The Department of Social Development introduced the Community Shepherds life skills Project at two schools in the Ficksburg community, in the Thabo Mofutsanyane district of the Free State in 2007 due to the high rate of crime that occurred in the schools. The project targeted children with a history of criminal behaviour and learners who exhibited other forms of anti-social behaviour, and provided them with life skills that could help them face life challenges. No systematic evaluation of the project has been made since its inception and, therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the perceived impact of the Community Shepherds Project in reducing crime in schools in the Ficksburg community in the Free State province. To achieve the aim the following objectives were identified: To establish the perceived impact of the Community Shepherds Project’s life skills programme on the behaviour and conduct of learners who are participating in the project; to identify factors impacting on the successful implementation of the Community Shepherds project; and to suggest ways of strengthening the Community Shepherds Project. The study population consisted of learners who were members of the Community Shepherds Project in Ficksburg, who had participated in the project since its inception, and their parents. Teachers from the schools participating in the project and the police in Ficksburg constituted the key informants. The sample included 15 learners who were participating in the project who had been arrested for committing different offences and who displayed anti-social behaviour at home and in school, their 12 parents and 4 key informants from the police and the schools. A qualitative research design was used to collect data from the participants in order to obtain in-depth information concerning the perceived impact of the life skills programme on the behaviour and conduct of learners who participated in the programme. Different semi-structured interview schedules were administered to the learners, their parents and the key informants. The findings reveal that the perceptions of the respondents was that the life skills programme had an impact on the behaviour of learners because the life skills that they had gained from the programme helped them to stop committing the offences that they used to commit. The life skills also helped them to stop displaying the anti-social behaviour that they used to exhibit. 2 The findings revealed that the factors that contributed to the success of the project included the approaches that the facilitators used to run the project, like motivating the learners in everything that they did, and the cooperation between the facilitators, the school and the parents. The findings also reveal that the good team work that occurred between the learners, support from the parents, as well as support from the Department of Social Development, all contributed to the success of the project. The suggested ways of strengthening the Community Shepherds Project were that the project should be implemented in all schools in the community, including the primary and multiracial schools. It was also suggested that the project should include all youths in the community. The final suggestion was that the project should include all stakeholders in the community. The life skill projects should target unemployed youths in the communities so that they can gain skills that can help them become self-employed. The study also recommends that the life skills project should be implemented in all schools in South Africa to provide learners with life skills that can help them to face life challenges. Learners who have been involved in criminal activities should not be the only ones who are taught life skills – all learners should have the same opportunity.

[pt] Esta dissertação documenta uma relação interessante: crime parece induzir poupança. Enquanto a literatura de economia do crime vem focando-se nos determinantes da criminalidade, esse estudo analisa a questão reversa: como o crime afeta decisões econômicas? Esta pergunta é interessante e importante, já que variáveis chaves podem ser influenciadas pela criminalidade. Usando dados no nível do município para o estado de São Paulo, encontramos que cidades com mais crimes também tem um nível de poupança mais alto. Esse resultado é robusto à endogeneidade do crime, diferentes medidas de poupança, e um grande número de controles demográficos. Mais ainda, esse padrão só surge quando considerado o crime contra o patrimônio, o que é consistente com a teoria desenvolvida no segundo capítulo dessa dissertação. / [en] This dissertation documents a striking relationship: crime appears to induce savings. While the crime literature has focused the determinants of crime, we study the reverse question: how does crime affect economic decisions? This question is interesting and important, for key economic variables can be influenced by crime. Using Brazilian city level data, we find that high crime cities also have high savings rates. The results are robust to endogeneity of crime, different measures of savings, and a large set of demographic controls. Furthermore, this pattern only arises when property crime is considered, which is consistent with the theory developed in the second chapter of this thesis.

Várias ciências sociais desenvolveram teorias sobre o crime. Mas foi na Economia que uma teoria geral do crime foi desenvolvida de forma mais completa. Porém, a comprovação empírica da teoria econômica do crime não é totalmente satisfatória, fornece uma explicação apenas parcial do fenômeno. Além disso, sua aplicação estrita parece ter gerado problemas, como o crescimento exagerado da população encarcerada. Nesta Tese procura-se analisar possíveis deficiências nessa teoria, em especial as resultantes da aplicação estrita do postulado da racionalidade, e confrontá-la com explicações adicionais e complementares que poderiam gerar uma visão do crime mais completa. Argumenta-se que teorias complementares do capital social e da vitimização podem ser integradas nos modelos existentes e melhorar o entendimento do que causa o crime. Finalmente, pelos dados de uma pesquisa de vitimização conduzida com a finalidade de comprender melhor o crime na cidade de São Paulo, procura-se estimar os efeitos de variáveis ligadas ao capital social e à vitimização para comprovar a influência desses elementos sobre o crime. O resultado mostra que crimes diversos são explicados por variáveis diferentes, sendo difícil aceitar uma explicação única, simples e geral. Crimes com motivação econômica (roubos e furtos), conforme esperado, dependem mais de variáveis econômicas enquanto os sem essa motivação (agressões físicas e vebais) encontram no capital social uma explicação relevante. / Various social sciences developed theories about crime. But it was in economics that a general theory was developed in its most complete form, However a total empirical evidence of the economic theory of the crime is not totally satisfactory, supplying only a explanation of the phenomenon. Besides this, its strict application only supplies a general exaggeration of the population put into jail. In this Thesis one analyses possible deficiencies in this theory, specially the strict application of the theory of the postulate of rationality, and confront it with additional explanations that could generate a more complete vision of crime. On argues that complementary theories about social capital and victimization could be integrated into the existing model and improve the understanding of what causes crime. Finally, with the data of a research on victimization whose objective was to understand the crime in São Paulo city, one looks forward to estimate the effects Social Capital and their influence over crime. The result shows that diverse crimes are explained by diverse variables, being difficult to accept one only explanation, simple and direct. Crimes with economic motivation (robberies) as expected depend more on such economic variables while crimes with no such explanations (physical and economic aggressions) find more relevance on social capital.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nara Cristina Leao.pdf: 2454571 bytes, checksum: e594acb0a3c20ffb74f5f55e9eb5a256 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-15 / The involvement of adolescents in criminal activities is a problem that has mobilized the society and the issue has been debated in several areas. For this reason, science needs to get engaged in this issue and investigate it. This dissertation proposes to specifically investigate the process of desistance of antisocial behavior by adolescents in conflict with the law. For this, two surveys were conducted, organized and presented by means of two articles: one theoretical and one empirical. The first one is a systematic review of the literature, which analyzed critically what has been published in the scientific community on desistance from crime in adolescents over the last 10 years, in search tools and databases with national and international articles - Google Scholar, BVS, Scirus, ScienceDirect, Psycinfo. 19 articles were found, 8 national and 11 international, which focused primarily on two issues: life trajectories and models of intervention. In conclusion, they emphasized the environment as a highly relevant factor for the development and maintenance of antisocial behavior, and also the possibility of developing actions that assist in the process of desistance of criminal behavior. The second study, presented in the second article, is about two descriptive and exploratory researches, and it aims to investigate the psychological availability to the desistance of criminal behavior in adolescents under socio-educational measure. In the first one, a sample of 44 adolescents was used, through the Rorschach method (Comprehensive System). It was observed that 40% of the sample was available for the abandonment of criminal behavior, and the aspects of personality that most favored the willingness to change behavior were related to interest in what people say and do (SumH), as well as flexibility of thought in making decisions and adaptating to new situations (a: p). The least present aspects were related to the ability to establish psychologically intimate relationships with other people (SumT), and the ability of introspection (FD). In the second one, there was a content analysis of the interviews of two teenagers aiming to deepen on issues concerning desistance of crime. The two teenagers differed in availability to the discontinuance of criminal behavior, especially with respect to the suffering experienced by the current life situation. Anyway, it was concluded at the end of the two surveys that it is possible to develop performances with adolescents in conflict with the law aiming at desistance from crime, both individually and in broader levels, involving the youngsters, their family, and the community where they live, so that there might be an increase in the chances of desistance from crime and restructuring of life. / O envolvimento de adolescentes em crimes é um problema que tem mobilizado muito a sociedade e a questão tem sido debatida em diversos espaços. Frente a isso, percebe-se a necessidade de a ciência se ocupar desse tema e investigá-lo. Esta dissertação se propõe a investigar especificamente o processo de desistência da conduta infracional por adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Para isso, foram realizadas duas pesquisas, organizadas e apresentadas por meio de dois artigos: um teórico e outro empírico. O primeiro traz uma revisão sistemática de literatura, na qual se analisou, criticamente, o que vem sendo publicado no meio científico sobre a desistência do crime em adolescentes, nos últimos 10 anos, em ferramentas de busca e bases de dados com artigos nacionais e estrangeiros Google Acadêmico, BVS, Scirus, ScienceDirect, Psycinfo. Foram encontrados 19 artigos, sendo 8 nacionais e 11 internacionais, os quais focaram, basicamente, duas questões: trajetórias de vida e modelos de intervenção. Como conclusão, ressaltou-se o fator ambiente como altamente relevante para o desenvolvimento e manutenção do comportamento antissocial, e também a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de ações com esse público que o auxiliem no processo de abandono da conduta infracional. A segunda pesquisa, apresentada no segundo artigo, trata de dois estudos descritivos e exploratórios, que tem como objetivo investigar a disponibilidade psicológica para a desistência da conduta infracional em adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa de internação. O primeiro deles utilizou-se de uma amostra de 44 adolescentes sob medida socioeducativa de internação, por meio do Método de Rorschach (Sistema Compreensivo). Observou-se que 40% da amostra estava disponível para o abandono da conduta infracional, e os aspectos da personalidade que mais favoreciam essa disponibilidade para mudança de conduta estavam relacionados ao interesse pelo que as pessoas falam e fazem (SumH), bem como a flexibilidade do pensamento na tomada de decisões e na adaptação a novas situações (a:p). Os aspectos menos presentes estavam relacionados à habilidade para estabelecer relacionamentos psicologicamente íntimos com outras pessoas (SumT) e à capacidade de introspecção (FD). No segundo, fez-se análise de conteúdo das entrevistas de dois adolescentes, visando aprofundar nas questões relativas à desistência do crime. Os dois adolescentes apresentaram diferenças quanto à disponibilidade para a desistência da conduta infracional, especialmente com relação ao sofrimento vivido pela atual situação de vida. Enfim, pôde-se concluir, ao final das duas pesquisas, que é possível desenvolver atuações com adolescentes em conflito com a lei visando a desistência do crime, tanto em nível individual quanto em níveis mais amplos, envolvendo o jovem, a sua família e a comunidade em que vivem, para que aumentem as chances de desistência do crime e reestruturação de vida.

Os estudos sobre desenvolvimento e criminalidade produziram um discurso que toma o comportamento infracional como um acontecimento investido de um alto padrão de repetição e estabilidade. Ao mesmo tempo em que refletem as concepções sociais, esses estudos orientam o interesse de investigação para a continuidade, negligenciando a existência de múltiplas trajetórias desenvolvimentais e legitimando o próprio conhecimento e discurso produzidos. Do ponto de vista empírico, verifica-se a predominância da identificação dos fatores envolvidos na manifestação da delinqüência e no seu curso de desenvolvimento e, nesse sentido, as produções resultantes são discursos que falam sobre os infratores e não a partir de ou com eles. Nesse trabalho, defende-se a idéia de que para compreender os processos de desenvolvimento em contextos criminais, faz-se necessário considerar as significações atribuídas a esse fenômeno, principalmente por parte de quem o vivenciou. Desloca assim a discussão e a investigação sobre continuidade e descontinuidade para o âmbito da construção de identidades pessoais e sociais. Compartilhando uma concepção de pessoa humana múltipla, situada em contextos interacionais, que negocia posições a cada momento, defende-se que continuidade e descontinuidade de si só podem ser entendidas dentro do jogo complexo de relações entre as posições assumidas pelas e atribuídas às pessoas que, mais do que obedecer a uma lógica linear, atuam numa multiplicidade dialógica. A partir da utilização de conceitos advindos das perspectivas da identidade narrativa, Dialogical Self e Rede de Significações, defende-se que continuidades e descontinuidades acontecem num movimento de figura e fundo de posicionamentos mediados por relações sociais e culturais, permitindo a existência de \"novas\" e \"velhas\" posições, oriundas do tempo histórico, do tempo vivido e do aqui e agora. Partindo desses pressupostos, o objetivo do trabalho é investigar como a relação entre continuidade e descontinuidade de si se articula na narrativa dos participantes e como, numa situação de entrevista autobiográfica, eles se posicionam e são posicionados ao significar os eventos vividos, no nível do evento narrado e no nível do evento narrativo. O corpus da investigação foi construído através de entrevistas realizadas com dois homens que tiveram envolvimento com o crime em algum momento de suas vidas. Considerando a narrativa como um recurso privilegiado de descrição e construção de si, a partir de uma concepção dialógica, ela é tratada de modo a compreender tanto os posicionamentos assumidos pelos participantes nos diferentes momentos de vida narrados como posicionamentos emergentes na interação pesquisador-pesquisado e nas marcas de linguagem, como mistura de tempos verbais, pausas, sentenças inconclusas. A análise aponta para existência de um movimento onde continuidade e descontinuidade de si se dão numa negociação de posições mais do que num simples deslocamento ou substituição; negociações carregadas de conflitos e permeadas por questões de gênero, classe e poder. / The studies of development and criminal activities yielded a discourse that considers the criminal behavior as an event pervaded of a high pattern of repetition and stability. These studies reflect the social conceptions about offenders at the same time they guide the inquiry for continuity, neglecting the existence of multiple pathways and legitimizing their own acknowledgment. From the empirical point of view, it prevails the search of factors involved in the displaying of the delinquency and in its development in the life course. In this sense, the resultant productions are discourses on criminals, not from or with them. This work defends the idea that to understand the development processes in criminal contexts it is necessary considering the meanings conferred to this phenomenon, mainly by who lived it. Therefore, the discussion and investigation of the continuity and discontinuity for the scope of construction of the personal and social identities is dislocated. Sharing the conception of multiple human being, which is situated in interactional contexts, that negotiates positions at each moment, it is defended that the self continuity and discontinuity only can be understood in a complex game of relations among positions assumed by and attributed to people. More than liner logic, these relations take place in a multiple dialogic. Using concepts from the perspective of the narrative identity, Dialogical Self and Network of Meanings, it is defended that the continuities and discontinuities occur in a back and figure movement of positions, mediated by social and cultural relations. It allows the existence of \"new\" and \"old\" positions, from the historical time, the lived time and from here and now. Starting from this assumption, the work aims to investigate how the relation between self continuity and discontinuity are articulated in the narrative of the participants. It is intended to investigate how in a situation of autobiography interview, they position themselves and are positioned, in the level of the narrated event and in the level of the narrative event. The corpus of the investigation was constructed through interviews performed with two men that were involved with crime in some time of their lives. Considering the narrative as a privileged resource of self description and construction, from a dialogical conception, it is treated to understand positioning assumed by the participants in their different moments of life narrated as well as emergent positions in the interaction researcher-researched and in the language marks, as a mixture of verbal times, pauses, unconcluded sentences. The analyses point out to the existence of a movement where self continuities and discontinuities combine themselves in a negotiation of positions more than in a simple displacement, negotiations full of conflicts and permeated by questions of gender, class and power.

by Lam Kwok Wa, Dennis. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliograpy: leaves 70-71.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-01-31T12:22:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Vinícius Borges Santos_.pdf: 624651 bytes, checksum: 29ea7a5adce22046f92d66f585d69ea1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T12:22:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Vinícius Borges Santos_.pdf: 624651 bytes, checksum: 29ea7a5adce22046f92d66f585d69ea1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-30 / Nenhuma / Pretende-se analisar, nesta dissertação, as razões de punir sob o prisma da teoria mista de H. L. A. Hart, observando para isso em que medida Hart adota as teorias utilitarista e retributivista, especialmente em Bentham e Kant. Para tanto, observa-se o pensamento filosófico na conceituação da finalidade da punição e nas razões pelas quais se deve punir. Objetiva-se, com isso, examinar as teorias da pena com o intuito de encontrar respostas às questões: o que justifica a prática geral da punição? A quem pode a punição ser aplicada? Como nós podemos punir? A pesquisa é eminentemente bibliográfica, desenvolvida a partir da identificação, leitura, análise e interpretação dos escritos dos maiores defensores destas escolas filosóficas. O utilitarismo projeta a função da pena para o futuro, objetivando a prevenção de novos delitos. Sob outra perspectiva, o retributivismo, ao enxergar a pena como consequência do delito, volta sua visão para o passado, apontando como seu fundamento o merecimento e o castigo do infrator. Hart defende a integração das duas teorias mais importantes do pensamento filosófico, considerando a teoria utilitarista quanto ao objetivo geral justificador, e a retributivista no que concerne à distribuição. Da análise da teoria mista de Hart observa-se que, diante da complexidade do instituto da punição, a razão de punir se revela num sistema misto e equilibrado, que abrange tanto a retribuição ao infrator pelo mal cometido como a prevenção de novos delitos. / This dissertation purpose is to analyze the reasons for punishing from the point of view of the H. L. A. Hart's mixed theory, observing to what extent Hart adopts utilitarian and retributivist theories, especially in Bentham and Kant. For this, one observes the philosophical thought in the conceptualization of the aim of the punishment and the reasons by which one must punish. The purpose is to examine the theories of punishment in order to find answers to the questions: what justifies the general practice of punishment? To whom may punishment be applied? How may we punish? The research is eminently bibliographical, developed from the identification, reading, analysis and interpretation of the writings of the greatest defenders of these philosophical schools. Utilitarianism projects the justification of punishment for the future, aiming at the prevention of new crimes. From another perspective, retributivism, when seeing the penalty as a consequence of crime, returns its view to the past, pointing as its foundation the merit and punishment of the offender. Hart defends for the integration of the two most important theories of philosophical thought, considering the utilitarian theory as to the general justifying aim, and the retributivist as far as distribution is concerned. From the analysis of Hart's mixed theory it is observed that, faced with the complexity of the institute of punishment, the reason for punishing is revealed in a mixed and balanced system, which includes both retribution to the offender for wrongdoing and the prevention of new offenses.

The purpose of this study it to research the role and public perception of security surveillance on a university campus. The research measured variables such as age, gender, class standing political affiliation, and one's residence whether on campus or off campus. This study is focused on how students view security surveillance, and whether they see security surveillance as an important tool for the safety of the public or a threat to privacy. A student survey was administered to undergraduate students asking how they felt about crime on campus and whether crime was a problem that could be solved by security cameras. The research indicates that the majority of students do not view security surveillance as a threat to their privacy, and that security cameras are an important tool in combating crime.

This thesis examines the effect of neighborhood crime rates on childhood obesity in Los Angeles County over a five-year period 2012-2016. Using yearly pooled cross-sectional geocoded data from the University of Southern California (USC) Price Center for Social Innovation Neighborhood Data for Social Change (NDSC) interactive platform, I run multiple ordinary least squares regressions using different measures of crime to determine if neighborhoods with higher crime rates influence the unhealthy percentage of 5th, 7th, and 9thgrade public school students. I hypothesize that crime influences obesity, violent crime has a stronger correlation than property crime, and that greater parks access reduces obesity. My regression results fail to support hypotheses one and two. Hypothesis three is supported by the available data.

Of the plethora of social problems with which government has had to contend in recent history, few have generated more controversy than the non-therapeutic use of drugs. Many of those which are currently in common use did not exist fifty years ago; but the most dramatic growth in non-therapeutic use has been experienced with a drug that man has known for centuries: marijuana.1 Known generically as Cannabis sativa, internationally as Indian hemp, popularly as marijuana, and in American slang as "pot" or "grass," the drug was introduced to the United States as an intoxicant by itinerate Mexican farm workers in the early decades of this century. The acknowledged use of marijuana in the ghettos and communities of ethnic minorities for several decades stimulated no public outcry with the exception of the sensational press campaigns which led to the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937.