In recent decades, the built environment has become a political device in new ways. To attend to these particularities, a broadly defined post-humanism has reshaped the way that geographers and other researchers think about what matters in everyday life and what those materials have to do with the question of subjectivity. The critical insights of the "cultural turn" have been updated with reference to the many ways that landscapes and built environments are always embodied experiences that emerge in relation to broader non-human and technological environments. The geographies of consumption, in particular, have been strongly impacted by new technologies that govern the flow of commodities into new spaces, including our everyday lives. This dissertation draws on recent theories of embodiment-including affect and emotion-to explore the politics of the new technological consumer landscapes that have proliferated world wide in the second half of the twentieth century. In Latin America, this expansion was made possible through militarized interventions during periods of dictatorship strongly linked to the geopolitics of the Cold War. Taking Chile as an exemplary case of a rapidly emerging mass consumer society, this dissertation charts the expansion of a dominant sector of society (retail) into new territory, the Chiloé archipelago in southern Chile. The embattled "Mall Paseo Chiloé" offers up an opportunity to explore how embodied feelings are implicated in the production of new consumer landscapes through affective, emotive and non-human interventions.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerformen hos kvinnor. Kvinnor som drabbas av sjukdomen påverkas både psykiskt och fysiskt. Bröstcancerdiagnosen kan ge upphov till olika negativa känslor bland annat rädsla och oro. Femårsöverlevnaden hos kvinnor med bröstcancer har ökat under senare tid. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser efter att fått diagnosen bröstcancer. Metod: En litteraturstudie gjordes och genom sökningar i databaser framkom tio stycken vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats, som granskades och analyserades. Resultat: Fyra teman, emotionella problem, förändrad självbild, oro inför eventuell död och framtid och hantering av sjukdom framkom. Upplevelsen av bröstcancer är individuell och framkallar olika känslor. För att undvika påfrestning på anhöriga upplevdes det professionella stödet som viktigt. Slutsatser: Kunskap om kvinnors upplevelser i samband med bröstcancer är viktigt för att vårdpersonal ska få en bättre förståelse av de drabbade kvinnornas situation. Aktuella studier påvisar endast negativa aspekter av sjukdomen och utesluter hälsofrämjande aspekter vilket ger utrymme för ytterligare forskning. / Background: Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer which women are diagnosed with. Women suffering from the disease are affected both mentally and physically. A breast cancer diagnose may cause various negative emotions including fear and anxiety. The number of women surviving a breast cancer diagnose has increased in relation to a five-year-survival. Objective: To describe women's experiences of being diagnosed with breast cancer. Method: A literature study was made and through searches in databases, ten scientific articles were collected and a qualitative approach was used. The articles were reviewed and analyzed. Results: Four themes, emotional problems, altered self-image, anxiety about death and the future and management of the disease emerged. The experience of breast cancer is individual and evokes different feelings. In order to avoid stress on relatives the professional support was considered to be important. Conclusion: Knowledge about women's experiences when diagnosed with breast cancer is important in order for health personnel to have a better understanding of the women affected and their situation. Continued research on women's experiences of breast cancer, for example, health promotion aspects may be needed, as recent studies only indicate the negative aspects.

<p>Emotions guide the way individuals interact with the world, influencing nearly every psychological process from attention, to learning, to metacognition. Constructionist models of emotion posit that emotions arise out of combinations of more general psychological ingredients. These psychological ingredients, however, also form the building blocks of other affective responses such as subjective reactions to rewarding and social stimuli. Here, I propose a domain-general account of affective functioning; I contend that subjective responses to emotional, rewarding, and social stimuli all depend on common psychological and neural mechanisms. I support this hypothesis with three independent studies using both a basic science approach and a clinical approach. In the first study (Chapter 2) I demonstrate that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), which has been implicated in encoding the value of primary, monetary, and social rewards, also encodes the hedonic value of emotional stimuli. In addition to showing that the mechanisms responsible for processing affective information are shared across reward and emotional processing, I also discuss the relevance of a domain-general constructionist account of affect for clinical disorders. In particular, I hypothesize that in anorexia nervosa (AN), affective disturbances should be manifest across responses to emotional, rewarding, and social stimuli (Chapter 3). In Chapter 4, I provide empirical evidence for this conclusion by demonstrating that when viewing social stimuli, women with a history of AN show disturbances in the insula, a brain region that is responsible for interoceptive and affective processing. This suggests that the interpersonal difficulties frequently observed in patients with AN may be due to biases in domain-general affective responses. In Chapter 5, I support this conclusion by showing that individual differences in harm avoidance in healthy women, women with a current diagnosis of AN, and women who have recovered from AN explain the relationship between disordered eating and social dysfunction. Collectively, these results indicate that subjective affective responses to rewarding, emotional, and social information all rely on common mechanisms as would be suggested by a domain-general theory of affect. Furthermore, the application of a constructionist domain-general account of affect can help to explain the fundamental nature of affective disturbances in psychiatric disorders such as AN.</p> / Dissertation

Research supports varied patterns of emotion-modulated startle (EMS) reactivity among depressed individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine whether these varied patterns can be explained by depression, empathic tendencies, and emotional stimuli. The EMS paradigm is a well-validated measure of emotion-modulated reactivity in which the magnitude of startle reflexes in reaction to acoustic stimuli are recorded while participants view pleasant, neutral, and negative images (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1990). Young adults (N = 120; Mage = 19.54, SD = 1.41; 75% female) completed self-report rating scales of depression symptoms and cognitive and affective empathic tendencies and the EMS paradigm. Individuals with low depression, regardless of their cognitive (hp2 = .44 and .47) and affective empathic tendencies (hp2 = .49 and .36), and individuals with high depression and high cognitive and affective empathic tendencies (hp2 = .23, .46, respectively) exhibited the typical linear EMS reactivity pattern of increasing startle reflex magnitude from pleasant to neutral to unpleasant images. In contrast, individuals with high depression along with low cognitive and affective empathic tendencies exhibited blunted EMS reactivity patterns (hp2 = .000, .04, respectively). These findings indicate blunted EMS reactivity patterns only in depressed individuals who have low cognitive and affective empathic tendencies and are likely disengaged from emotional stimuli, thus suggesting variability among depressed individuals in motivational states that prime or inhibit the startle reflex.

Learning to read body language is something we do throughout our whole life. It is a complex non-verbal language that can express more than words. In this study we investigate the possibility to use only body language to portray emotions to the viewer. In a background of a game project we have used a character that has his face covered, therefore, facial expression is not visible during the online survey, which we used as a method for our investigation. As a foundation we have created four character animations to portray anger, frustration, exhaustion and hurt. To find the answer if it is possible to recognize those five emotions in the character animations survey, participants were obligated to name the emotion expressed on each of the video clips. The results of this study show that the characters body language could be sufficient to portray those five emotions. However, it was concluded that body language could be enough to represent the character's emotional state to the viewer; but by including facial expressions we could help to portray the emotion even further.

Younger adults’ perception of and attention to facial stimuli are enhanced by positive and negative emotional expressions, with negativity leading to a greater benefit than positivity. Conversely, older adults demonstrate a positivity bias, devoting more attention to positive stimuli and less to negative. It is unclear if age differences in these attentional preferences emerge due to differences in how their perceptual systems respond to positive and negative stimuli. Emotional facial expressions elicit enhanced P1 and N170 components of visually-evoked event-related potentials (ERP) over posterior scalp regions associated with vision. The current study examined the extent to which angry and happy facial expressions evoked differential patterns of P1 and N170 enhancements in younger (n = 21, ages 18-30) and older (n = 20, ages 60-76) adults. Participants were presented with happy, angry, and neutral faces under four instructional conditions: passively view, passively view but consider emotion, categorize emotion, and categorize gender. ERPs were recorded from the posterior scalp electrodes of a 128- channel high density electrode array and were time-locked to the onset of facial stimuli. The recordings were segmented and averaged based on the instructional condition and emotional expression of the stimulus. Analyses of the average P1 and N170 latencies revealed no age differences. Overall, participants displayed larger amplitude P1 and N170 to all stimuli when asked to categorize gender or emotionality. Contrary to expectations, both younger and older adults displayed larger N170 amplitudes for angry and happy expressions relative to neutral ones. Although older adults display a positivity bias in allocating attention to emotional stimuli, in the current study, younger and older adults both displayed an enhanced N170 for emotional faces relative to neutral faces, suggesting that the perceptual systems of younger and older adults are similarly engaged in processing positive and negative facial expressions at early time points.

In two studies, this thesis depicts the relationship between minority group status in the United States, perceived discrimination, and coping with stress. Past literature on coping and its types – problem-focused versus emotion-focused – is inconsistent in terms of differences between minority status groups and majority groups. It remains unknown whether or why Black Americans and lesbian or gay Americans may demonstrate coping patterns that differ from White Americans and heterosexual Americans, respectively. What is altogether absent from the literature is the possible mediating factor of perceived discrimination experienced by these minority groups. That is, differences in internal, stable coping processes that manage stress may have been molded by one’s experience with discrimination. Study 1 examines the relationship between race (Black versus White) and coping, mediated by perceived discrimination. Study 2 examines the relationship between sexual orientation (lesbian or gay versus heterosexual) and coping, mediated by perceived discrimination. Both studies confirm the thesis that minority group members exhibit maladaptive, emotion-focused coping more than majority group members – but that this difference is explained by the minority group members’ perceived discrimination. Historical and political relevance, social implications, and possible limitations in design and interpretation are discussed. / text

<p>Vårt syfte är att analysera researrangörers reklam utifrån emotionsbaserad marknadsföring för att se hur de arbetar med att uttrycka emotioner.</p><p>Vi arbetar med en abduktiv ansats för att angripa det problem uppsatsen behandlar. Vi gör detta genom en kvalitativ metod där vi får en helhetsbild, som leder till djupare förståelse av ämnet. Vi använder oss av både primär- och sekundärdata i uppsatsen.</p><p>Efter denna undersökning har vi kommit fram till att researrangörernas fokus ligger på emotionstypen glädje, som uttrycks genom trevliga och glada modeller. Samt genom vackra och stämningsfyllda bilder i researrangörernas marknadsföringen, genom kataloger och TV-reklam.</p>

A plethora of research has linked negative affect with binge eating in people with binge eating disorder (BED). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) have not traditionally addressed emotional regulation deficits. Failure to address emotional aspects of binge eating may explain why some individuals do not respond to CBT or IPT, and why many of those who do respond relapse shortly after finishing treatment. Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) specifically targets the inability to accurately recognise and regulate affect. Preliminary investigations have shown that DBT may be efficacious in treating BED. However, it can take up to 10 months, and a shorter intervention targeting affect regulation and recognition may produce similar effects. Four studies evaluating a ten session emotion-focussed group psychoeducational intervention for BED were conducted. In the first, 25 women diagnosed with subthreshold or full syndrome BED (using DSM-IV-TR criteria) were treated. The second study tested whether the specific components of the intervention, or the treatment as a whole, was required to produce positive outcomes in women. Study three, examined the efficacy of the treatment programme with three men diagnosed with subthreshold or full syndrome BED (also using DSM-IV-TR criteria). The fourth study compared the women's and men's response to treatment. Following the intervention with women, binge abstinence rates, comparable to those of CBT and IPT, and various other positive changes to eating and general pathology, were observed. These effects were well-maintained up to one-year later. Overall, it was concluded that the whole treatment programme was necessary to produce the optimum outcome for BED in women. A positive outcome was measured in the men, although the effects were not as dramatic as those found in the women. Suggestions for improvements, and suggestions for further research, are discussed. The results provide support for the Affect Regulation Model of BED in women and men.

Despite our knowledge of environmental risk factors for psychopathology, the equifinality and multifinality observed in the extant literature reveals how little is known about the role of these risk factors in the development of psychopathology. The purpose of this study was to identify processes that differentiate internalizing, externalizing and co-occurring psychopathology. Specifically, emotion identification skill and cognitive appraisal style were examined as processes where individual differences may contribute to the development of mental illness. To date no study has been conducted to examine whether emotion identification and appraisal style may differentiate forms of internalizing, externalizing and co-occurring psychopathology and lack of clinically significant problems in one study. A better understanding of predictors or processes that differentiate forms of psychopathology may improve our understanding of developmental psychopathology as well as inform prevention and intervention efforts. One hundred and fifty eight participants were included in this study. Data supported emotion identification skill as important for predicting specific behavioral problem profiles. Implications for conceptualizations of psychopathology and directions for future studies are discussed.