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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
671

An Energy-Efficient Semi-Partitioned Approach for Hard Real-Time Systems with Voltage and Frequency Islands

Patterson, Jesse 01 May 2016 (has links)
The shift from uniprocessor to multi-core architectures has made it difficult to design predictable hard real-time systems (HRTS) since guaranteeing deadlines while achieving high processor utilization remains a major challenge. In addition, due to increasing demands, energy efficiency has become an important design metric in HRTS. To obtain energy savings, most multi-core systems use dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to reduce dynamic power consumption when the system is underloaded. However, in many multi-core systems, DVFS is implemented using voltage and frequency islands (VFI), implying that individual cores cannot independently select their voltage and frequency (v/f) pairs, thus resulting in less energy savings when existing energy-aware task assignment and scheduling techniques are used. In this thesis, we present an analysis of the increase in energy consumption in the presence of VFI. Further, we propose a semi-partitioned approach called EDF-hv to reduce the energy consumption of HRTS on multi-core systems with VFI. Simulation results revealed that when workload imbalance among the cores is sufficiently high, EDF-hv can reduce system energy consumption by 15.9% on average.
672

Spectral, Energy and Computation Efficiency in Future 5G Wireless Networks

Sun, Haijian 01 August 2019 (has links)
Wireless technology has revolutionized the way people communicate. From first generation, or 1G, in the 1980s to current, largely deployed 4G in the 2010s, we have witnessed not only a technological leap, but also the reformation of associated applications. It is expected that 5G will become commercially available in 2020. 5G is driven by ever-increasing demands for high mobile traffic, low transmission delay, and massive numbers of connected devices. Today, with the popularity of smart phones, intelligent appliances, autonomous cars, and tablets, communication demands are higher than ever, especially when it comes to low-cost and easy-access solutions. Existing communication architecture cannot fulfill 5G’s needs. For example, 5G requires connection speeds up to 1,000 times faster than current technology can provide. Also, from transmitter side to receiver side, 5G delays should be less than 1ms, while 4G targets a 5ms delay speed. To meet these requirements, 5G will apply several disruptive techniques. We focus on two of them: new radio and new scheme. As for the former, we study the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and as for the latter, we use mobile edge computing (MEC). Traditional communication systems allow users to communicate alternatively, which clearly avoids inter-user interference, but also caps the connection speed. NOMA, on the other hand, allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously. While NOMA will inevitably cause excessive interference, we prove such interference can be mitigated by an advanced receiver side technique. NOMA has existed on the research frontier since 2013. Since that time, both academics and industry professionals have extensively studied its performance. In this dissertation, our contribution is to incorporate NOMA with several potential schemes, such as relay, IoT, and cognitive radio networks. Furthermore, we reviewed various limitations on NOMA and proposed a more practical model. In the second part, MEC is considered. MEC is a transformation from the previous cloud computing system. In particular, MEC leverages powerful devices nearby and instead of sending information to distant cloud servers, the transmission occurs in closer range, which can effectively reduce communication delay. In this work, we have proposed a new evaluation metric for MEC which can more effectively leverage the trade-off between the amount of computation and the energy consumed thereby. A practical communication system for wearable devices is proposed in the last part, which combines all the techniques discussed above. The challenges for wearable communication are inherent in its diverse needs, as some devices may require low speed but high reliability (factory sensors), while others may need low delay (medical devices). We have addressed these challenges and validated our findings through simulations.
673

Limites fondamentales de l'efficacité énergétique dans les réseaux sans fil / Fundamental limits of energy efficiency in wireless networks

Perabathini, Bhanukiran 18 January 2016 (has links)
La tâche de répondre à une demande croissante pour une meilleure qualité de l'expérience utilisateur dans les communications sans fil, est contestée par la quantité d'énergie consommée par les technologies concernées et les méthodes employées. Sans surprise, le problème de la réduction de la consommation d'énergie doit être abordé à diverses couches de l'architecture de réseau et de diverses directions. Cette thèse traite de certains aspects cruciaux de la couche physique de l'architecture de réseau sans fil afin de trouver des solutions efficaces d'énergie. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous explorons l'idée de l'efficacité énergétique à un niveau fondamental. A commencer par répondre aux questions telles que: - Qu'est-ce que la forme physique d'information ?, nous construisons un dispositif de communication simple afin d'isoler certaines étapes clés dans le processus physique de la communication et nous dire comment elles affectent l'efficacité énergétique d'une communication système. Dans la deuxième partie, nous utilisons des outils de la géométrie stochastique pour modéliser théoriquement réseaux cellulaires afin d'analyser l'efficacité énergétique du système. L'exploitation de la traçabilité d'une telle modélisation mathématique, nous explorons les conditions dans lesquelles la consommation d'énergie peut être réduite. En outre, dans cette partie, nous introduisons le concept de la mise en cache des données des utilisateurs à la périphérie du réseau (à savoir le final ac BS qui est en contact avec l'utilisateur) et de montrer quantitativement comment la mise en cache peut aider à améliorer l'efficacité énergétique d'un cellulaire réseau. Nous tenons également à ce traitement à un ac Hetnet scénario (à savoir quand il y a plus d'un type de glspl déployé BS) et étudions divers indicateurs de performance clés. Nous explorons également les conditions où l'efficacité énergétique d'un tel système peut être améliorée. Les résultats de thèse fournissent quelques idées clés pour améliorer l'efficacité énergétique dans un réseau cellulaire sans fil contribuant ainsi à l'avancement vers la prochaine génération (5 G) des réseaux cellulaires. / The task of meeting an ever growing demand for better quality of user experience in wireless communications, is challenged by the amount of energy consumed by the technologies involved and the methods employed. Not surprisingly, the problem of reducing energy consumption needs to be addressed at various layers of the network architecture and from various directions. This thesis addresses some crucial aspects of the physical layer of wireless network architecture in order to find energy efficient solutions.In the first part of this thesis, we explore the idea of energy efficiency at a fundamental level. Starting with answering questions such as - emph{What is the physical form of `information'?}, we build a simple communication device in order to isolate certain key steps in the physical process of communication and we comment on how these affect the energy efficiency of a communication system.In the second part, we use tools from stochastic geometry to theoretically model cellular networks so as to analyze the energy efficiency of the system. Exploiting the tractability of such a mathematical modeling, we explore the conditions under which the consumption of energy can be reduced. Further in this part, we introduce the concept of caching users' data at the edge of the network (namely the final ac{BS} that is contact with the user) and show quantitatively how caching can help improve the energy efficiency of a cellular network. We also extend this treatment to a ac{HetNet} scenario (namely when there are more than one type of glspl{BS} deployed) and study various key performance metrics. We also explore the conditions where energy efficiency of such a system can be improved.The results in thesis provide some key ideas to improve energy efficiency in a wireless cellular network thereby contributing to the advancement towards the next generation (5G) cellular networks.
674

Resource allocation for HARQ in mobile ad hoc networks / Allocation de ressources pour les HARQ dans les réseaux ad hoc mobiles

Leturc, Xavier 07 December 2018 (has links)
Cette thèse traite le problème de l’allocation des ressources physiques dans les réseaux ad hoc mobiles en contexte multi-utilisateurs. Nous considérons qu’un noeud du réseau, appelé gestionnaire des ressources (GR) a pour tâche d’effectuer cette allocation de ressources, et que pour ce faire, les autres noeuds lui communiquent des informations relatives aux canaux de propagations de leurs liens de communications. Ce modèle de réseaux induit un délai entre le moment où les noeuds envoient leurs informations au GR et le moment où le GR leur envoie leur allocation de ressource, ce qui rend impossible l’utilisation d’informations de canal instantanées pour effectuer l’allocation. Ainsi, nous considérons que le GR ne dispose que d’informations statistiques relatives aux canaux des différents liens de communications. De plus, nous supposons que chaque lien utilise le mécanisme de l’ARQ Hybride (HARQ). Dans ce contexte, la thèse comporte deux objectifs principaux: i) Proposer des procédures d’estimation de la statistique du canal de propagation, et plus particulièrement du facteur K du canal de Rice avec et sans effet de masquage. ii) Proposer et étudier des algorithmes d’allocation de ressources basés sur les statistiques du canal et prenant en compte l’utilisation de l’HARQ ainsi que de schéma de modulation et de codage pratique. En particulier, on cherche à maximiser des grandeurs relatives à l’efficacité énergétique du système. Les ressources à allouer à chaque lien sont une énergie de transmission et une proportion de la bande de fréquence. / This thesis addresses the Resource Allocation (RA) problem in multiuser mobile ad hoc networks. We assume that there is a node in the network, called the resource manager (RM), whose task is to allocate the resource and thus the other nodes send him there channel state information (CSI). This network model induces a delay between the time the nodes send the RM their CSI and the time the RM sends them their RA, which renders impossible the use of instantaneous CSI. Thus, we assume that only statistical CSI is available to perform the RA. Moreover, we assume that an Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) mechanism is used on all the links. In this context, the objective of the thesis is twofold: i) Propose procedures to estimate the statistical CSI, and more precisely to estimate the Rician K factor with and without shadowing. ii) Propose and analyse new RA algorithms using statistical CSI and taking into account the use of HARQ and practical modulation and coding schemes. We aim to maximize energy efficiency related metrics. The resource to allocate are per-link transmit energy and bandwidth proportion.
675

Études du refroidissement par free cooling indirect d’un bâtiment exothermique : application au centre de données / Indirect free cooling studies in an exothermic building : application to data centers

Kaced, Yazid 06 September 2018 (has links)
Un centre de données est un site comportant des salles hébergeant un grand nombre d’équipements informatiques. Le fonctionnement de ces équipements informatiques induit des apports de chaleur très conséquents qui doivent être compensés par des systèmes de refroidissement. En effet, les normes imposent des plages restreintes de température et d’humidité dans les salles qui induisent de fortes consommations d’énergie. Il est donc nécessaire de développer et d’optimiser des solutions moins énergivores. Le refroidissement par free cooling consiste à refroidir les équipements en exploitant les conditions climatiques favorables. Les travaux réalisés durant cette thèse s’appuient sur une expérimentation menée dans des conditions climatiques réelles au sein d’un bâtiment. Il s’agit d’étudier le refroidissement de baies informatiques. Pour mettre en place un refroidissement par « free cooling » indirect, la configuration du bâtiment a été modifiée au cours de la thèse et une instrumentation conséquente mise en place. Les objectifs sont de déterminer à partir de séquences de mesures des coefficients de performance, de développer et de valider un modèle numérique destiné à la prédiction du comportement thermo-aéraulique en usage de ce type de solution. Dans un premier temps, des expériences sont menées avec une puissance dissipée à l’intérieur du bâtiment et un refroidissement assuré uniquement par une circulation de l’air extérieur au sein de trois parois. Des modifications ont ensuite été apportées au sein du bâtiment. Une circulation d’air en circuit fermé a été créée à l’intérieure afin de refroidir les baies par un flux d’air traversant. Afin de disposer d’une base de données probante, de nombreuses séquences de mesures avec une ou plusieurs baies sont réalisées dans différentes conditions. La variation des paramètres opératoires permet de bien appréhender le fonctionnement de l’installation et définir les paramètres d’optimisation énergétique. Les modèles numériques sont développés par le biais de TRNSYS / TRNFLOW. La confrontation des simulations à des mesures montre la pertinence de la démarche mise en œuvre. / A data center is a warehouse that contains telecommunication equipment, network infrastructure, servers, and computers. This equipment leads to a very high heat dissipation which must be compensated by the use of cooling systems. Telecommunication standards impose restricted climatic ranges (temperatures and humidity) leading to a very high energy consumption devote to air conditioning. The reduction of this energy consumption constitutes a real challenge which should be raised and solved. Many cooling solutions are proposed as the free cooling solution, which consists in cooling equipment by using external air in propitious climatic conditions. The work carried out during this thesis is based on experiments conducted within a building in real climatic conditions in order to study the cooling of telecom cabinets. During this study, the building configuration was modified, an indirect "free cooling" system was set up and a significant instrumentation was implemented. The objectives are to establish performance factors issued from measurements, to develop and to validate a numerical model in order to predict the thermoaeraulic behavior for this type of solution. Initially, experiments are carried out with a power dissipated inside the building and a cooling provided only by an outside air circulation. Then, significant modifications were made into the building to introduce an internal air circulation in a closed loop in order to evacuate the heat dissipated inside cabinets by a crossing airflow. In order to get a convincing database, measurements were conducted by using one and then several cabinets in different conditions. Modifications are made to operating parameters in order to better understand the installation operation and to define the energy optimization parameters. Numerical models are developed through TRNSYS / TRNFLOW. The confrontation of simulations with measurements shows the implemented approach relevance.
676

ANALYSIS OF LOW GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL FLUORIDE WORKING FLUIDS IN VAPOUR COMPRESSION SYSTEMS. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION ALTERNATIVES

Mota Babiloni, Adrián 18 April 2016 (has links)
[EN] Climate change is one of the short term threats for the humanity because it can affect seriously to the environment and, consequently, to vegetal and animal life. If it is not stopped in next years, maybe this effect will be irreversible. Climate change is produced by anthropogenic emissions of Greenhouse Gas to Earth's atmosphere. Vapour compression systems are one of the main contributors to this phenomenon. Among them, commercial refrigeration applications, through HFC usage, can be highlighted. Since 1990s, developed countries supermarkets are using refrigerants (mainly R134a, R404A and R507A) with great impact (high GWP values) on the climate change due to leakages, especially from parallel compressor rack DX systems. Recently, some regulations and directives have been approved to limit GWP values of HFC used in most extended refrigeration and air conditioning applications, directly affecting to commercial refrigeration. In this thesis, some low-GWP alternatives to replace the most commonly used HFC refrigerants in commercial refrigeration are evaluated, taking into account the limitations imposed by these regulations. To carry out this evaluation, the current status of parallel compressor rack refrigeration systems and their fluids has been reviewed. Then, the different low-GWP options to replace R134a and R404A have been studied. HFOs and their mixtures with HFC have been highlighted as the most promising drop-in or retrofit alternatives. Thus, R1234yf, R1234ze(E) and R450A were proposed to replace R134a and R448A to substitute R404A. The theoretical performance of the different low-GWP alternative fluids, as an overview of their potential use, has been studied at typical parallel compressor rack refrigeration operating conditions using the basic thermodynamic vapour compression cycle. Given the good theoretical performance of these refrigerants, they have been tested in a vapour compression test bench. From the experimental results it is depicted that R1234yf and R1234ze(E) are not acceptable as drop-in or light retrofit refrigerants from an energetic point of view. These fluids, when used in R134a systems, require system modifications (more severe in the case of R1234ze(E)) to achieve acceptable energy efficiency values. Moreover, due to the large refrigerant charge in PCRRS, both HFOs could present problems relating to security. Thus, while R450A presents a GWP value of 547, it appears as the best option to replace R134a due to the similar energy efficiency and properties. Its experimental mass flow rate and cooling capacity are slightly lower than R134a, but the final COP is approximately the same. The best R450A results when compared to R134a are obtained at higher CRs. Although can obtain better efficiency results in new systems, with a minor TXV adjustment R448A shows very high performance when it is used in R404A systems. Despite R448A lower cooling capacity than that R404A, this HFC/HFO mixture can achieve great CO2 equivalent emission reductions and it is recommended as lower-GWP replacement for R404A. / [ES] El cambio climático es una amenaza para la humanidad ya que puede afectar seriamente al medio ambiente y, en consecuencia, a la vida animal y vegetal. Si en los próximos años no se actúa para detenerlo, tal vez este efecto sea irreversible. Entre otros factores, el incremento de la temperatura global es producido por las emisiones antropogénicas de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera. La refrigeración comercial, basada en sistemas de compresión de vapor, contribuye de forma relevante a este fenómeno a través del uso de fluidos sintéticos como refrigerantes y del consumo de energía eléctrica procedente de combustibles fósiles. Desde la última década del siglo XX, los supermercados de países desarrollados utilizan HFCs como fluidos de trabajo, principalmente R134a, R404A y R507A. Estos gases, de alto potencial de calentamiento atmosférico (PCA), contribuyen al cambio climático al fugarse accidentalmente de los sistemas de refrigeración, destacando las centrales de compresores en paralelo conectadas a sistemas de expansión directa. El valor máximo de PCA de los HFCs utilizados en aplicaciones de refrigeración y aire acondicionado va a ser controlado por normativas comunitarias, afectando directamente a los fluidos usados comúnmente en refrigeración comercial. Esta tesis evalúa diferentes alternativas de bajo PCA para sustituir los refrigerantes HFC más utilizados en refrigeración comercial, teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones impuestas por las normativas actuales. Para llevar a cabo dicho estudio, se revisa el estado actual de los sistemas de centrales de compresores en paralelo y sus fluidos. A continuación, se analizan las diferentes opciones de bajo PCA para sustituir al R134a y R404A. Al destacar los HFOs y sus mezclas con HFCs como alternativas para realizar un reemplazo con pocas modificaciones del sistema (propiedades similares); R1234yf, R1234ze(E) y R450A son propuestos para sustituir al R134a y R448A para R404A. El rendimiento teórico de los diferentes fluidos alternativos de bajo PCA, para obtener una visión general del potencial de su uso, se estudia simulando las condiciones operativas típicas de las centrales de compresores en paralelo, usando el ciclo termodinámico de compresión de vapor básico. Dado el buen rendimiento mostrado por estos refrigerantes, son ensayados en un banco de pruebas de compresión de vapor. De los resultados experimentales se observa que R1234yf y R1234ze(E) no son aceptables desde un punto de vista energético como sustitutivos directos o con menores modificaciones. Dichos fluidos, cuando son utilizados en sistemas de R134a, requieren modificaciones del sistema (más severas en el caso del R1234ze(E)) para alcanzar valores aceptables de eficiencia energética. Por otra parte, debido a la gran carga necesaria en PCRRS, ambos HFOs podrían presentar problemas en cuanto a la seguridad. Así, mientras que el R450A presenta un valor de PCA de 547, aparece como la mejor opción para sustituir al R134a debido a una eficiencia energética y propiedades similares. El caudal másico y la capacidad frigorífica del R450A son ligeramente inferiores en comparación con las del R134a, pero por otra parte, el COP resultante es aproximadamente el mismo. Los mejores resultados obtenidos para R450A son obtenidas a altas tasas de compresión. Aunque puede ser obtenida una eficiencia energética más alta en sistemas de nuevo diseño, con sólo un ajuste menor de la válvula de expansión termostática, el R448A muestra valores muy altos de rendimiento en sistemas utilizados con R404A. A pesar de que la capacidad frigorífica del R448A es menor que la del R404A, esta mezcla de HFC y HFO puede dar lugar a grandes reducciones de emisiones de CO2 equivalentes, siendo así recomendado como reemplazo del R404A con menor PCA. / [CA] El canvi climàtic és una amenaça per a la humanitat ja que pot afectar seriosament el medi ambient i, en conseqüència, la vida animal i vegetal. Si en els propers anys no s'actua per aturar-lo, potser aquest efecte siga irreversible. Entre altres factors, l'increment de la temperatura global és produït per les emissions antropogèniques de gasos d'efecte hivernacle a l'atmosfera. La refrigeració comercial, basada en sistemes de compressió de vapor, contribueix de manera rellevant a aquest fenomen per l'ús de fluids sintètics com refrigerants i pel consum d'energia elèctrica procedent de combustibles fòssils. Des de l'última dècada del segle XX, els supermercats dels països desenvolupats utilitzen HFCs com fluids de treball, principalment R134a, R404A i R507A. Aquests gasos, d'alt potencial d'escalfament atmosfèric (PCA en castellà), contribueixen al canvi climàtic quan s'escapen accidentalment dels sistemes de refrigeració. D'aquest tipus de sistemes destaquen com a grans emissors de diòxid de carboni les centrals de compressors en paral·lel connectades a sistemes d'expansió directa. El valor màxim de PCA dels HFCs utilitzats en aplicacions de refrigeració i aire condicionat serà controlat per normatives comunitàries, cosa que afectarà directament els fluids utilitzats a la gran majoria de sistemes de refrigeració comercial. Aquesta tesi avalua diferents alternatives de baix PCA per substituir els refrigerants HFC més utilitzats en refrigeració comercial sense oblidar les limitacions imposades per les normatives actuals. Per dur a terme aquest estudi, es revisa l'estat actual dels sistemes de centrals de compressors en paral·lel i els seus fluids. A continuació, s'analitzen les diferents opcions de baix PCA per substituir l'R134a i l'R404A. Els HFOs i les seves mescles amb HFCs com alternatives destaquen per permetre una substitució amb poques modificacions del sistema (propietats similars); R1234yf, R1234ze(E) i R450A són proposats per substituir l'R134a i R448A per l'R404A. Per obtenir una visió general del potencial de l'ús dels diferents fluids alternatius de baix PCA, s'estudia el seu rendiment teòric mitjançant una simulació de les condicions operatives típiques de les centrals de compressors en paral·lel. Per a aquesta simulació s'empra el cicle termodinàmic de compressió de vapor bàsic. Com a conseqüència del bon rendiment mostrat per aquests refrigerants, són assajats en un banc de proves de compressió de vapor. Dels resultats experimentals s'observa que R1234yf i R1234ze(E) no són acceptables des d'un punt de vista energètic com a substitutius directes o amb menors modificacions. Aquests fluids, quan són utilitzats en sistemes de R134a, requereixen modificacions del sistema (més severes en el cas de l'R1234ze(E)) per assolir valors acceptables d'eficiència energètica. D'altra banda, a causa de la gran càrrega necessària en PCRRS, tots dos HFOs podrien presentar problemes en temes de seguretat. Així, mentre que el R450A presenta un valor de PCA de 547, apareix com la millor opció per substituir l'R134a a causa de una eficiència energètica i propietats similars. El cabal màssic i la capacitat frigorífica de l'R450A són lleugerament inferiors en comparació amb les de l'R134a, però d'altra banda, el COP resultant és aproximadament el mateix. Els millors resultats de l'R450A són obtinguts a altes taxes de compressió. Tot i que pot ser obtinguda una eficiència energètica més alta en sistemes de nou disseny, amb només un ajust menor de la vàlvula d'expansió termostàtica, l'R448A mostra valors molt alts de rendiment en sistemes utilitzats amb R404A. Encara que la capacitat frigorífica de l'R448A és menor que la de l'R404A, aquesta barreja de HFCs i HFO pot aconseguir grans reduccions d'emissions de CO2 equivalents, i es per tant es recomanada com a reemplaçament amb menor PCA de l'R404A. / Mota Babiloni, A. (2016). ANALYSIS OF LOW GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL FLUORIDE WORKING FLUIDS IN VAPOUR COMPRESSION SYSTEMS. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION ALTERNATIVES [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62680 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales
677

ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT / ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Hrubý, Martin January 2016 (has links)
Energy Management strategy for sustainable regional development has been selected as the topic of my research due to the fact that energy demand alongside with energy dependency have been continuously growing from a long term perspective. Sustainable development is defined by three imperatives – energy efficiency, ecology and security. Review of the current state and analysis of historical trends in Energetics at global and regional level are covered in this research. Results of the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis introduce a set of implications and recommendations for Energy Management strategy in the Czech Republic.
678

Energy-Efficient and Secure Device-to-Device Communications in the Next-Generation Wireless Network

Ying, Daidong 28 August 2018 (has links)
No description available.
679

Detection of Faults in HVAC Systems using Tree-based Ensemble Models and Dynamic Thresholds

Chakraborty, Debaditya January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
680

Energy retrofitting of existing buildings / Energy retrofitting of existing buildings

Nithin, Issac, Joseph, Jomy January 2022 (has links)
No description available.

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