Energideklarationen togs fram i syfte att minska energibehovet i byggnader, där varje byggnad får ett betyg A-G beroende på dess energiprestanda. Men ger denna klassificering egentligen någon effekt på värdet av fastigheten? Följande rapport ger en överblick av värdepåverkande faktorer som en energideklaration innebär vid värdering av kommersiella fastigheter. Studien är kvalitativ bestående av litteratur- och intervjustudier och berör främst kommersiella fastigheter i Stockholms innerstad. Stockholms innerstad består av en marknad med hög efterfrågan och attraktivitet och därmed även höga priser på alla typer av fastigheter. I en fastighetsvärdering ingår många olika faktorer och fastighetsbranschen väntar en tid av förändringar i och med EU:s taxonomi och övriga direktiv beträffande fastigheters energiprestanda.  I denna studie intervjuas fastighetsvärderare, hållbarhetsansvariga, mäklare och en bankperson om energideklarationens betydelse i en värdering samt vid affärer inom svenska fastighetssektorn. Studien kompletteras med analys av EU-taxonomin som medför nya miljökrav på byggnaders hållbarhet, och hur svenska företag förhåller sig till denna. Taxonomin innebär handlingsplaner med uppsatta mål för olika länder och i Sverige innebär den bland annat att de byggnader med energiklass A eller topp 15% av befintligt fastighetsbestånd går att linjera med taxonomin.   Resultatet visar att betyget i deklarationen är en värdepåverkande faktor, men om det beror av betyget i sig eller vad betyget innebär är svårt att avgöra. Med krav som inte tillåter uthyrning eller ger vite för fastigheter med låga energiklasser kan incitamenten öka för att förbättra energiklassen. Det kan också ge skäl för att redovisa fastigheten som en grön investering enligt EU-taxonomin. Energideklarationen tas mer eller mindre hänsyn till i olika sammanhang, men är mycket aktuell och väntas få större betydelse inom kommande år i ljuset av taxonomin och andra direktiv i Europa där kraven uttrycks i mått av byggnaders energiprestanda. Ämnet är mycket aktuell, men inte så utforskat.  Framöver väntas nya direktiv från Boverket samt uppdaterade internationella ramverk gällande energideklarationen, vilka kommer att påverka fastighetsbolag, beslutsfattare, fastighetsägare och värderare. / The energy performance certificate (EPC) was developed to reduce the energy consumption in buildings, where each building receives a rating from A to G based on its energy performance. However, does this classification impact the value of the property? The following report provides an overview of the factors that influence the valuation of commercial properties. The study is qualitative, consisting of literature reviews and interviews, and is primarily based on commercial properties in central Stockholm. Central Stockholm consists of a market with high demand and attractiveness, with high prices for all types of properties. A property valuation includes many different factors, and a time of change is expected for the real estate market, due to the EU taxonomy and other directives regarding the energy performance of buildings. In this study, real estate valuers, sustainability managers, real estate agents and banks are interviewed about the significance of the energy performance certificate in a valuation and in transactions with the Swedish real estate market. The study is complemented by an analysis of the new EU taxonomy, which brings new environmental requirements for sustainability in real estate, and how Swedish companies relate to this. The taxonomy involves action plans with set goals for different countries. In Sweden, this means that the buildings with EPC-rating A or the top 15% of the existing property portfolio can reach the goals of the taxonomy.  The result shows that the rating in the energy performance certificate affects the value, but whether this is due to the rating itself or what the grade implies is difficult to determine. With requirements that prohibit renting or impose fines for properties with low energy classes, incentives may increase to improve the energy class. It may also provide incentives for reporting the property as a green investment according to the EU taxonomy. How the energy performance is considered varies in different contexts. However, this is a very topical subject, and it is expected to become more significant considering the taxonomy and other directives in Europe due to the requirements being expressed in the energy performance of the building. In the future we are expecting The National Board of Housing, Boverket, to decide about directives. Additionally, we are awaiting updated international frameworks for the energy performance certificate, that will affect decision-makers, property owners and valuers.

This thesis addresses a multi-phase research and development project that spanned nearly four years, targeted at providing an ultra high-efficiency, user-friendly, and economic intelligent lighting solution for commercial facility applications, initially targeting underground parking specifically. The system would leverage the strengths of four key technologies: high brightness white Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), wireless sensor and actuator networks, single board computers, and cloud computing. An introduction to these technologies and an overview of how they were combined to build an intelligent lighting solution is given, followed by an in-depth description of the design and implementation of one of the main subsystems – the Sensor Middleware System – residing on a single board computer. Newly-available LED luminaires (a.k.a. light fixtures) bring the combination of high efficiency, reliability, illumination quality, and long-lifetime to the lighting market. Emerging low-power – and recently low-cost – 802.15.4 wireless networks offer high controllability and responsiveness to deployed luminaires and sensors. The cost- associativity, low maintenance, and easy build-up of Internet Data Center “cloud” computing resources make data collection and remote management infrastructure for Building Automation Systems accessible to even small companies. Additionally, these resources can be much more appropriately sized and allocated, which reduces energy use. These technologies are combined to form an Intelligent Lighting System (ILS). Fitting well within the Internet of Things paradigm, this highly distributed messaging-based “system of systems” was designed to be reliable through loose coupling – spanning multiple network layers and messaging protocols. Its goal was to deliver significant energy savings over incumbent technologies, configurable and responsive lighting service behaviour, and improved experience for users within the facility (pedestrians and drivers) and those interacting with its web-based tools (building managers and ILS administrators). The ILS was partitioned into three main subsystems as follows. The installed Wireless Field Network (WFN) of luminaires and sensors provided coordinated scheduled and real-time output level adjustment (i.e. dimming), with the help of motion sensor triggers. The Monitoring and Configuration System (MCS) in the cloud provided remote data collection and a web-based monitoring and configuration Graphical User Interface application. Network hardware and Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM) were responsible for tying these subsystems together. The MOM layer that provided the message brokering, translating, envelope wrapping, and guaranteed delivery services between the WFN and MCS, as well as field supervisory and quality-of-service functions for the WFN, was called the Sensor Middleware System (SMS). It was hosted on a single board computer located at the facility. / Graduate

[pt] A eficiência energética (EE) pode ser vista como uma das melhores políticas a serem adotadas pelos países para a redução da emissão de gases de efeito estufa e para a contribuição da economia. O Brasil, apesar de fazer alguns esforços visando o uso racional de energia, ainda está longe de ser um protagonista nessa área. Por outro lado, países como Alemanha, Japão e Estados Unidos vêm adotando políticas que visam melhorar o uso da energia e, assim, mitigar suas emissões de gases de efeito estufa, além de ampliar o escopo dos negócios nessa área. A fim de alcançar um maior destaque no campo da eficiência energética, o objetivo desta dissertação é definir para o Brasil políticas de eficiência energética baseadas em experiências internacionais e medir seus impactos no consumo de energia. Para se chegar o objetivo proposto, são estudadas as principais políticas adotadas pelos países mais eficientes energeticamente. Essas políticas são representadas por curvas de difusão tecnológicas e são avaliados seus impactos na redução do consumo de eletricidade na indústria de alimentos e bebidas. Percebe-se uma redução considerável do consumo de energia e das emissões de gases de efeito estufa quando da adoção de políticas de eficiência energética nesse ramo da indústria, uma vez que políticas de eficiência energética propõem alternativas para o desenvolvimento sustentável. / [en] It is usually sought a way to understand or prove a theory, in the scientific environment. The best way to promote and develop a study, is through mathematical proof, which may be through formulas, often already known, promoting modeling in different scenarios. There are a few different ways to achieve environmental improvements aiming the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the countries. But is it enough to aim the achievement of a country s targets in a country for the Government to move toward improvements? It is through energy policies that one can achieve the biggest economic gains. The activity of energy efficiency is developed by an ESCO (Energy Saving Companies). These have in their scope to promote technical audits, in order to promote the implementation of energy efficiency measures responsible for the achievement of economic goals in energy consumption. The best way to understand the logic of the development of actions in a country is through its policies and, in this case, the focus is on industrial energy policies. In a global analysis, seeking the understanding of how countries have positioned themselves in the face of these challenges, and comparing with what has developed in Brazil s case, one can come to some conclusions as to what are the best ways, and what are the barriers. In the study developed in this dissertation, while seeking for a better understanding, it was found enough information on energy efficiency policies, understanding that it is an important vector in meeting future energy demand and energy security, reinforcing the comprehension that energy efficiency requires an integrated vision regarding the stakeholders, like the government, the private sector and society in general. Since 1984, Brazil has already been deploying mechanisms and public policies related to promotion of energy efficiency, as the PBE, Procel, Conpet, energy efficiency Law, electric motors regulations, vehicle and construction establishing labeling thresholds for incandescent bulbs and your banishment.

This thesis is an investigation of whether an energy efficiency obligation scheme would be cost-effective for the Swedish industrial sector. The basic guidelines of the scheme were constructed based on the characteristics proposed in the Energy Efficiency Directive and the previously implemented schemes in other EU Member States. In order to measure the cost effectiveness of the scheme for the industries, a Cost Benefit Analysis was performed. The results of the study show that the participation of the industries in an energy efficiency obligation scheme seems to be cost effective, and the Benefit to Cost Ratios of the analysis where ranging in numbers higher than one, showing that the benefits outweigh the costs. The scheme is in general more cost effective when scenarios assuming high policy intensity for the whole economy of the country are used as input for the calculation of the BCRs, which are also affected positively when higher fuel prices scenarios are adopted. The obligation should be placed upon the distributors, since the prices of energy distribution are administratively regulated. There is opportunity of financial benefits for the Swedish industries from agreements of energy savings delivery to the distributors in order for them to fulfill their obligation. These benefits will support the cost recovery of the investments for the energy savings measures. The possibility of certificate trading in the context of the scheme is another option that can create opportunities for financial gains and stimulate further the energy market. Basing the costs inputs from other EU Member States offers an insight on how these costs could be formed in the case of Sweden, but they cannot be taken as a complete calculation of the scheme’s financial effects. As a result, this study does not offer a final conclusion on the cost-effectiveness of the scheme; it rather serves as a means of support of the final conclusion regarding the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency obligation schemes for the Swedish industries.

With respect to the continuous growth of computing systems, the energy-efficiency requirement of their processes becomes even more important. Different configurations, implying different energy-efficiency of the system, could be used to perform the process. A configuration denotes the choice among different hard- and software settings (e.g., CPU frequency, number of threads, the concrete algorithm, etc.). The identification of the most energy-efficient configuration demands to benchmark all configurations. However, this benchmarking is time- and energy-consuming, too. This thesis explores (a) the effect of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) in combination with dynamic concurrency throttling (DCT) on the energy consumption of (de)compression, DBMS query executions, encryption/decryption and sorting; and (b) a generic approach to reduce the benchmarking efforts to determine the optimal configuration. Our findings show that the utilization of optimal configurations can save wavg. 15.14% of energy compared to the default configuration. Moreover, we propose a generic heuristic (fractional factorial design) that utilizes data mining (adaptive instance selection) together with machine learning techniques (multiple linear regression) to decrease benchmarking effort by building a regression model based on the smallest feasible subset of the benchmarked configurations. Our approach reduces the energy consumption required for benchmarking by 63.9% whilst impairing the energy-efficiency of performing the computational process by only 1.88 pp, due to not using the optimal but a near-optimal configuration.

South Africa’s electricity supply is under pressure. Mining is one of South Africa’s largest electricity consumers with electricity-intensive services such as compressed air, cooling, ventilation, etc. More than 40% of mine electricity consumption is used for cooling and ventilation. There is a need to reduce the operational cost on a mine as electricity prices are set to increase at least 2% above South Africa’s inflation target. The mine-cooling and ventilation system was investigated for energy cost-saving. No clear energy and cost-saving strategy for the entire mine-cooling and ventilation system was found. Projects are implemented ad hoc and scattered throughout the system. A strategy is needed to help realise the total saving available on the entire mine-cooling and ventilation system. An implementation strategy for load-management and energy-saving projects on a mine-cooling and ventilation system was developed. A peak clip project on the surface BAC was developed and added to the strategy. The resultant strategy attains all savings throughout the entire mine-cooling and ventilation system. A peak clip project on the surface BAC of a typical mine results in an annual saving of R1.4 million. Implementing this new project on other mines could save R11 million annually. Implementing the sequenced combination of cooperative projects on a typical mine results in a saving of R30 million. That is a saving of 38% on the ventilation and cooling cost and 16% on the total mine electricity bill. / PhD (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Reliable, efficient and cost-effective energy supply is crucial for economic and social development. Mining and industrial sectors consumed close to 37% of the total energy produced in the world during 2013. The South African power network is strained by the rapid expansion of mining, industrial and public sectors. Generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy are in progress, but supply will not meet demand in the near future. The South African electricity supplier needs capital for expansion. Electricity price increases have been significantly higher than increases in the gold price over the last few years. Mining companies are under pressure from government to improve their labour relations. They are obligated to spend money on local infrastructure development. Therefore, cost efficiency receives higher priority than ever before and requires an implementation strategy. Cooling systems on mines proved to be significant electricity consumers. These systems lack integrated management and efficient and optimised control. Electricity demand can be reduced through implementation of energy saving measures on these cooling systems. Energy saving measures reduce the operational costs of mining to ensure that mines stay globally competitive. The identification of long-term challenges for energy saving measures is crucial. Successful implementation of energy saving measures results in improved utilisation and performance of mine cooling systems. These measures must be maintained to ensure a constant positive impact on reduced electrical energy consumption. The electrical energy savings are dependent on external factors, such as ambient conditions. Improved implementation strategies of energy saving measures will prevent deterioration of utilisation and performance of the mine cooling systems. Monitoring and reporting of key performance indicators are crucial. Lack of integrated maintenance can lead to lost opportunities and the deterioration of equipment and machines. The improved implementation strategies in two separate case studies proved sustainable savings of 1.73 MW and 0.66 MW respectively. The electricity cost savings for Mine A and Mine B are R8.8 million and R2.9 million respectively. These savings have been sustained for periods of seventeen and seven months respectively, indicating the value of the study. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

South Africa’s electricity supply is under pressure. Mining is one of South Africa’s largest electricity consumers with electricity-intensive services such as compressed air, cooling, ventilation, etc. More than 40% of mine electricity consumption is used for cooling and ventilation. There is a need to reduce the operational cost on a mine as electricity prices are set to increase at least 2% above South Africa’s inflation target. The mine-cooling and ventilation system was investigated for energy cost-saving. No clear energy and cost-saving strategy for the entire mine-cooling and ventilation system was found. Projects are implemented ad hoc and scattered throughout the system. A strategy is needed to help realise the total saving available on the entire mine-cooling and ventilation system. An implementation strategy for load-management and energy-saving projects on a mine-cooling and ventilation system was developed. A peak clip project on the surface BAC was developed and added to the strategy. The resultant strategy attains all savings throughout the entire mine-cooling and ventilation system. A peak clip project on the surface BAC of a typical mine results in an annual saving of R1.4 million. Implementing this new project on other mines could save R11 million annually. Implementing the sequenced combination of cooperative projects on a typical mine results in a saving of R30 million. That is a saving of 38% on the ventilation and cooling cost and 16% on the total mine electricity bill. / PhD (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Reliable, efficient and cost-effective energy supply is crucial for economic and social development. Mining and industrial sectors consumed close to 37% of the total energy produced in the world during 2013. The South African power network is strained by the rapid expansion of mining, industrial and public sectors. Generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy are in progress, but supply will not meet demand in the near future. The South African electricity supplier needs capital for expansion. Electricity price increases have been significantly higher than increases in the gold price over the last few years. Mining companies are under pressure from government to improve their labour relations. They are obligated to spend money on local infrastructure development. Therefore, cost efficiency receives higher priority than ever before and requires an implementation strategy. Cooling systems on mines proved to be significant electricity consumers. These systems lack integrated management and efficient and optimised control. Electricity demand can be reduced through implementation of energy saving measures on these cooling systems. Energy saving measures reduce the operational costs of mining to ensure that mines stay globally competitive. The identification of long-term challenges for energy saving measures is crucial. Successful implementation of energy saving measures results in improved utilisation and performance of mine cooling systems. These measures must be maintained to ensure a constant positive impact on reduced electrical energy consumption. The electrical energy savings are dependent on external factors, such as ambient conditions. Improved implementation strategies of energy saving measures will prevent deterioration of utilisation and performance of the mine cooling systems. Monitoring and reporting of key performance indicators are crucial. Lack of integrated maintenance can lead to lost opportunities and the deterioration of equipment and machines. The improved implementation strategies in two separate case studies proved sustainable savings of 1.73 MW and 0.66 MW respectively. The electricity cost savings for Mine A and Mine B are R8.8 million and R2.9 million respectively. These savings have been sustained for periods of seventeen and seven months respectively, indicating the value of the study. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Nästan alla forskningar om klimatförändringar påpekar att de accelererande klimatförändringarna vi ser till stor del orsakas av mänskliga verksamheter. Om vi inte reducerar energianvändningen kommer våra utsläpp av växthusgaser öka kraftigt och det kan leda till en katastrof i framtiden. För att vi ska klara morgondagen måste vi omedelbart börja begränsa vår energiförbrukning. I Sverige har regeringen som mål att minska energiförbrukningen med cirka 20 % från 1995 till 2020 och 50 % till 2050. Nästan 40 % av all energianvändning förekommer i byggnads- och fastighetssektorn.  För att minska energianvändningen i den sektorn måste vi energieffektivisera även våra befintliga byggnader.  En stor del av energianvändningen går till att täcka transmissionsförluster genom väggar, fönster och köldbryggor. Genom att välja fönster med låg värmeöverföring och rätt isolering till byggnader samt minska transmissionsförlusterna i ventilation och uppvärmning skulle mycket energi kunna sparas. Har en byggnad låg transmissionsförlust reduceras energibehovet markant.  Genom att installera ventilationssystem med en värmeåtervinning (FTX) kan energiförbrukningen avseende förvärmd ventilation minskas kraftigt. Ventilation med värmeåtervinning gör det möjligt att återvinna energi från den utgående luften från lokalerna till den kalla uteluften som ska till lokalerna för att uppehålla en god inomhusmiljö, värmeväxlare har verkningsgrad upp till 0,85. För att energiförbättra gamla byggnader till energieffektiva, krävs nya installationer och ombyggnader för att anpassa till miljövänliga byggnader. Det kan ibland vara svårt att installera FTX-system i befintliga byggnader eftersom luftbehandlingsaggregat kräver stor plats. Den ekonomiska avskrivningstiden är lång. I det här examenarbetet kommer ventilations- och uppvärmningssystem att utredas; fokus ligger på installationsteknik samt energieffektivisering beroende på hur lokalen ska användas. Målet är att undersöka hur stort energibehov en byggnad har samt ge förslag till vilket ventilationssystem som passar byggnaden. Med hjälp av ritningar över Lokverkstaden och diverse information om lokalen skapades en modell i simuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE, en av de bästa simuleringsprogramvaror för energibehov i byggnader. När man hade fått fram en modell att jobba med började inmatningar och utfördes förändringar på byggnaden som motsvarar (med hjälp av) det indata man hade fått från beställaren. Ventilationsritningar utfördes i Magi Cad och en luftbehandling har dimensionerats på Swegons hemsida. Temperaturen i lokalen påverkas av olika faktorer såsom dålig isolering m.m. Lokalerna står i dag helt kalla men lokal uppvärmning förekommer vid extrem kyla för att hålla en del VVS så varmt att det inte fryser. Lokalerna har en stor fuktbelastning och en del av golvet består av en mycket tjock betongplatta. Resultatet visar att det bästa ventilationsaggregat som behövs för att klara av luftflödet på 11,6 m3/s, bör ha specifika fläkteffekten på 2,39 kW/(m3/s). Byggnadens energiförbrukning blev 610624 kWh om året i simuleringen. / Almost all research about climate change points to that the accelerating climate changes we see today, is to a large part caused by human activity. If we don’t reduce our energy usage, our emissions of greenhouse gases will increase heavily - which can lead to disasters in the future. To be able to solve potential problems and avoid disasters in the future, we have to start decreasing our energy usage immediately. In Sweden, the government has the goal of decreasing energy usage with about 20 % from 1995 to 2020, and 50% by 2050. Almost 40% of all energy usage is from the construction and property sector. However, to decrease energy usage within that sector we have to make current buildings more energy efficient. A major part of energy usage in the constructions sector goes to cover transmission losses through walls, windows, and thermal bridges.  So, by choosing windows with low heat transfer and the correct isolation for the specific buildings, as well as, decreasing transmission losses through ventilation and heating would result in that a lot of energy can be saved. If a building has a low transmissions lose, the demand of energy would decrease remarkably. By installing ventilations systems with the function of heat recovery (FTX) so could the energy usage regarding preheated ventilation decrease heavily. While, the ventilation and heat recovery makes it possible to reuse energy from the outgoing air from the facilities to the cold air outside that shall be used in the facilities to maintain a good indoor environment; heat exchangers have an efficiency level of 0.85. To make old buildings energy efficient, it requires new installations and remodeling to adjust them to become environment friendly buildings. It can sometimes be hard to install FTX-systems in current buildings since air-handling units requires a lot of space, and that the financial write-off periods can be long. This thesis will investigate the ventilations- and preheating systems with a focus in installation technics and energy efficiency depending on how the facility will be used. The goals are to investigate how large the demand for energy is in a building, as well as, give suggestions to which ventilations systems that would fit best with the prospective building.   With drawings of a locomotive workshop and miscellaneous information about the facility, and a model of the facility by the simulation program IDA ICE the energy demand in the building was simulated. When a model had been created the work with inputs and changes were made on the buildings - with help from input that has been receive from the client. Drawings of the ventilation were performed in Magi Cad and an air handling has been dimensioned on Swegon’s website. The temperature in the facility is affected by several factors, such as poor isolation etc. The facilities are not heated today besides through local heating at extreme low temperature to maintain a sufficient heat to not freeze the HVAC. The facilities have high moisture level, and at the same time some parts of the floor are made of very thick concrete plates. The results of the tests show that the best ventilation unit that is needed to manage the air flow of 11.6 (m3/s) should have the specific fan power of 2. 39 kW/ (m3/s). The buildings energy use became 610624 kWh/year in the simulation. / <p>Vi redovisade i september 2015 men blev hel godkänd nyligen. Jag visst inte om jag vilket år som gäller(2015 eller 2016)</p>