners of CPPL II demarcate its rules of proceeding from the native category "vacilo" and classify the subject that "vacila" (ie, who violates the rules) as "vacilÃo". Each of the "vacilos" is associated with possible sanctions, which consists basically of "vacilo de morte" and "vacilo de 1000Â". The specificity of the A Street, related to the prisons and the rest of the Streets of CPPL II, is in the action of the inmates of the Projeto Renascer as conflict mediators.

Orientador: Marcio Bilharinho Naves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T21:36:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedrassoli_PauloEduardo_M.pdf: 8245764 bytes, checksum: 6266b9e6eb03ce1e2e90be932c1f79af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objeto uma das obras mais célebres dentro do marxismo: o Manifesto Comunista, de Marx e Engels. Seu objetivo geral é realizar uma apreensão e uma análise das proposições teóricas e políticas do livro referido, mediante três dos principais conceitos dentro da teoria marxista: classes sociais, partido e Estado. Objetivos específicos:reter, de um lado, a base científica construída na crítica da teoria do valor e da forma mercadoria - marcas da economia política clássica - e, de outro, o fundamento da perspectiva do materialismo histórico -sintetizados em torno das relações sociais de produção e das forças produtivas. A referência teórica foi baseada, principalmente, na obra de Marx. Encaminhamento metodológico: partir da apreensão da teorização e da compreensão dos conceitos indicados, dentro do Manifesto, esclarecendo sua formulação por base na análise de Marx - em torno da crítica da economia política e do fundamento materialista da história. Essa dissertação vislumbrou três significativas retificações do Manifesto. Duas mais visíveis, por serem declarada pelos próprios autores -sobre Estado e sobre a distinção entre valor do trabalho e valor da força do trabalho. Outra menos visível, por se encontrar publicamente silenciada por Marx, embora seja autorizada em sua reflexão amadurecida - a precedência ascendente das relações sociais de produção sobre as forças produtivas. Pareceu ser viável, em tese, a validação de uma hipótese que sugere a profunda interconexão e dependência entre a reproblematização do materialismo histórico, do conhecimento cientifico da teoria do valor e do caráter da mercadoria, assim como, de suas conseqüências políticas em seus desdobramentos revolucionários para construir o comunismo / Abstract: This master's degree dissertation has inside for object one of the most famous works of the marxism: Communist Manifesto, of Marx and Engels. Her general objective is to accomplish an apprehension and an analysis of the theoretical and political propositions of the referred book, by three of the main concepts inside of the marxist theory: social class, party and State. Specific objectives: to keep, on a side, the scientific base built in the critic of the theory of the value and of the form merchandise -marks of the classic political economy - and, of other, the foundation of the perspective of the historical materialism - synthesized around the social relationships of production and of the productive forces. The theoretical reference was based, mainly, in Marx's work. Methodological direction: to leave of the apprehension of the theory and of the understanding of the suitable concepts, inside of the Manifesto, explaining her fonnulation for base in Marx's analysis - around the critic of the political economy and of the materialistic foundation of the history. That dissertation glimpsed three significant rectifications of the Manifesto. Two more visible, for they be declared by the own authors - on state and about the distinction between value of the work and value of the force of the work. Other less visible, for finding openly silenced by Marx, although it is authorized in his matured reflection - the ascending precedence of the social relationships of production about the productive forces. Seemed to be viable, in theory, the validation of a hypothesis that suggests the deep interconnection and dependence among the reorganization of the historical materialism, of the knowledge inform of the theory of the value and of the character of the merchandise, as well as, of their political consequences in their revolutionary unfoldings to build the communism / Mestrado / Mestre em Sociologia

common and in most cases unavoidable. Because of this, it has become critical for managers to start evaluating the styles they use in managing conflict and to assess the implications of these styles to the benefits and costs of conflict. In order to meet this challenge, managers must understand the nature, sources and the outcome of conflict. It is by reflecting on the above, that managers may become more informed about the right conflict management approach to apply. This research deals with an investigation into the conflict management styles used by managers in organisations. It seeks to identify the styles currently used and to establish whether there is any correlation between these styles and the conflict management styles identified in the literature survey. The study targeted six health institutions in the Northern Region of the Eastern Cape Province. Findings from the literature study revealed two main approaches to managing conflict. These were: the Resolution and the Stimulating approaches. Five conflict management styles were identified when the resolution technique is used. These included: Collaboration, Avoidance, Accommodating, Compromise and the Dominating styles. Five approaches for stimulating functional conflict in organisations were also identified.They included the following: use of programmed conflict, manipulation of communication channels, encouraging competition among employees, encouraging the use structured debates and changing the organisational structure and culture. A research questionnaire and personal interviews were used for collecting data. The Questionnaire sought to establish the conflict management styles currently used in organisations while the interview’s aim was to probe deeper and to establish the participants’ view of the factors which determine one’s preferred conflict handling style and also to assess to what extent managers understand contemporary approaches to managing conflict such as conflict stimulation. The study revealed that the conflict management styles used by managers are similar to those identified in the literature review. It also emerged that managers are not very knowledgeable about the view of managing conflict by stimulating it. This highlighted the importance for further research into managing conflict by means of the stimulation approach.

Free and fair elections, accompanied by smooth transitions of democratically elected leaders, constitute one of the key pillars of democracy. The dawn of democratisation and advent of multi-party politics after the end of the Cold War in 1991, seemingly held great promise for Africa. However, in recent years, many elections in Africa have consistently become a source of violence. Electoral violence is threatening to become an intractable source of conflict on the African continent, making it hard for emerging democracies to consolidate their status as free democratic societies. Many remain largely autocratic or semi-democratic. African leaders are all too often not ready to relinquish political power, while political elites are ‘power hungry’ and use violence to skew the outcomes of elections in their favour. Hence, electoral violence is employed in order to manipulate civilian election choices and outcomes. Election violence is often deliberately used to target civilians, and in countries like Kenya involves inter-ethnic clashes. These “new wars” are fought unconventionally using ‘crude weapons’, (Kaldor 2013). Kaldor describes how these ‘new wars’ are fought as intra-state (within the state) wars in developing countries. Often, they are waged via state or county networks based on identity or ethnicity. The consequences of electoral violence include the destruction of property, reversed development, injuries, rape, death, internally displaced persons and refugees. Electoral violence persists despite attempts to contain it and measures to effectively manage these processes often prove to be inadequate. The study utilises an exploratory case study of Kenya during 2007-2008 Post-Election violence. The causes, the immediate steps that were initiated to mitigate violence and the reforms undertaken to generate peace structures and prevent future occurrences of post-election violence were explored. Forty-five participants representing involved citizens, negotiators and mediators were interviewed. The research was triangulated via the interview process, together with the use of primary document analysis and an extensive review of the literature. The data was analysed via the use of grounded theory. The research findings reveal that the causes of electoral violence are multi-faceted and multi-layered, with deep underlying issues. The causes include weak institutions, corruption, a non-representational electoral system, ethnicity and ethnic militia. Further causes include statelessness as experienced by certain groups, abuse of state resources and human rights violations. The role of political elites who withhold crucial information, thus denying the public the opportunity to make informed choices during elections was also found to contribute to electoral violence. Other information-related causes include biased media and sensational reporting. Findings also show that socio-economic issues such as poverty, unemployment, scarce resources and unmet basic human needs cannot be underestimated. Lastly, the causes of electoral violence included diverse interests of internal and external actors at play during elections. The findings revealed that although the Kenyan mediation process included the signing of a peace agreement, the root causes of electoral violence such as corruption, weak institutions, abuse of state resources and the unjust electoral system were not adequately addressed. A model for mediation for electoral violence which was explored and developed sought to build on the strengths of the Kenyan mediation process and address its inherent weaknesses, thus making this a significant contribution flowing from the study. The election model for mediation proposes certain key phases which include a pre-mediation process that will ensure a cessation of all hostilities; the mapping of the root causes of electoral violence and electoral reforms that provide resolutions that are acceptable to all the parties. Training of personnel at all levels of government to implement these reforms is also proposed. These measures can ensure the integrity and independence of electoral institutions from political manipulation. Training constitutes a crucial stage in the process of consolidating the emerging democracies. The model for mediation developed is therefore not only meant to mitigate electoral violence but is also intended to serve as a preventive measure. Many African states currently experience structural weaknesses similar to those that existed in Kenya before the 2007-2008 elections (and still persist). These fault lines include corruption, weak institutions, human rights violations, and lack of information. The proposed model for mediation which aims to counter these problems can thus be applied and adapted for implementation in Africa and globally. Several recommendations with implications for policy development are proposed to curb electoral violence. They include constitutional reforms, training of government and electoral officials and the introduction of a properly representational election system. This study, which focuses specifically on post-election violence, recommends further research investigating the pre-election phase, and ‘voting day’ causes of electoral violence for a more comprehensive approach to electoral violence research.

Polymicrobial communities often show complex patterns of metabolic and ecological interactions, yet our understanding of how the properties of communities emerge from the metabolic rules of species interactions is still limited. A central feature of metabolic interactions within microbial communities is ‘cross-feeding’, where one species or lineage consumes the metabolic by-products of another. Cross-feeding bacteria excrete and consume a wide range of metabolites and this sets the stage for diverse intra- and inter-specific metabolic interactions. In this thesis, I use ecological and evolutionary theory to address a number of critical questions posed by cross-feeding bacteria, with a particular focus on the role played by microbial metabolism in driving the emergence and dynamics of microbial interactions. First, I explore the conditions that favour the emergence and maintenance of cooperative cross-feeding and show that the evolutionary outcome depends strongly on the shape of the trade-off curves between the costs and benefits of cooperation. Second, I investigate the origins of cross-feeding interactions via single lineage diversification and derive new predictions on the physiological mechanisms that may explain the stable coexistence of a cross-feeding polymorphism that evolved from a single clone. Third, I investigate what are the ecological consequences of cross-feeding metabolic interactions and demonstrate theoretically that a simple mechanism of trade can generate a diverse array of ecological relationships. Furthermore, I show the importance of the metabolic by-product properties in determining the ecological outcome. Fourth, I investigate how metabolic constraints of individual species shape the emergent functional and structural relationships among species. I show that strong metabolic interdependence drives the emergence of mutualism, robust interspecific mixing, and increased community productivity. Furthermore, I show that these emergent community properties are driven by demographic feedbacks. In general, these findings support the idea that bridging microbial ecology and metabolism is a critical step toward a better understanding of the factors governing the emergence and dynamics of polymicrobial interactions.

2 p. / Originally published 2001. / The plants on this list represent plants less likely to be eaten by javelina. Reviewed 10/2016. Originally published 2001.

No description available.