Achieving sustainable consumption of energy is an important issue due to the increasing demand for energy and its environmental impact. One of the biggest consumers of the global energy production is the residential sector. Factors determining pattern of energy consumption in this sector are firstly, characteristics of the buildings and equipment and appliances which are used inside them and secondly, people who are using the buildings. The former could be approached by using efficiency strategies; i.e. designing and using materials and utilities which are low energy demanding or reducing consumption of energy. The latter could be reached by adoption of demand side management strategies which could improve pattern of energy consumption by the end users. Combining these strategies bring out energy-smart buildings with energy-smart people as the users. This project aims at introducing potential approaches to strategies of promoting sustainable behavior regarding energy consumption in individuals, with the focus on the students of Linköping University living in the properties of housing company of the city, Studentbostäder. For fulfilling this purpose, literature review has been done for finding influencing factors on and strategies for shaping of pro-environmental behavior. In the next step, two projects with focus on demand side management for changing energy consumption of individuals have been studied. Afterward, a questionnaire based on the results of the literature review was prepared and used to gain an understanding of first: attitude, values, knowledge, and awareness of students of Linköping University regarding environmental issues, and second: point of view of the students toward the strategies for shaping pro-environmental behavior. Results of the above mentioned methods were used for identifying characteristics of a demand side management project based on provision of feedback on energy consumption for the users. It has been proposed that designing and implementing such project has the potential of affecting pattern of energy consumption by people and lead to its reduction, especially among students accommodating at housing company of city of Linköping, Studentbostäder. More studies are needed for finding feasibility of implementing such project.

In Uppsala, Sweden, Vattenfall has a combined heat and power plant. On the premises there is an engineering workshop with old fluorescent and mercury lamps that need to be replaced. This provides a great opportunity to save energy and money by installing more efficient lighting. The main purpose of this study was to present two functional and energy efficient lighting systems including control system. The lighting systems were designed by investigating the working environment, measuring illuminance and by simulations in the software DIALux. Additionally Life Cycle Cost (LCC) was used as an instrument of comparison. One alternative was designed using mainly modern T5 fluorescent lighting. For the other alternative powerful LED-lamps were chosen as the primary light source. The simulations showed the two alternatives to be equally good in regard to performance and energy saving potential. With sustained illuminance level the installed power of both systems was around 34 kW ascompared to 54 kW, the estimated value of the existing lighting system. The LCC, however, differed significantly with the fluorescent alternative having a total cost of 1.1 million SEK over a 20 year period while the same number for the LED alternative being 2.2 million SEK. The difference in LCC makes fluorescent lighting the preferable alternative. The present consumption is estimated to 142 MWh. The fluorescent lighting alternative would have an approximated energy consumption of 78.6 MWh including a control system, giving an energy saving potential of 45 %.

Optimal operation of plants is becoming more important due to increasing competition and small and changing profit margins for many products. One major reason has been the realization by industry that potentially large savings can be achieved by improving processes. Growth rates and profitability are much lower now, and international competition has increased greatly. The industry is faced with a need to manufacture quality products, while minimizing production costs and complying with a variety of safety and environmental regulations. As industry is confronted with the challenge of moving toward a clearer and more sustainable path of production, new technologies are needed to achieve industrial requirements. In this research, a new methodology is proposed to integrate so-called new technologies into existing processes. Research shows that the new technologies must be carefully selected and adopted to match the complex requirements of an existing process. The new proposed methodology is based on four major steps. If the improvement in the process is not sufficient to meet business needs, new technologies can be considered. Application of a new technology is always perceived as a potential threat; therefore, financial risk assessment and reliability risk analysis help alleviate risk of investment. An industrial case study from the literature was selected to implement and validate the new methodology. The case study is a planning problem to plan the layout or design of a fleet of generating stations owned and operated by the electric utility company, Ontario Power Generation (OPG). The impact of new technology integration on the performance of a power grid consisting of a variety of power generation plants was evaluated. The reduction in carbon emissions is projected to be accomplished through a combination of fuel switching, fuel balancing and switching to new technologies: carbon capture and sequestration. The fuel-balancing technique is used to decrease carbon emissions by adjusting the operation of the fleet of existing electricity-generating stations; the technique of fuel-switching involves switching from carbon-intensive fuels to less carbon-intensive fuels, for instance, switching from coal to natural gas; carbon capture and sequestration are applied to meet carbon emission reduction requirements. Existing power plants with existing technologies consist of fossil fuel stations, nuclear stations, hydroelectric stations, wind power stations, pulverized coal stations and a natural gas combined cycle, while hypothesized power plants with new technologies include solar stations, wind power stations, pulverized coal stations, a natural gas combined cycle and an integrated gasification combined cycle with and without capture and sequestration. The proposed methodology includes financial risk management in the framework of a two stage stochastic programme for energy planning under uncertainty: demands and fuel price. A deterministic mixed integer linear programming formulation is extended to a two-stage stochastic programming model in order to take into account random parameters, which have discrete and finite probabilistic distributions. Thus, the expected value of the total costs of power generation is minimized, while the objective of carbon emission reduction is achieved. Furthermore, conditional value at risk (CVaR), a most preferable risk measure in the financial risk management, is incorporated within the framework of two-stage mixed integer programming. The mathematical formulation, which is called mean-risk model, is applied for the purpose of minimizing expected value. The process is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming model, implemented in GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) and solved using the CPLEX algorithm, a commercial solver embedded in GAMS. The computational results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed new methodology. The optimization model is applied to an existing Ontario Power Generation (OPG) fleet. Four planning scenarios are considered: a base load demand, a 1.0% growth rate in demand, a 5.0% growth rate in demand, a 10% growth rate in demand and a 20% growth rate in demand. A sensitivity analysis study is accomplished in order to investigate the effect of parameter uncertainties, such as uncertain factors on coal price and natural gas price. The optimization results demonstrate how to achieve the carbon emission mitigation goal with and without new technologies, while minimizing costs affects the configuration of the OPG fleet in terms of generation mix, capacity mix and optimal configuration. The selected new technologies are assessed in order to determine the risks of investment. Electricity costs with new technologies are lower than with the existing technologies. 60% CO2 reduction can be achieved at 20% growth in base load demand with new technologies. The total cost of electricity increases as we increase CO2 reduction or increase electricity demand. However, there is no significant change in CO2 reduction cost when CO2 reduction increases with new technologies. Total cost of electricity increases when fuel price increases. The total cost of electricity increases with financial risk management in order to lower the risk. Therefore, more electricity is produced for the industry to be on the safe side.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are characterized by limited amount of energy supply at sensor nodes. Hence, energy efficiency is an important issue in system design and operation of WSNs. In this work we focus on solving the energy efficiency problems of data gathering processes in WSNs. We first address this problem on a macroscopic level by investigating the efficiency of data gathering trees when data sent by different sensors are correlated. Such correlation aware data gathering strategies typically shift the aggregation structure from a default shortest-path tree (SPT) to a steiner minimum tree (SMT) in order to achieve the required efficiency. We study the energy efficiency of correlation aware data aggregation trees under various sensor network conditions and the tradeoffs involved in using them. Comprehensive simulation results as well as inferences and theoretical analysis of those results are presented in the thesis. Based on the insights gained through the investigation, we propose a simple, scalable and distributed correlation aware aggregation structure that achieves good energy performance across a wide range of sensor network configurations, and at the same time addresses the practical challenges of establishing a correlation aware data aggregation structure in resource-constrained WSNs. On a microscopic level, we propose a novel communication strategy called Communication through Silence (CtS) to achieve energy-efficient data gathering without significant degradation on overall throughput in WSNs. The proposed scheme primarily uses time, along with a minimal amount of energy to deliver information among sensors. CtS can be used to replace the conventional energy-based transmissions between each pair of sensor nodes during a data gathering process. We analyze in detail the primary energy-throughput tradeoff inherent in this approach as well as other challenges related to the realization of the proposed communication strategy. Finally, we propose a practical realization of CtS strategy that includes radio technology, MAC layer, and higher layer solutions. Performance evaluation results prove that this solution effectively realizes the CtS strategy in a WSN setting, at the same time achieves considerable energy savings compared to conventional communication strategies.

A procedure has been developed for the preliminary selection of high-performance systems for office buildings in hot and humid climates. High-performance building systems and components were surveyed for buildings in the U.S., which were applicable for office buildings in hot and humid climates. This research developed a calibrated DOE-2.1e simulation model of a prototypical large office building. In addition, a Simplified Geometry DOE-2.1e (SGDOE-2.1e) model, was also developed, which used a simplified geometry to demonstrate the use of a proposed easy-to-use tool. The calibrated DOE-2.1e simulation model and the SGDOE-2.1e were compared and showed a good match with each. The SGDOE-2.1e model was then further modified based on the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999 commercial building energy code. A code-compliant (ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999) SGDOE-2.1e simulation model was then used as a baseline for the evaluation of the high-performance measures. A total of 14 high-performance measures were implemented including the energy savings, while the comfort level was maintained based on the ASHRAE comfort zone. In addition to the 14 high-performance measures, solar thermal and solar PV system analysis were integrated with the SGDOE-2.1e simulation model to further reduce the annual energy use. Finally, specifications of the proposed easy-to-use simulation tool were developed. This tool includes options to choose systems from the 14 high-performance measures and solar systems. The proposed easy-to-use systems selection tool can be used for new building practitioners and existing building owners as well to evaluate the performance of their new buildings compared to the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999 code-compliant building, and to assess the feasibility of implementing high-performance measures to their existing buildings in terms of energy and cost savings.

The aim of this study was to investigate the passive and active parameters affecting energy efficiency of two office buildings with sun spaces, namely the MATPUM Building and the Solar Building on the Middle East Technical University (METU) Campus, Ankara and the effect of sun spaces on temperature patterns within mentioned buildings. Both buildings were oriented in the same direction, namely south. However, the location and the type of the sunspaces differed from each other. The sun space in the MATPUM Building is an atrium which has southerly glazed fa&ccedil / ade. On the other hand, the sun space in the Solar Building is an enclosed conservatory which has southerly glazed fa&ccedil / ades and roof. The effect of sun spaces on temperature patterns within case study buildings was determined by collecting internal temperature and humidity data from different locations within the buildings and external temperature and humidity data on certain days of the week from May to August and October and November. Data loggers were used to collect these data. The collected data was then compared for the two buildings and also for the different months. In conclusion, more heat gain resulting in temperature increase inside the buildings was obtained in conservatories when compared to the atria which have glazed fa&ccedil / ade instead of glazed roof. This was also proved by the analysis of variance method which was used for the comparison of temperature data of two buildings

Managing a sustainable built environment with a large number of buildings rests on the ability to assess and improve the performance of the building stock over time. Building stock models are cornerstones to the assessment of the combined impact of energy-related building interventions across different spatial and temporal scales. However, such models, particularly those accounting for both physical formulation and social behaviors of the underlying buildings, are still in their infancy. This research strives to more thoroughly examine how buildings perform aggregately in energy usage by focusing on how to tackled three major technical challenges: (1) quantifying building energy performance in an objective and scalable manner, (2) mapping building stock model space to real-world data space, and (3) quantifying and evaluating energy intervention behaviors of a building stock. This thesis hypothesizes that a new paradigm of aggregation of large-scale building stocks can lead to (1) an accurate and efficient intervention analysis model and (2) a functionally comprehensive decision support tool for building stock energy intervention analysis. Specifically, this thesis presents three methodologies. To address the first challenge, this thesis develops a normative building physical energy model that can rapidly estimate single building energy performance with respect to its design and operational characteristics. To address the second challenge, the thesis proposes a statistical procedure using regression and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling techniques that inverse-estimate building parameters based on building stock energy consumption survey data. The outcomes of this statistical procedure validate the approach of using prototypical buildings for two types of intervention analysis: energy retrofit and demand response. These two cases are implemented in an agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) framework to tackle the third challenge. This thesis research contributes to the body of knowledge pertaining to building energy modeling beyond the single building scale. The proposed framework can be used by energy policy makers and utilities for the evaluation of energy retrofit incentives and demand-response program economics.

<p><strong><p>Purpose:</p><p>This thesis investigates and analyzes the customer satisfaction over a 10-year time period among Trivselhus customers.</p><strong><p>Background:</p><p>More companies in the building sector are starting to realize the importance of using cus-tomer satisfaction as a tool to enhance their competitive advantage. Customer satisfaction brings several positive aspects to a company, which can contribute to a successful business. It is crucial to fulfill customers‟ wants and needs in order to obtain customer satisfaction.</p><p>Building a house is one of the largest investment people make in life, with important deci-sions that can affect their current way of living. Customer satisfaction is, therefore, crucial for a company like Trivselhus, where it is essential to keep their customers satisfied by of-fering the right products that fulfill their expectations.</p><p>Another increasingly important aspect in people‟s lives today is the environment. This has now come to affect the house building industries as they have to fulfill customer expecta-tions regarding energy efficiency and environmental friendliness.</p><strong><p>Method:</p><p>To answer the purpose, primary data have been collected by conducting a telephone sur-vey. The survey was made randomly among Trivselhus customers. From the different theo-ries, important categories that affect customer satisfaction were found. Aspects from all these categories were included in the questionnaire to explain customer satisfaction. The analysis is based on statistical data generated from the survey. Central tendency values and regression analysis makes it possible to explain which variables affect customer satisfaction among Trivselhus customers.</p><strong><p>Conclusion:</p><p>The outcome of the research signifies, that customer satisfaction among Trivselhus cus-tomers has not changed during all the years covered in this research. There are several va-riables affecting customer satisfaction. These variables are included in different categories; Complaints, Expectations, Service Quality, Energy, Product Quality, and Image. Further-more, there is not enough evidence to prove that energy efficiency and environmental friendliness affect customer satisfaction geographically.</p></strong></strong></strong></strong></p> / <p>Syfte:</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera kundnöjdheten bland Trivselhus kun-der över en 10 års period.</p><p>Bakgrund:</p><p>Fler företag inom byggsektorn har börjat inse vikten utav att använda kundnöjdhet som ett redskap för att skaffa sig konkurrensfördelar. Kundnöjdhet medför flera positiva aspekter till ett företag, som kan bidra till en framgångsrik affärsverksamhet och det är viktigt att uppfylla kundernas förväntningar och behov för att få kunde nöjd.</p><p>Att bygga ett hus är en utav de största investeringar som görs i livet, med viktiga beslut som kan påverka ens levnadssituation. Kundnöjdhet är därför avgörande för ett företag såsom Trivselhus, där det är viktigt att hålla sina kunder nöjda genom att erbjuda rätt produkter som uppfyller deras förväntningar och krav.</p><p>En annan viktig aspekt idag är miljön. Det har visat sig att miljön har kommit att påverka byggsektorn eftersom de nu måste uppfylla kunders förväntningar även angående miljö och energi aspekter.</p><p>Metod:</p><p>För att besvara syftet har primärdata samlats in genom en telefonundersökning. Undersök-ningen gjordes slumpmässigt bland Trivselhus kunder. Från teorier hämtades viktiga kate-gorier som påverkar kundnöjdhet. Aspekter från alla dessa kategorier ingick i frågeställ-ningen för att kunna förklara kundnöjdhet. Analysen bygger på statistiska uppgifter. Me-delvärden samt regressions analys gör det möjligt att förklara vilka variabler som påverkar kundnöjdheten bland Trivselhus kunder.</p><p>Slutsats:</p><p>Resultatet utav studien visar att kundnöjdheten bland Trivselhus kunder inte förändrats under åren som behandlats, men det finns flera variabler som påverkar kundnöjdhet. Dessa variabler är inkluderade i olika kategorier; Klagomål, Förväntningar, Servicekvalitet, Energi, Produktkvalitet och Image. Vidare så finns det inte tillräckligt med bevis för att miljö och energi påverkar kundnöjdheten geografiskt.</p>

<p>Detta examensarbete syftar till att utreda vilka av Svenska kyrkans byggnader i Växjö som ska energideklareras samt utföra en energideklaration av en kontorsbyggnad. I energideklarationen ingår det även att ge åtgärdsförslag för olika energibesparingsmöjligheter. En fördjupad studie i nattkylning av stommen har också utförts. Examensarbetet är uppdelat i tre huvuddelar, indelning av byggnader, utförande av energideklaration samt fördjupad studie av nattkyla. I den första delen delas byggnaderna in i grupper utifrån verksamhet och byggnadstyp och därefter utreds om de ska energideklareras. Målet med denna indelning av byggnader är att Svenska kyrkan ska få vetskap om vilka av deras byggnader som berörs av lagen om energideklarationer. I andra delen görs en energideklaration för en kontorsbyggnad. Det visar sig att det finns en hel del energibesparande åtgärder som kan göras i kontorsbyggnaden. En del av åtgärderna är endast enkla åtgärder som inte kräver något större ingrepp i byggnaden för att utföras. I den tredje delen genomförs en fördjupad studie i nattkylning av stommen i byggnader, där tung och lätt stomme jämförs gentemot varandra. För att utföra jämförelsen används simuleringsprogrammet IDA Klimat och Energi. Resultatet av simuleringen visar ingen besparing av energi till följd av nattkylning av stommen i den simulerade byggnaden, vilket leder fram till en parameterdiskussion om hur olika parametrar påverkar lönsamheten vid nattkyla.</p> / <p>This diploma work aims to investigate which of the Swedish church’s buildings in Växjö that needs to be energy declared and also to perform an energy declaration of an office building. In the energy declaration there’s also included measures for various energy-saving potential. An in-depth study of night-cooling of the framework has also been performed. This diploma work is divided into three main parts, classification of buildings, carrying out the energy declaration and a depth study of night-cooling of the building’s framework. In the first part buildings where divided into different groups on the basis of activities and type of building and then investigated whether to be energy declaration or not. The objective of this classification of buildings is that the Swedish church will know which of their buildings that’s affected by the law concerning energy declarations. The second part is an energy declaration of an office building. It turns out that there are a lot of energy-saving measures that can be done in the office building. Some of them are only simple measures that don’t require any major interference in the building to be performed. In the third part is carried out an in-depth study of night-cooling of buildings’ frameworks, where heavy and light frames are compared against each other. In order to carry out the comparison the simulation program IDA Climate and Energy was used. The results of the simulation shows no saving of energy as a result of night-cooling of the building frame in the simulated building, which leads to a parameter discussion on how various parameters affecting the profitability of night-cooling.</p>

Fjärrvärme täcker i dagsläget cirka 56 procent av energibehovet för uppvärmning och varmvatten i svenska bostadssektorn. Denna siffra förväntas minska i och med ökade energieffektiviseringsåtgärder och installationer av alternativa värmekällor. Det har blivit allt vanligare att både fastighetssektorn och olika miljöklassningssystem fokuserar på att minska mängden inköpt energi och ett sätt att göra detta på är att installera frånluftsvärmepumpar som ett komplement till fastighetens primära uppvärmningssystem. Det kommunalägda bostadsbolaget AB Stångåstaden planerar att utföra detta i flerbostadshus där FTX-system av flera anledningar inte är möjligt att installera. Installationen är aktuell i fastigheter som i dagsläget har frånluftsventilation och självdrag samt är högre än tre våningar.Installationen kommer att påverka den lokala fjärrvärmeleverantören Tekniska verken AB och då även de är kommunalägda finns det ett intresse i att utreda de effekter som frånluftsvärmepumparna kommer att ha på de båda företagen samt på kommunen i stort. Därför ämnar denna rapport till att påvisa effekterna av installationen av frånluftsvärmepumpar som komplement till fjärrvärme ur ett ekonomiskt, miljö- och resursmässigt perspektiv. I den här rapporten syftar resurs till den primärenergianvändning som sker till följd av förändrad fjärrvärme- och elanvändning vid installation av frånluftsvärmepumpar.Detta har gjorts genom att undersöka två befintliga fastigheter där frånluftsvärmepumpar nyligen installerats och modellera dem i programmet BV2. Där undersöks hur värmeanvändningen förändras då frånluftsvärmepumpen tillåts att drivas utifrån följande sex driftfall; 1. Frånluftsvärmepumpen går året runt 2. Frånluftsvärmepumpen går mellan december och februari 3. Frånluftsvärmepumpen går mellan oktober och april 4. Frånluftsvärmepumpen startar då utetemperaturen understiger -4˚C 5. Frånluftsvärmepumpen startar då utetemperaturen understiger +1˚C 6. Frånluftsvärmepumpen startar då utetemperaturen understiger +5˚C Dessa är framtagna med avseende på Tekniska verkens säsongsbaserade fjärrvärmepris samt på ungefärliga utetemperaturer då marginalproduktionen för fjärrvärmen skiftar bränsle. Dessa kommer även att jämföras med ett referensfall då enbart fjärrvärme täcker fastigheternas värmebehov.Förändringen i fastigheternas fjärrvärmebehov simulerades sedan i Tekniska verkens energiplaneringssystem för att se hur värme- och elproduktionen påverkades. Genom detta erhölls underlag för att kunna ta fram de ekonomiska, miljö- och primärenergimässiga effekterna som uppkommer i och med frånluftsvärmepumpens drift.Utifrån detta kan det konstateras att frånluftsvärmepumpar inte är en lönsam energieffektiviseringsåtgärd för Tekniska verken, Stångåstaden eller Linköpings kommun. Prisbilden och bränslesammansättningen för fjärrvärme i Linköping ger inte frånluftsvärmepumparna potential till att vara lönsam utifrån något av de tre kriterierna ekonomi, miljö och resurs. De mest fördelaktiga driftfallen fås för alla parter då frånluftsvärmepumpen får starta mellan en och minus fyra grader. Detta ger som bäst kommunen en ekonomisk förlust på cirka 1,6 Mkr för Fastighet A och 2,8 Mkr för Fastighet B över en tidsperiod på tjugo år, vilket bedöms vara värmepumpens ekonomiska livslängd. Förlusten beror till störst del på de höga investeringskostnaderna som frånluftsvärmepumparna medför, men också på den prisbild som är satt för fjärrvärme i Linköping.Genom att temperaturstyra frånluftsvärmepumpen ges också störst potential till att minska utsläppsintensiv marginalproduktion av fjärrvärme och genom det också ge minskade globala växthusgasutsläpp i jämförelse med att enbart använda fjärrvärme. Merparten av driftfallen ger dock ökade utsläpp i jämförelse med referensen. Anledningen är till stor del den höga andel avfallsbränsle som finns i Tekniska verkens produktionsmix. Minskad fjärrvärmeproduktion minskar även Tekniska verkens elproduktion vilken antas täckas upp av en mer utsläppsintensiv europeisk marginalproduktion.iiDet finns inget av de valda driftfallen som minskar användningen av den primärenergi som krävs vid värmeproduktionen och anledningen är återigen att den ökade elanvändningen värderas med en högre faktor än vad avfallsbaserad fjärrvärme gör.Frånluftsvärmepumparna är på båda fastigheterna installerade på fastighetens radiatorretur och trots den bevisat förhöjda returtemperaturen som sker på fjärrvärmenätet så bedöms detta inkopplingsalternativ som det mest effektiva sätt att utföra installationen på för att erhålla bäst värmefaktor, driftkostnad och grundinvestering.Trots att inget av de analyserade driftfallen gav en entydig förbättring ur kriterierna ekonomi, miljö och resurs i jämförelse med referensfallet lyckades ändå mängden inköpt energi minskas i samtliga fall. Detta kan ses som en indikation på att de mål om minskad inköpt energi som sätts inom branschen kan behöva revideras, då exempelvis en av de primära anledningarna till dessa mål är att minska koldioxidutsläppen.