The problem of energy saving during overhaul of a linear part of gas trunkline is regarded in this paper. This issue has been analyzed from different perspectives. Thermodynamic analysis of gas evacuation from a string that is off operation for the overhaul to a parallel or adjacent string with the use of mobile compressor systems was made. Economical attractiveness of mobile compressor systems applications was proved. Various methods of gas trunklines linear parts overhaul have been considered. For each of the methods problems of minimization of necessary for the overhaul amount of energy consuming machines have been solved. The results can be used in the development of overhaul projects of the gas trunklines linear parts.

Bygg- och fastighetssektorn stod år 2019 för drygt en femtedel av Sveriges totala utsläpp av växthusgaser. I led med de globala miljömål uppsatta genom Parisavtalet bedöms ansvaret och utrymmet för förbättring som stort. För att minska miljöpåverkan inom denna sektor krävs energieffektivisering av det befintliga fastighetsbeståndet. De största förändringarna har idag skett för bostadssektorn. Därmed finns stor potential för effektivisering av kontorsfastigheter vilket idag är en sällan genomförd strategi. Orsaken utgör till stor del svaga incitament eller bristande kunskap inom förstnämnda sektorer. Således kräver området mer gedigen forskning och utredande av de potentiella incitament som kan tänkas vara avgörande i energieffektiviseringsprocessen för fastighetsägare. Syftet med detta arbete är stärka grundantaganden för dessa incitament genom att följaktligen utreda relationen mellan energieffektivisering och marknadsvärdet på befintliga kontorsfastigheter i Sverige. Förändring i marknadsvärde har möjligheten att agera som lönsamhetsmått för fastigheter. Det inkluderar kostnader för drift- och underhåll, hyresintäkter och effekterna av förändringar på marknaden. Måttet har således möjligheten att inkapsulera många av de faktorer som ekonomiskt påverkar en fastighet. Som föremål för jämförelse används marknadsvärde (kr/m2) ofta som nyckeltal för att identifiera skillnader mellan fastigheter. I Sverige används energiprestanda för att signifiera byggnadens energimässiga status. Likt marknadsvärde (kr/m2) tillåter och underlättar det standardiserade måttet jämförelse. Data inhämtat för två tidsintervall kan vidare visa på skillnader i fastigheters energiprestanda över tid. Statistiskt utredande av variablernas trend och relation över tid resulterade i ett signifikant bevisad negativt samband mellan marknadsvärde (kr/m2) och energiprestanda (kWh/m2), dvs. reducerad energianvändning resulterar i en ökning av marknadsvärdet. Resultatet visade på att energiprestanda förklarar 1,66 procent av marknadsvärdet. Vidare analys av energiprestanda tyder på att det senaste decenniet definierats av en långsiktig trend av energieffektivisering. Slutligen utreddes hur mycket kvadratmeterpriset förändras om byggnadens energiprestanda förändras över en tioårsperiod. Resultatet visade på att kontorsfastigheter som förbättrat sin energiprestanda i genomsnitt ökat sina marknadsvärden med 713 kr/m2 mer än de kontorsfastigheter som ej minskat sin energianvändning. / In 2019, the construction and real estate sector accounted for just over a fifth of Sweden's total greenhouse gas emissions. In line with the global environmental goals set by the Paris Agreement, the responsibility and scope for improvement is considered to be great. To reduce the environmental impact in this sector, energy efficiency is required of the existing property portfolio. The biggest changes have taken place today for the housing sector. Thus, there is great potential for streamlining office properties, which today is a rarely implemented strategy. The reason is largely weak incentives or lack of knowledge in the first-mentioned sectors. Thus, the area requires more solid research and investigation of the potential incentives that may be crucial in the energy efficiency process for property owners. The purpose of this study is to strengthen basic assumptions for these incentives by consequently investigating the relationship between energy efficiency and the market value of existing office properties in Sweden. Change in market value has the possibility to act as a measure of profitability for real estate. It includes costs for operation and maintenance, rental income and the effects of changes in the market. The measure thus has the possibility of encapsulating many of the factors that financially affect a property. As an object of comparison, market value (SEK/m2) is often used as a key figure to identify differences between properties. In Sweden, energy performance (kWh/m2) is used to signify the building's energy status. Similar to market value (SEK/m2), the standardized measure allows and facilitates comparison. Data obtained for two time intervals can further show differences in properties' energy performance over time. Statistical investigation of the variables' trend and correlation over time resulted in a significantly proven negative relationship between market value (SEK/m2) and energy performance (kWh/m2), ie. reduced energy use results in an increase of the market value. The result shows that energy performance explains 1.66 percent of the market value. Further analysis of energy performance indicates that the last decade has been defined by a long-term trend of energy efficiency. Finally, it was investigated how much the price per square metre will change if the building's energy performance changes over a ten-year period. Results showed that office properties that improved their energy performance on average increased their market values by 713 SEK/m2 more than the properties that did not reduce their energy use.

The Massachusetts Green Communities Grant Program (GCP) was created by passage of the Massachusetts Green Communities Act in 2008, which provides funding, tools and technical support to assist local communities in achieving the goal of energy efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction. With the growing number of communities designated as GCP participants over the past two years, public focus has increasingly turned towards assessing the relative effectiveness of the GCP compared to other programs. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the Green Communities Grant Program in supporting participating local governments to mitigate and adapt to climate change, especially in the areas of energy efficiency and emissions reduction. The findings are based on comparative case study analysis between participant Green Communities and non-Green Communities with comparable population size. The results of the qualitative analysis indicated that the communities with relatively strong regional planning agency assistance, relatively large planning departments, completed master/comprehensive plans, and memberships in other climate change protection and sustainable development organizations tend to have much better performance in energy efficiency and GHG emissions reduction. The research also provides suggestions for future research and recommendations for other Massachusetts communities that plan to implement energy-efficiency projects and emissions reduction strategies, whether or not through GCP membership.

We present the process followed to create a decision-aid tool for use in renewable energy and energy efficiency investment decisions. Our tool is targeted at home and small business owners in the Pioneer Valley. We begin with the development of two prototype tools. The first was created for the Hitchcock Center for the Environment, and is an Excel-based tool that allows users to select various combinations of technologies and instantly see the financial, environmental, and educational impacts of their choice. The second examines only two technologies, solar photovoltaics and combined heat and power, and uses a cost minimization approach. These prototype tools inform the development of the Pioneer Valley Sustainability Network (PVSN) decision-aid tool. The PVSN tool allows users to compare a building’s current energy consumption with the expected performance given the implementation of one or several renewable energy or energy efficient technologies. The PVSN tool evaluates financial costs along with externalities like emissions damages and health impacts. It also provides modeling of decision making under uncertain costs of damages from carbon emissions.

This report studies a subarctic greenhouse located in Nikkala, Sweden called Nikkala handelsträdgård. Through a visit to the greenhouse coupled with the creation of two simulation models this study investigates the differences in energy demand with water-carried and air-carried heating systems, high pressure sodium lights and Light emitting diode lights and insulation in parts of the greenhouse without a active cultivation. With the purpose of comparing the alternatives to the existing system at Nikkala handelsträdgård. This, to evaluate if an investment in insulation for the non cultivating parts or changing to a water-carried heating system with Light emitting diode lights could be considered profitable. Operating a greenhouse in a subarctic climate is a hard task and especially if the operation is year round. Efficient heating systems, thermal screens, dehumidifying measures and Lighting systems are crucial to ensure a profitable business. At Nikkala handelsträdgård they are currently using a pellets burner in combination with a air-carried heating system and HPS lamps in the majority of the greenhouse.  The simulations of the main greenhouse were made in Ansys fluent where the crop section was simulated by implementing source terms to a macro porous medium. The parts of the greenhouse which did not host an active cultivation were simulated in IDA ICE.  It was found that saving of just under 14 800 SEK monthly or 18 % could be made by implementing a water-carried heating system in combination with state of the art lighting. Given this a payback-time of 3-9 years could be expected given different scenarios. An implementation of insulation in the non cultivation greenhouse parts would save up to 25 300 SEK annually or 46 % of the heat demand and the investment would give a payback-time of 1-2 years given different scenarios. Given this a reduction of CO2 equivalents of just under 1,9 tonnes could be achieved yearly. It was concluded that relatively inexpensive investments could have a great impact on the energy demand and thereby the economical performance of a subarctic greenhouse. New operations should be built with a LED light system and water-carried heating system and all parts of the greenhouse which is not housing an active cultivation needs to be insulated.

In Europe, the prices of natural gas and electricity reached an all-time high during 2022. An approach tomitigate these high prices is to expand the district heating systems in urban areas, this will reduceelectric load as well as to increase the power production in combined heat and power plants. Districtheating has been the dominant heat supply technology in urban areas in Sweden since the 1980s.However, as the number of low energy buildings are increasing, district heating distribution losses mustbe reduced to ensure cost-efficient consumer demand supply. This has led to the idea of the 4th-generation district heating which is characterized by low distribution temperatures.The aim of this study is to simulate low temperature distribution systems in a planned future city districtusing a Python based simulation tool and compare the results with a conventional system. Threedifferent types of low temperature distribution systems are investigated: 1) domestic hot water andspace heating separated, 2) apartment heat exchangers, 3) a cascading low temperature system.Focus is on simulating the distribution losses, distribution temperature and mass flow in the area, butthe scope of the analysis also includes an investigation of the effect of lower return temperatures to thecombine heat and power plant. The result indicate which type of system is most beneficial to implementin this specific area.With regards of distribution losses and temperature drop performs the low temperature distributionsystem with apartment heat exchangers better than the cascading system and the system withdomestic hot water and space heating separated. The mass flow is highly dependent of the temperaturedemand in the heating systems in the buildings and is higher for all low temperature distributionsystems compared to a conventional system.

No description available.

The ever-increasing demand for scalable database systems is limited by their energy consumption, which is one of the major challenges in research today. While existing approaches mainly focused on transaction-oriented disk-based database systems, we are investigating and optimizing the energy consumption and performance of data-oriented scale-up in-memory database systems that make heavy use of the main power consumers, which are processors and main memory. In this demo, we present energy-utility functions as an approach for enabling the operating system to improve the energy efficiency of scalable in-memory database systems. Our highly interactive demo setup mainly allows attendees to switch between multiple DBMS workloads and watch in detail how the system responds by adapting the hardware configuration appropriately.

The public sector owns and manages approximately 90 million square meters of premises. One of the toughest challenges today is managing both climate-friendly and energy efficient buildings. For the landlords who facilitate these properties to reach national targets by 2020, they will need well thought out strategies. New technology and installations are not enough. Tenants also have to change their behaviour. A relatively new way to influence behaviour without changing values of people is nudging. The term nudging was coined by researchers Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein. Situations are designed to encourage individuals to choose an individual and society-beneficial alternative. Nudging can be used to help people make choices that are better for the environment and their overall health. To be considered as a nudge the action, per the definition, does not allow the forbidding of options or change of economic incentives. Hence, it respects people’s freedom of choice. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how nudging methods impact public tenants’ daily energy consumption. This is explored by looking into what work has been done based on the nudging toolbox; (1) simplification and framing of information, (2) changes to the physical environment, (3) changes to the default option, and (4) the use of social norms. Can nudging be a way to encourage public tenants to behave more sustainable? The thesis studies how three public landlords work with influencing behaviour to reduced energy consumption and as well as their view on nudging as a strategy. Six interviews were conducted, three with three different public landlords and three with one tenant representative from each landlord. To be able to introduce sufficient behavioural actions or nudges, consideration must be given to the organisational context. All landlords gave examples of the challenges facing their buildings such as staffed facilities and technical systems running around the clock, patient security, vandalism and historical heritage. All respondents had a positive attitude towards nudging but only one of the tenant representatives was familiar with the term since before. The possibilities for the landlords to work with nudging must be considered as favourable and that some of the already implemented measures could classify as nudging. Research shows that nudging works best as an enhancement of other measures, therefore, more research is still needed to investigate how effective nudging is to affect tenants’ energy consumption. / Den offentliga sektorn äger och förvaltar tillsammans cirka 90 miljoner kvadratmeter lokalyta. En av de tuffaste utmaningarna är att hantera både klimatsmarta och energieffektiva byggnader. För att de fastighetsorganisationer som hanterar förvaltningen av dessa byggnader ska kunna nå de nationella målen till 2020 krävs utstuderade strategier. Ny teknik och nya installationer räcker inte, även hyresgästerna behöver ändra sitt beteende. Ett relativt nytt sätt att påverka beteenden utan att förändra människors värderingar är nudging. Konceptet myntandes utav forskarna Richard Thaler och Cass Sunstein. Situationer är utformade för att uppmuntra enskilda personer att välja ett individuellt och samhällsfördelaktigt alternativ. Nudging kan användas för att hjälpa människor att göra val som är bättre för miljön och deras hälsa. För att betraktas som en nudge tillåter åtgärden enligt definitionen inte förbjudandet av andra alternativ eller en drastisk förändring av ekonomiska incitament. Den respekterar människans valfrihet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur nudging påverkar de offentliga hyresgästernas dagliga energiförbrukning. Detta undersöks genom att studera följande nudgingverktyg; (1) förenkling och inramning av information, (2) förändringar i standardalternativ, (3) förändringar i den fysiska miljön och (4) bruk av sociala normer. Kan nudging vara ett sätt att uppmuntra offentliga hyresgäster till mer hållbart beteende? Uppsatsens studerar hur tre offentliga hyresvärdar arbetar med att påverka beteenden för att minska energiförbrukningen i deras fastigheter samt deras syn på nudging som strategi. Totalt genomfördes sex intervjuer, tre med tre olika offentliga hyresvärdar och tre med en hyresgästrepresetant från varje hyresvärd. För att kunna införa effektiva beteendemässiga handlingar eller nudges måste hänsyn tas till det organisatoriska sammanhanget. Alla hyresvärdar gav exempel på de utmaningar som deras byggnader ställer, så som dygnet runt bemanning och tekniska system, patientsäkerhet, vandalisering och historiskt arv. Samtliga som intervjuades hade en positiv inställning till nudging som verktyg men bara en av hyresgästföreträdarna var bekant med termen sedan tidigare. Möjligheterna för hyresvärdarna att arbeta med nudging måste betraktas som goda och att vissa av de redan genomförda åtgärderna kan klassificeras som nudging. Forskning visar att nudging fungerar bäst som ett komplement till andra åtgärder därför behövs mer forskning för att undersöka hur effektiv nudging faktiskt är för att påverka hyresgästens energiförbrukning.

The UK has pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050, compared to 1990 levels. With the residential sector accounting for roughly a quarter of the UK's total carbon emissions, and with space heating accounting for roughly two thirds of residential energy consumption, addressing heating demand will prove instrumental for the UK to reach its targets. The large-scale deployment of low-carbon heating technologies, combined with signicant improvements in energy efficiency, is seen as the primary way of reducing both energy demandand carbon emissions. In this thesis, the technical potential for energy efficiency improvements in the UK's residential space heating sector is explored. Three areas of improvement are identied: the thermal performance of the building envelope, the efficiency of heating equipment, and the use of smartheating devices. In all three areas, signicant potential exists to further reduce energy demand for space heating, and the associated carbon emissions. To understand the effects of different technology adoption patterns on energy demand for spaceheating by 2050, a selectively disaggregated bottom-up model of the UK's building stock is developed. The model projects energy demand for space heating for four different technologyadoption scenarios, based on projections of future total heated oor area. In the `Minimal effort' scenario, which assumes that the least possible amount of effort is made to improve the effciency of the space heating sector, energy demand by 2050 increases slightly, by 4.3 %. In this scenario, the achieved minor effciency improvements are not able to offset the increase in the total heated oor area, leading to this small increase in space heating energydemand. In the `Efficiency focus' scenario, which assumes that signicant effort is made to improve the efficiency of the space heating sector, energy demand by 2050 decreases by 34.5 %. Despite these signicant efficiency improvements, fossil fuels still make up roughly three quarters of the fuel mix, as no major shift to cleaner energy sources has been achieved. In contrast, in the `Renewables focus' scenario, which focuses on shifting towards renewable heating options, energy demand decreases slightly less, by only 32 %, but fossil fuels make up only around 46% of the fuel mix, due to the uptake of low-carbon options such as heat pumps, district heat, and biomass. The analysis carried out in this thesis shows that the UK's residential sector consists of manyold and inefficient buildings, still heavily relies on fossil fuel-fired heating equipment, and makes nearly no use of smart heating devices to further reduce energy demand for space heating. Clearly, the technical potential for achieving energy eficiency improvements is signicant, in all three of the identified improvement areas. However, achieving the targets set forth by policymakers will require strong efforts, given the relatively bad current condition of the residential space heating sector. Existing barriers to achieving these improvements should be identifiedand addressed immediately, to ensure timely efforts are possible.