<p>Ispitivan je proces osmotske dehidratacije mesa<br />svinja u tri osmotska rastvora (vodeni rastvor<br />natrijum hlorida i saharoze, kombinacija<br />vodenog rastvora natrijum hlorida i saharoze i<br />melase i melasa &scaron;ećerne repe) različitih<br />koncentracija, na tri temperature (20&deg;C, 35&deg;C i<br />50&deg;C) i pri tri vremena trajanja procesa (1, 3 i<br />5h). Mereni i računati odzivi procesa osmotske<br />dehidratacije bili su: sadržaj suve materije,<br />gubitak vode, prirast suve materije, indeks<br />efiksanosti procesa, vrednost aktivnosti vode.<br />Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da povećanje<br />tehnolo&scaron;kih parametara temperature i vremena<br />procesa, kao i koncentracije osmotskih rastvora<br />dovode do intenziviranja prenosa mase u<br />procesu i povećanja vrednosti odzivnih<br />parametara procesa, u oba slučaja, istostrujne i<br />protivstrujne osmotske dehidratacije.<br />Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata razvijeni su<br />modeli zavisnosti odziva procesa od<br />primenjenih tehnolo&scaron;kih parametara za<br />istostrujne i protivstrujne procese osmotske<br />dehidratacije. &ldquo;Score&rdquo; analizom određene su<br />vrednosti tehnolo&scaron;kih parametara koje su za<br />rezultat dale optimalnu efiksanost procesa.<br />U radu je ispitan enegetski bilans procesa<br />osmotske dehidratacije i upoređen sa<br />konvektivnim su&scaron;enjem, gde su se kao<br />energentski najefikasniji pokazali procesi na<br />temperaturi od 20&deg;C.<br />Karakteristike osmotski dehidriranog svinjskog<br />mesa su pokazale da dolazi do pobolj&scaron;anja<br />mikrobiolo&scaron;kog, hemijskog i nutritivnog profila<br />mesa nakon procesa, kao i promene boje i<br />teksture, gde je melasa &scaron;ećerne repe kao<br />osmotski rastvor, iskazala najbolje uticaje na<br />promene karakteristika dehidiranog mesa.<br />Na osnovu svih ispitanih uticaja variranih<br />parametara kao optimalni parametri procesa<br />mogu da se defini&scaron;u: protivstrujni proces, u<br />trajanju od 5 časova na temperaturi od 20&deg;C, u<br />melasi kao osmotskom rastvoru. Ovakav proces<br />dovodi do sveukupnog pobolj&scaron;anja<br />karakteristika svinjskog mesa uvodeći nutritivna<br />pobolj&scaron;anja iz hemijskog sastava melase u<br />ljudsku ishranu.</p> / <p>Process of osmotic dehydration of pork meat in<br />three different osmotic solutions (sodium<br />chloride and sucrose dissolved in water, mixture<br />of sodium chloride, sucrose dissolved in water<br />and molasses and sugar beet molasses) of<br />different concentrations, at three temperatures<br />(20&deg;C, 35&deg;C &amp; 50&deg;C) and three different times<br />of duration of the process (1, 3 &amp; 5h) was<br />investigated.<br />Measured and calculated responses of the<br />osmotic dehydration process were: dry matter<br />content, water loss, solid gain, dehydration<br />efficiency index and value of water activity.<br />The results showed that the increase of<br />technological parameters: time and temperature<br />of the process, as well as the concentration of<br />the osmotic solutions led to the intensified mass<br />transfer in the process and increased values of<br />process responses, in either co-counter or<br />current processes of osmotic solutions.<br />Based on obtained results mathematical models<br />of dependence of process responses from<br />applied technological parameters for co- and<br />counter-current processes of osmotic<br />dehydrations were developed. By the means of<br />&ldquo;Score&rdquo; analyses the values of technological<br />parameters which produced optimal efficiency<br />of the process were calculated.<br />In this research process energy balance was<br />investigated by comparison to the convective<br />drying, where the highest energy efficiency was<br />determined in the processes at the temperature<br />of 20&deg;C.<br />Characteristics of osmo-dehydrated pork meat<br />were also investigated, pointing at the<br />improvement of microbiological, chemical and<br />nutritive profile of the meat after the process, as<br />well as the change of color and texture, where<br />sugar beet molasses, as an osmotic solution, had<br />shown the best effects on changes of dehydrated<br />meat characteristics.<br />Based on all investigated effects of varied<br />parameters, the optimal process parameters can<br />be defined as: counter-current process, of 5<br />hours duration, at 20&deg;C, in molasses as an<br />osmotic solution. Process like that leads to the<br />total improvement of pork meat characteristics<br />introducing nutritive benefit from molasses<br />chemical composition into human nutrition.</p>

<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji optimizacioni algoritam zasnovan na roju čestica primenjen je na problem optimalnog upravljanja pogonom sa sinhronim motorom sa stalnim magnetima pri velikim brzinama obrtanja. Kako bi se smaljili ukupni kontrolabilni gubici električne energije i povećala efikasnost generisan je optimalni referentni vektor statorske struje za širok opseg brzina i za različita opterećenja. Prilikom optimizacije uvažena su naponska i strujna ograničenja invertora, kao i promena induktivnosti statora. Sačuvani generisani vektor struje statora se koristi prilikom upravljanja pogonom u realnom vremenu, a predloženi algoritam se poredi sa standarnim upravljanjem.</p> / <p>In this PhD thesis, a particle swarm optimization algorithm was applied to the problems of optimal control of high speed permanent magnet motor drives. In order to minimize the total controllable electrical losses and to increase the efficiency, the optimum current vector references are calculated offline for the wide speed range and for different load conditions. The voltage and current limits of the drive system and the variation of stator inductances are all included in the optimization method. The stored optimal current vector references are used during the real time control and the proposed algorithm is compared with the conventional control algorithm.</p>

Este trabalho propõe um método com objetivo de avaliar a eficiência energética de aquecedores de água residenciais de acumulação elétricos. Os aquecedores foram submetidos a um ciclo de operação simulando uma condição de uso para o cálculo da eficiência. Este ciclo de duração de um dia é composto pelas fases: produção de água quente, reaquecimento e manutenção da temperatura interna. O método foi aplicado no programa experimental e permitiu a identificação de diversos parâmetros referentes ao funcionamento dos aquecedores, tais como: perda passiva por 24 horas, produção de água quente, tempo de reaquecimento, variação da temperatura interna da água e a sua eficiência energética. / This work proposes a method with objective of evaluating the energy efficiency of electrical residential storage water heaters. The heaters were submitted to an operation cycle simulating a use condition for the calculation of the efficiency. This cycle with duration of one day is composed by the phases: hot water withdrawal, temperature recovery and standby thermal loss. The method was applied in the experimental program and it allowed the identification of several parameters regarding the operation of such heaters as: standby thermal loss per 24 hours, hot water rate output, reheating time, cyclic variation of the temperature and its energy efficiency.

O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o desempenho energético de dois diferentes tipos de sistemas de aquecimento de piscinas: á gás natural e por bomba de calor elétrica. Foi realizada instrumentação em duas piscinas localizadas em uma mesma academia, cada uma delas dotada de um dos tipos de sistema de aquecimento. Além destas duas piscinas, que são objeto de investigação desta pesquisa, outras quatro piscinas, localizadas cada uma em um local distinto na cidade de São Paulo, também receberam instrumentação e a coleta de dados está sendo executada através de sistemas de aquisição de dados, para posterior análise e novos trabalhos de pesquisa. Como resultados da análise das duas piscinas, obteve-se um coeficiente de desempenho - COP, médio para o sistema de aquecimento por bomba de calor igual a 4. Para o sistema a gás natural, os resultados para a eficiência global do sistema indicaram 76%, ao passo que o rendimento apenas dos aquecedores foi de 82%. As análises dos dados permitiram comprovar a influência da temperatura ambiente sobre o COP da bomba de calor. Quanto menor a temperatura do ar, menor o COP. A Temperatura do ar também mostrou forte influência sobre o consumo de energia. / The aim of this research is to investigate the energetic performance of two distinct kinds of swimming pool heating systems: gas-fired and electric heat pump. A practical instrumentation research was prepared in these two indoor swimming pools, placed in the same location. Besides these, other four swimming pool, placed each in a different ambient in the city of São Paulo also received the instrumentation so that it will be possible to run future researches, once the data is already being collected by the data loggers installed. As a result of the data analysis, it was found that the average coefficient of performance of the heat pumps studied is 4. For the natural gas fired system, the global efficiency factor was found to be 76%. The efficiency of the heaters isolated was found to be 82%. This research showed that the COP of heat pump systems has strong correlation with the air temperature. The lower the air temperature, the lower the COP. Temperature also has strong influence on the consumption of energy.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-05T14:17:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila Maria Tamanini Roman.pdf: 1478472 bytes, checksum: 52db0d09c275b5afd54c35d29758e75d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-05T14:17:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila Maria Tamanini Roman.pdf: 1478472 bytes, checksum: 52db0d09c275b5afd54c35d29758e75d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-01 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação energética, através do software EnergyPlus, de uma sala externa com climatização e um prédio de sete andares com ventilação natural. Para tanto, monitoram-se o consumo de energia mensal, os dados climáticos, características arquitetônicas, número de funcionários, localização e demais características que possam interferir direta ou indiretamente no consumo de energia do ambiente de estudo. Os dados obtidos através de levantamento in loco, memoriais da área de infraestrutura e recursos humanos, juntamente com a análise das faturas de energia elétrica mensais, servem de parâmetro para a simulação, bem como validam os resultados, permitindo a busca de novas alternativas que visem eficiência e redução no consumo. As avaliações são realizadas tendo como base duas edificações pertencentes ao Centro Administrativo de Lojas Colombo, localizadas em Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul. A análise visa minimizar o consumo de energia elétrica buscando garantir o máximo de horas em conforto. Para tanto avalia os índices de conforto térmico, as temperaturas internas, os ganhos internos de calor, as condições de operação do ar condicionado na sala externa e a potência necessária de ar condicionado para instalação nas quinze zonas térmicas pertencentes ao prédio, verificando o consumo energético das alternativas utilizadas e a relação custo-benefício. Através das simulações na sala externa constatou-se que, com a utilização de materiais eficientes termicamente, as trocas térmicas do interior com o exterior são minimizadas, o mesmo ocorrendo com a substituição de equipamentos antigos, a exemplo de monitores de tubo. Nas quinze zonas térmicas do prédio, a instalação de um sistema de ar condicionado se apresenta como alternativa para melhorar os índices de conforto térmico em dias com temperaturas mais elevadas ou mais baixas, situações estas em que a ventilação natural não é suficiente para garantir um ambiente confortável. Esta adequação de climatização dos ambientes elevou o consumo com energia elétrica total do prédio em 17%, contudo ocorreu melhora significativa nos índices de conforto térmico. Na sala externa foi obtida uma redução no consumo de energia elétrica de 14% sobre o consumo total e a garantia de 86% de horas ocupadas em conforto. / This study presents the energetic evaluation, through the software EnergyPlus, of an external room with acclimatization and of a seven-story building with natural ventilation. For this, the monthly energy consumed, the climatic data, the architectonic characteristics, the number of people, the location and other characteristics which can interfere directly or indirectly the room’s energy consumption were monitored. The data obtained through in loco survey, memorials of the infrastructure area and human resources, as well as the analysis of the monthly electrical energy bills, are considered as parameters for the simulation and they validate the results, allowing the search for new alternatives that aim at consumption efficiency and reduction. The evaluations are performed based on two buildings which are part of Centro Administrativo de Lojas Colombo, located in Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The analysis aims at minimizing the electric energy consumption with the purpose of ensuring the maximum of comfort hours, so it evaluates the indexes of thermal comfort, the inside temperatures, the inside heat gains, the operation conditions of the air-conditioning in the outside room, and the necessary air-conditioning power for the installation in the fifteen thermal zones which belong to the building, verifying the energetic consumption of the used alternatives and the cost-benefit ratio. Through the simulations in the outside room, it was detected that with the use of thermally efficient material, the thermal exchanges between inside and outside are minimized, the same occurs with the substitution of old equipment, such as tube monitors. In the fifteen thermal zones of the building, the installation of an air-conditioning system is an alternative to improve the thermal comfort indexes in days with higher or lower temperatures. These are situations in which the natural ventilation is not enough to ensure that the environment is comfortable. The air conditioning simulated increased the building energy consumption in 17%, although a significative increase in thermal comfort was achieved. At the external room a 14% reduction in electricity consumption, over the total consumption, and the guarantee of 86% of occupied hours in comfort was obtained.

A sociedade brasileira apresenta um processo de desenvolvimento desencadeado pela democratização na década de 90. Esse processo tem um fator de inclusão social que resultou no nascimento de uma classe C ávida por consumo de produtos e de serviços, dentre os quais está o acesso à energia elétrica com qualidade e com disponibilidade. Contudo, a sociedade não é homogênea e a estratificação econômica em classes não é suficiente para tratar e definir comportamentos. Essa diversidade afeta a operação de empresas distribuidoras de energia, as quais enfrentam a questão de inclusão de clientes, até então informais, e questões de altas perdas não técnicas provenientes, por um lado, de uma grande parcela de clientes informais e, de outro, de uma cultura de não pagamento, o que eleva essas perdas a patamares superiores a 50%. E, novamente, tais perdas são distribuídas de forma desigual no país, ou seja, empresas concessionárias têm que lidar com clientes de diferentes perfis e comportamentos além de operar em cidades com diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. A contribuição deste estudo é mostrar a possibilidade de usar projetos de inclusão digital para melhorar os resultados de eficiência energética ao criar ações focadas no empoderamento de clientes através de educação e de geração de renda. Os testes experimentais revelaram que existe um grande potencial para integrar ações sociais a atividades técnicas desses programas. Tal potencial deve ser exercido na nova classe social em ascensão, que necessita de empoderamento e de integração social para quebrar definitivamente a cultura de não pagamento e culturas não integradas aos conceitos de uma sociedade democrática baseada em conceitos de direitos e deveres. A inclusão de clientes informais é fundamental para diminuir a parcela de perdas não técnicas, e o desafio é duplo, pois não basta incluí-los; deve-se mantê-los como clientes adimplentes e com relações comerciais regulares. Este trabalho apresenta a experiência do CDI, o Comitê para Democratização da Informática, no Projeto de Eficiência Energética da Light na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. / The Brazilian society has a development process unleashed by democratization in the 90\'s This process has social inclusion as factor that led to the birth of a medium class that is eager to purchase products and services, which include access to electric energy with quality and availability. However, the society is not homogeneous and economic stratification into classes is not enough to address and define behaviors. This diversity affects the electricity distribution operations by companies, which are facing issues related to the inclusion of new clients, who, until then, are informal, and issues concerning high non-technical losses, firstly, because of a large number of informal clients and, secondly, because of a non-payment culture that elevates these losses at levels higher than 50%. These losses are distributed unevenly in the country, that is, the utilities have to deal with customers of different profiles and different behaviors as well as to operate in cities with different stages of development. The contribution of this study is to show the use projects of digital inclusion to increase the results of the energy efficiency programs to create actions focused on empowering customers integrating education and income generation. Experimental tests have shown that there is a great potential to integrate social actions with technical activities of these programs, and this potential should be exercised in the new class, rising to empowerment and social integration to break definitively cultures of non-payment and culture that is not integrated with the concepts of a democratic society based on concepts of rights and duties. The inclusion of informal clients is fundamental to reduce part of non-technical losses, and the challenge is twofold, once it is not only necessary to include them; they should be kept as customers in non-default situation and regular commercial relations. This paper presents the experience of the CDI Change trough Digital Inclusion in the Project of Energy Efficiency of Light Energy Company in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

A Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) elegeu a eficiência energética como a ação mais significativa para garantir o suprimento de energia das economias em desenvolvimento e minimizar os impactos do aquecimento global. No Brasil, o Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem (PBE) de eficiência energética foi iniciado em 1984 pelo Inmetro. Fazem parte do PBE duas Portarias, aprovadas em 2010, para avaliação da eficiência energética das edificações comerciais e residenciais. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é contribuir com a racionalização energética no país através da análise dessas Portarias frente a um panorama internacional, assim como avaliar as contribuições que os gases combustíveis podem oferecer na melhoria da eficiência das edificações e na substituição da eletrotermia para aquecimento de água no sistema energético nacional. Para isso foram identificados padrões comuns nas regulamentações internacionais e calculados os fatores de conversão da energia final em primária no Brasil, tanto da eletricidade, quanto dos gases combustíveis. A aplicação dos fatores de conversão, assim como dos fatores de emissões de CO2-E nos usos finais da energia comprovou que os gases possuem um papel importante para redução do consumo de energia primária nos processos de aquecimento de água e cogeração. Verificaram-se ainda como esses fatores poderão evoluir nas próximas décadas, de acordo com as previsões oficiais da Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE), demonstrando que a importância do uso direto dos gases combustíveis tende a crescer. / The United Nations (UN) has chosen energy efficiency as the most significant action to ensure energy supply in developing economies and mitigate the impacts of global warming. In Brazil, the Brazilian Energy Efficiency Labeling Program (PBE) was launched in 1984 by Inmetro. Two Regulations, adopted in 2010, to evaluate the energy efficiency of commercial and residential buildings, are part of PBE. The objective of this research is to contribute to the National Energy Efficiency Program through the analysis of these Regulations against an international outlook and through the evaluation of the contributions that the fuel gases can offer in improving the efficiency of buildings and replacing electrical heating in the national energy system. To achieve this, common patterns in the international regulations were identified and the primary energy conversion factors were calculated to the electricity and gas fuels produced in Brazil. The application of the conversion factors and the emission factors of CO2-E in the final uses of energy in buildings showed that the fuel gases have an important role in reducing the consumption of primary energy in the process of water heating and cogeneration. The evolution of these factors in the next decades were also estimated, according to official forecasts of the Energy Research Company (EPE), demonstrating that the importance of the direct use of the fuel gases will increase.

The importance of energy efficiency has grown alongside awareness of climate change due to the rapid increase of greenhouse gases. With the increasing trend regarding mobile subscribers, it is necessary to prevent an expansion of energy consumption via mobile networks. In this thesis, the energy optimization of the new radio access technology called 5G NR utilizing different sleep states to put base stations to sleep when they are not transmitting data is discussed. Energy savings and file latency with heterogeneous and super dense urban scenarios was evaluated through simulations with different network deployments. An updated power model has been proposed and the sensitivity of the new power model was analyzed by adjusting wake-up time and sleep factors. This showed that careful implementation is necessary when adjusting these parameter settings, although in most cases it did not change the end results by much. Since 5G NR has more potential in energy optimization compared to the previous generation mobile network 4G LTE, up to 4 sleep states was implemented on the NR base stations and one idle mode on LTE base stations. To mitigate unnecessary sleep, deactivation timers are used which decides when to put base stations to sleep. Without deactivation timers, the delay could increase significantly, while with deactivation timers the delay increase would only be a few percent. Up to 42.5% energy could be saved with LTE-NR non-standalone deployment and 72.7% energy with NR standalone deployment compared to LTE standalone deployment, while minimally impacting the delay on file by 1%.

Residential electricity consumption in the United States has many adverse impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions, dependence on fossil fuels, and costs. Efficient and renewable energy technologies have the potential to help mitigate some of these impacts, but appear to be under-utilized in the United States. One major barrier to expanding the deployment of these kinds of technologies and maximizing the benefits they can provide is a lack of consumer engagement. The overall purpose of this thesis is to better understand the extent to which efficient and renewable energy technologies are being engaged with and what factors may influence such engagement (or lack thereof) through case studies on smart meters and a community anaerobic digester system (CADS) in Vermont. In this thesis, engagement involves awareness, support, and utilization. Additionally, a subset of awareness (a precursor to awareness for many) was examined in each of these studies, which is interest in receiving additional information on the technology. While each case study focuses on different aspects of engagement that are unique to each smart meters and CADS, there is some overlap on the topics explored, especially when it comes to awareness of the technology, potential concerns about the technology, and interest in receiving additional information on it. The focus of the first study is on how efficiently smart meters have been utilized by residential electricity customers in Vermont and what factors may influence this. This study was conducted via a statewide telephone survey in Vermont and involved a sample that was statistically representative of the state. These data were analyzed via quantitative analysis. The focus of the second study is on local support of a CADS in Vermont and what factors may influence this. This study was conducted via a mailout survey to houses located in or near the area where the community anaerobic digester was located, and the data were analyzed via quantitative and qualitative analysis. In both studies, limitations to engagement with the technologies were found. In the smart meter study, less than 50% of the surveyed customers reported having a smart meter and, for those who did report having a smart meter, less than 20% of them thought that the smart meter had reduced their electricity use. In the CADS study, 52.1% of respondents reported being familiar with the CADS project, and 69.8% reported support for the project. However, other forms of support for the project, such as WTP for the Cow Power program or willingness to drop of food scraps to the CADS, were more limited. Additionally, a variety of demographic and other factors were found to have a statistically significant impact on or relationship to consumer engagement with these technologies. Overall, the results show that there is some engagement with these technologies, but more can be done to bolster engagement with them. One potential strategy to increase engagement with these technologies may be to tailor outreach according to factors that correspond to different levels of engagement. It is hoped that the results from these studies can be used to help improve consumer engagement with these and other efficient and renewable energy technologies, thus hopefully expanding their utilization and benefits they can provide in the process.

Our energy system is rapidly transforming, partially due to advances in internet and communications technologies that leverage an unprecedented amount of data. Industry proponents of the so-called “smart grid” suggest these technologies facilitate deeper engagement with end-users of energy (utility customers) that can in turn drive behavior-based changes and accelerate a renewable energy transition. While there has been progress in understanding how these technologies change consumer behavior using, for example, real-time feedback, it’s unclear how specific segments (e.g., renters) respond to these interventions; it’s also unclear why feedback is, or is not, producing changes in energy consumption. The literature suggests that behavioral strategies (e.g. information feedback, competitions, incentives) coupled with technology may present a way for utilities and efficiency programs to create savings—expanding opportunities for those often underserved by traditional approaches, such as renters—yet this coupling is not well understood, neither broadly (for all end users) nor specifically (for renters). This dissertation builds upon that literature and explores a human side of the smart grid, using a field experiment in renter households to test the interacting effects of real-time energy feedback and a novel form of financial incentive, referred to here as a competitive performance-based incentive. The experiment had two phases: phase one tested the feedback against a control group; phase two tested feedback, the incentive, and a combined treatment, against a control group. Results of these interventions were measured with pre- and post-treatment surveys as well as observed electricity consumption data from each household’s smart meter. The results of this experiment are described in three papers. Paper one examines the interventions’ individual and combined effectiveness at motivating renters to reduce or shift timing of electricity consumption. Feedback alone produced a significant savings effect in phase one. In phase two, the effect of the feedback wore off; the incentive alone had no significant effect; and the group that received feedback and the incentive experienced a doubling of savings relative to the effect of feedback alone, as observed in phase one. Paper two uses pre- and post-intervention survey data to examine how individual perceptions of energy change as a result of the interventions. Perception of large energy-using appliances changed the most in households that received feedback, suggesting that better information may lead to more effective behavior changes. Paper three leverages the results of the first two components to evaluate the policy implications and impacts on demand side management for utilities, efficiency programs, and the potential for behavior-based energy efficiency programs. Advocates of the smart grid must recognize the technology alone cannot produce savings without better engagement of end-users. Utility rate designers must carefully consider how time-based rates alone may over-burden those without the enabling technology to understand the impact of their energy choices.