abstract: In the U.S., high-speed passenger rail has recently become an active political topic, with multiple corridors currently being considered through federal and state level initiatives. One frequently cited benefit of high-speed rail proposals is that they offer a transition to a more sustainable transportation system with reduced greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy consumption. This study investigates the feasibility of high-speed rail development as a long-term greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategy while considering major uncertainties in the technological and operational characteristics of intercity travel. First, I develop a general model for evaluating the emissions impact of intercity travel modes. This model incorporates aspects of life-cycle assessment and technological forecasting. The model is then used to compare future scenarios of energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the development of high-speed rail and other intercity travel technologies. Three specific rail corridors are evaluated and policy guidelines are developed regarding the emissions impacts of these investments. The results suggest prioritizing high-speed rail investments on short, dense corridors with fewer stops. Likewise, less emphasis should be placed on larger investments that require long construction times due to risks associated with payback of embedded emissions as competing technology improves. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Sustainability 2011

As cortinas verdes caracterizam-se pelo plantio e desenvolvimento de uma vegetação trepadeira, com auxílio de suportes, posicionada em frente e afastada das superfícies verticais da edificação. Seu aspecto funcional mais relevante está associado à capacidade de proporcionar sombra, atuando como dispositivo de controle solar em arquitetura. Diferente dos sistemas convencionais, o uso da vegetação apresenta benefícios em termos de desempenho, na medida que responde de forma dinâmica às variações do clima e das estações, além de ser um elemento natural e de baixo impacto ambiental, o que vai ao encontro às premissas de uma arquitetura mais sustentável. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta tese consiste no estudo da aplicabilidade das cortinas verdes como elemento de controle solar em arquitetura, com ênfase em sua contribuição para a eficiência energética de edificações, no contexto climático brasileiro. Para tanto, primeiro foi realizado o embasamento e a discussão teórica sobre o tema, reforçando sua pertinência e relevância, observando o atual estado da arte das pesquisas científicas na área e apresentando exemplares arquitetônicos executados com as cortinas verdes. A seguir, um estudo experimental foi conduzido, com vistas a gerar parâmetros médios sobre a capacidade de sombreamento de quatro diferentes espécies trepadeiras, determinando o Percentual de Transmissão Solar em cada mês, durante um ano de avaliação. Por fim, foram realizadas simulações computacionais de eficiência energética em uma edificação genérica de escritórios, utilizando os dados originados no experimento e comparando o desempenho das cortinas verdes com outros sistemas de sombreamento convencionais. Os resultados do experimento demonstraram o comportamento dinâmico e particular de cada espécie no que diz respeito à capacidade de proporcionar sombra, dependendo da época do ano e de suas características formais. Já quanto aos dados obtidos com as simulações, a maioria dos resultados foi favorável ao uso das cortinas verdes no controle solar da edificação, resultando em economia de energia para refrigeração ou aquecimento artificial, dependendo da região climática e da espécie considerada. Assim, as principais conclusões desta pesquisa estão relacionadas ao potencial positivo do uso das cortinas verdes em arquitetura, atendendo ao duplo propósito da funcionalidade e da expressão formal. As espécies de trepadeiras apropriadas dependerão de cada região, embora, de uma forma geral, as decíduas serão mais favoráveis em climas com estação quente e fria, enquanto as perenes serão mais adequadas para uso em edificações de climas com predomínio de altas temperaturas o ano todo. / Green curtains are characterized by planting and development of climbing vegetation, by the use of supports, positioned in front of vertical surfaces of a building and away from these. Its most important functional aspect is associated to the ability to provide shade, acting as a solar control device in architecture. Different from conventional systems, the use of vegetation shows benefits in terms of performance, as it responds dynamically to changes in climate and seasons, besides it is a natural and low environmental impact element, which is coherent regards to the assumptions of a more sustainable architecture. Thus, the main goal of this thesis is the analysis of the applicability of green curtains as solar control element in architecture, with emphasis on their contribution to the energy efficiency of buildings in the context of Brazilian climate. For this, first of all it has been accomplished the theoretical basement and discussion on the subject, by enhancing its relevance and pertinence, observing the current context of scientific research in the area and presenting architectural projects executed using green curtains. After, an experimental analysis was conducted in order to generate mean parameters on the ability of shading of four different species of climbing plants, determining the Solar Transmission Percentage in each month during a year of observing. Finally, computer simulations of energy efficiency were executed in a generic office building, using data derived in the experiment and comparing the performance of green curtains with other conventional shading systems. The results of the experiment demonstrated the dynamic and particular behavior of each species in relation to the ability of providing shade, depending on the season of the year and its formal characteristics. Regards to the data obtained from simulations, most of results were favorable to the use of green curtain sinthe solar control of the building, which saves energy for artificial heating or cooling, depending on the climatic region and the species concerned. Thus, the main conclusions of this research are related to the positive potential of using green curtains in architecture, serving both purposes of functionality and formal expression. The fact of one or more species of climbing plants be appropriate depend on each region, although, in general, the deciduous plants are more favorable in climates with hot and cold seasons, while perennial plants are more appropriate for the use in buildings with a predominance of high temperatures throughout the year.

abstract: ABSTRACT Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a non-governmental organization of U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) which promotes a sustainable built environment with its rating systems. One of the building segments which it considers is healthcare, where it is a challenge to identify the most cost-effective variety of complex equipments, to meet the demand for 24/7 health care and diagnosis, and implement various energy efficient strategies in inpatient hospitals. According to their “End Use Monitoring” study, Hospital Energy Alliances (HEA), an initiative of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), reducing plug load reduces hospital energy consumption. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the extent to which realistic changes to the building envelope, together with HVAC and operation schedules would allow LEED credits to be earned in the DOE–hospital prototype. The scope of this research is to specifically investigate the inpatient block where patient stays longer. However, to obtain LEED credits the percentage cost saving should be considered along with the end use monitoring. Several steps have been taken to identify the optimal set of the end use results by adopting the Whole Building Energy Simulation option of the LEED Energy & Atmosphere (EA) pre– requisite 2: Minimum Energy Performance. The initial step includes evaluating certain LEED criteria consistent with ASHRAE Standard 90.1–2007 with the constraint that hospital prototype is to be upgraded from Standard 2004 to Standard 2007. The simulation method stipulates energy conservation measures as well as utility costing to enhance the LEED credits. A series of simulations with different values of Light Power Density, Sizing Factors, Chiller Coefficient of Performance, Boiler Efficiency, Plug Loads and utility cost were run for a variety of end uses with the extreme climatic condition of Phoenix. These assessments are then compared and used as a framework for a proposed interactive design decision approach. As a result, a total of 19.4% energy savings and 20% utility cost savings were achieved by the building simulation tool, which refer to 5 and 7 LEED credits respectively. The study develops a proper framework for future evaluations intended to achieve more LEED points. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Built Environment 2012

Dagens energianvändning minskar till följd av rådande miljöpolitik som kräver att industrier energieffektiviserar sina tillverkningsprocesser och minskar användningen av fossila bränslen. Målet med detta är att reducera den slutliga energianvändningen till 50 % och balansera eltillförseln i framtiden. Energieffektivisering och utveckling är två av de viktigaste aspekterna inom industriella processer som leder till hållbarhet och förändring av miljöpåverkan.  Utvecklingen inom eldfasta isoleringsmaterial gav stora möjligheter till stålindustrier att öka kvaliteten i materialtillverkningen samt minska värmeförluster i ugnsanläggningar. Detta leder framför allt till en ökad konkurrenskraft och minskad energikostnad. Besparingar inom energianvändningen skapar utrymme för nya investeringar som används till att förbättra stålindustrins effektivitet. Isoleringsmaterial används i dag i de flesta moderna industriella uppvärmningsugnar och problemen med dessa isoleringar är att de har begränsad livslängd vilket ställer kraven på noggrannare underhåll och högre investeringskostnader. Det finns i dagens läge inga särskilda metoder som kan kontrollera åldringen på isoleringen och endast begränsas till visuell inspektion vid avslagna ugnsanläggningar under planerade produktionstopp.   Vid inspektionerna av ugnens infodring upptäcks oftast större problem än vad som hade prognoserats. Detta orsakar många oplanerade reparationer med följd av förseningar i produktion som drabbar företagets ekonomi. Denna studie kommer att undersöka isoleringskvaliteten hos elektriska ugnar på ämneslinjen i Söderfors. Under detta arbete kommer riskzoner att lokaliseras där isoleringen drabbas mest under produktion och hur en sliten fiber påverkar ugnarnas verkningsgrader och energiförbrukning på företaget.                           Syftet med denna studie är att utarbeta metoder som grundar sig på ett prediktivt underhåll. Framtagning av produktionens effektivitet och ugnarnas verkningsgrader hjälper företaget att ha bättre kontroll över sina anläggningar. Detta skapar utrymme för nya investeringar vilket framför allt syftar till att balansera energianvändningen av uppvärmningsugnar men huvudsakligen svara på frågan hur snabbt degradering av keramisk fiber sker.   Resultatet som uppnås i detta arbete beskriver åldringen av fiber som inte sker konstant utan varierar på grund av ett antal förutsättningar, samt att rätt mängd kemisk sammansättning avgör isoleringskvaliteten. För att kunna följa åldringen tillämpas en ny mätmetod i praktiken som ger en noggrann status på isoleringensskick och kan prognosera kommande haverier. / Today's energy use is reduced as a result of current environmental policy, which requires industries to energy-efficient their manufacturing processes and reduce the use of fossil fuels. The goal of this is to reduce final energy consumption to 50% and balance future electricity supply. Energy efficiency and development are the most important aspects of industrial processes that lead to sustainability and change in environmental impact.   Developments in refractory insulation materials gave great opportunities for steel industries to increase the quality of material production and reduce heat losses in furnace plants. This leads in particular to increased competitiveness and reduced energy costs. Energy saving savings create room for new investments that are used to improve the steel industry's efficiency.   Insulation materials are currently used in most modern industrial heating furnaces and the problems with these insulations that they have a limited service life which imposes more accurate maintenance and higher investment costs. There are no specific methods today that can control the aging of the insulation and are limited only to visual inspection at decommissioned furnaces that can be carried out only on special occasions with planned production shutdowns.   The inspections of the oven's lining usually detect larger problems than had been forecast. This causes many unplanned repairs due to production delays that affect the company's economy. This study will investigate the insulation quality of electrical furnaces on the subject line in Söderfors. During this work, risk zones will be located where the insulation is most affected during production and how a worn wool affects the efficiency and energy consumption of the oven at the company.   The purpose of this study is to elaborate methods based on predictive maintenance, production efficiency, and efficiency of the ovens, helping the company to have better control over its facilities that provide room for new investment, which primarily aims to balance the energy use of heating ovens, but mainly to respond on the question of how fast ceramic wool degradation occurs.   The result achieved in this work describes the aging of wool that does not occur constantly but varies due to a number of conditions and that the right amount of chemical composition determines the insulation quality. In order to be able to follow the aging, a new measurement method is applied in practice that provides an accurate state of insulation condition and can predict future accidents.

The industrial sector accounts for almost 40 % of the Swedish energy use and in order to meet the EU’s 2020 targets, an efficient production of high quality and great finish goods are more and more in demand. Moreover, it is important to develop the activities with the lowest environmental impact possible.  The energy audit process is an effective tool to achieve it. Thus, in this document the energy audit of an industrial company, Automat Industrier in Gävle, Sweden, was carried out. The energy balance of the building and the potential energy efficiency measures were analyzed with the IDA ICE simulation. The proposed energy retrofitting was apropos of the building envelope, the lighting system, the ventilation system and the installation of a PV system on the roof of the building. The survey indicated that the potential energy savings of the company accounted for 62.5 % of the current electricity use and 48.8 % of the current DH use if all the proposed ameliorations were performed. The main promoter of the electricity savings is the installation of the PV system, with 85 % of influence. Almost 90 % of the DH savings are due to the measures in the ventilation system. Financially, these savings can reach the amounts of 531 597 SEK/year for electricity and 174 201 SEK/year for DH. Nevertheless, the ameliorations regarding the building envelope have very long payback periods. Thus, it was recommended to not pursue them. Fortunately, the energy efficiency measures providing the greatest savings’ payback periods are between 3.47 years and 10.22 years long. As they are independent from each other, the owner has the freedom to decide whether to apply them or not and when if so.

Currently, we can say that the environment is one of the most important topics, being that its incidence is increasingly valued by society.In that sense, in this article we study the figure of sustainable procurement. In this regard, the author believes that it would imply a due balance between wealth creation and social welfare. Therefore, the figure study goes beyond the change of words, but involves a change inperspective that should be analyzed in the light of the principles governing the law. / Actualmente, podemos afirmar que el medio ambiente es uno de los temas más importantes a tratar, siendo que su incidencia es cada vez más valorada por la sociedad. En ese sentido, en el presente artículo se aborda el concepto y función que cumpliría en nuestra sociedad la figura de la contratación sostenible. Al respecto, el autor considera que la misma implicaría un debido balance entre la generación de riqueza y el bienestar social. Por lo tanto, la figura estudiada va más allá de la variación de palabras, sino que implica un cambio en la perspectiva que debe ser analizada a la luz de los principios que rigen el derecho.

The growing consensus among scientists and governments on the need for immediate action to avoid the dangerous impacts of climate change has resulted in many industries starting to prepare for a carbon-constrained world, in order to analyse the effectiveness of industry response, this research has developed a theoretical framework to categorise corporate strategies on climate change in developing and industrialized countries. The framework classifies the corporate response into four sets of strategies based on their operational and management activities. The empirical data was collected from 180 companies trough a questionnaire survey in Pakistan and the UK. Twenty-four interviews with representatives from industries and other stakeholder groups were also conducted to triangulate and complement the survey results. An analysis of the empirical data indicates that corporate responses towards climate change can be characterized in four categories: indifferent, beginner, emerging and active which validates the theoretical framework. The research found that business responses to this international challenge depend on national policies, economic, social, and technological related factors. However, the strength and content of these factors varies between industrialized and developing countries, where corporate environmentalism is a relatively new phenomenon. For Pakistan, the findings suggest that, in the absence of regulatory and societal pressure, the only effective incentive for organizations is cost-savings tlirough energy efficiency projects. However, their response is shaped by the prevalence of obstacles and a lack of external pressure that prevent a different picture to emerge. The situation is different for the UK. Due to regulatory pressure, UK firms are actively involved in GHG management activities. However, climate policies concerning industries for instance, EU ETS, do not provide sufficient incentives to companies to change from 'business as usual' because of its short-term outlook, uncertainty, complexity and the generous allocation of allowances, hence very low carbon price.

Este trabalho propõe uma estratégia para projeto de circuitos VLSI operando em amplo ajuste de tensão e frequência (VFS), desde o regime em Near-threshold, onde uma tensão de VDD caracteriza-se por permitir o funcionamento do circuito com o mínimo dispêndio de energia por operação (MEP), até tensões nominais, dependendo da carga de trabalho exigida pela aplicação. Nesta dissertação é proposto o dimensionamento de transistores para três bibliotecas de células utilizando MOSFETs com tensões de limiar distintas: Regular-VT (RVT), High-VT (HVT) e Low-VT (LVT). Tais bibliotecas possuem cinco células combinacionais: INV, NAND, NOR, OAI21 e AOI22 em múltiplos strengths. A regra para dimensionamento dos transistores das células lógicas foi adaptada de trabalhos relacionados, e fundamenta-se na equalização dos tempos de subida e descida na saída de cada célula, objetivando à redução dos efeitos de variabilidade em baixas tensões de operação. Dois registradores também foram incluídos na biblioteca RVT e sua caracterização foi realizada considerando os parâmetros de processo CMOS 65 nm typical, fast e slow; nas temperaturas de operação de -40°C, 25°C e 125°C, e para tensões variando de 200 mV até 1,2V, para incluir a região de interesse, próxima ao MEP. Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando dez circuitos VLSI de teste: filtro digital notch, um núcleo compatível com o micro-controlador 8051, quatro circuitos combinacionais e quatro sequenciais do benchmark ISCAS. Em termos de economia de energia, operar no MEP resulta em uma redução média de 54,46% em relação ao regime de sub-limiar e até 99,01% quando comparado com a tensão nominal, para a temperatura de 25°C e processo típico. Em relação ao desempenho, operar em regime de VFS muito amplo propicia frequências máximas que variam de centenas de kHz até a faixa de centenas de MHz a GHz, para as temperaturas de -40°C e 25°C, e de MHz até GHz em 125°C. Os resultados desta dissertação, quando comparados a trabalhos relacionados, demonstraram, em média, redução de energia e ganho de desempenho de 24,1% e 152,68%, respectivamente, considerando os mesmos circuitos de teste, operando no ponto de mínima energia (MEP). / This work proposes a strategy for designing VLSI circuits to operate in a very-wide Voltage-Frequency Scaling (VFS) range , from the supply voltage at which the minimum energy per operation (MEP) is achieved, at the Near-Threshold regime, up to the nominal supply voltage for the processes, if so demanded by applications workload. This master thesis proposes the sizing of transistors for three library cells using MOSFETs with different threshold voltages: Regular-VT (RVT), High-VT (HVT), and Low-VT (LVT). These libraries have five combinational cells: INV, NAND, NOR, OAI21, and AOI22 with multiple strengths. The sizing rule for the transistors of the digital cells was an adapted version from related works and it is directly driven by requiring equal rise and fall times at the output for each cell in order to attenuate variability effects in the low supply voltage regime. Two registers were also included in the RVT library cell. This library cell was characterized for typical, fast, and slow processes conditions of a CMOS 65nm technology; for operation at -40ºC, 25ºC, and 125ºC temperatures, and for supply voltages varying from 200 mV up to 1.2V, to include the region of interest, for VDD near the MEP. Experiments were performed with ten VLSI circuit benchmarks: notch filter, 8051 compatible core, four combinational and four sequential ISCAS benchmark circuits. From the energy savings point of view, to operate in MEP results on average reduction of 54.46% and 99.01% when compared with the sub-threshold and nominal supply voltages, respectively. This analysis was performed for 25⁰C and typical process. When considered the performance, the very-wide VFS regime enables maximum operating frequencies varying from hundreds of kHz up to MHz/GHz at -40ºC and 25ºC, and from MHz up to GHz at 125ºC. This master thesis results, when compared with related works, showed on average an energy reduction and performance gain of 24.1% and 152.68%, respectively, for the same circuit benchmarks operating with VDD at the minimum energy point (MEP).

Pour répondre à une demande, toujours croissante, des services multimédias avancés et pour supporter la connectivité électronique partout sur la planète, le développement de systèmes multimédias à large bande ubiquitaires gagne un grand intérêt aux niveaux académique et industriel. Les réseaux satellitaires en général et les constellations de satellites Low Earth Orbit (LEO) plus particulièrement jouent un rôle essentiel dans le déploiement de ces systèmes. Les constellations de satellites LEO telles que "Iridium" ou "Iridium-NEXT" sont extrêmement coûteuses à déployer et à maintenir. Par conséquent, le prolongement de la durée de leur vie est d'une importance cruciale. Dans la partie principale de cette thèse, nous proposons différentes techniques pour prolonger la durée de vie des services satellitaire dans les constellations de satellites LEO. Dans de telles constellations, les satellites peuvent passer plus de 30% de leur temps sous l'ombre de la Terre, temps pendant lequel ils sont alimentés par des batteries. Bien que les batteries soient rechargées par l'énergie solaire, la profondeur de décharge qu'elles atteignent pendant l'éclipse affecte considérablement leur durée de vie et, par extension, la durée de vie des satellites eux-mêmes. Pour des batteries du même type que celles qui alimentent les satellites "Iridium" et "Iridium-NEXT", une augmentation de 15% de la profondeur de décharge peut pratiquement réduire leur durée de vie de moitié. En raison de la nature très uniforme et symétrique des constellations de satellites LEO, il peut y avoir de nombreux chemins alternatifs entre deux noeuds d'un réseau de satellites. La décision relative à l'envoi de données sur un de ces chemins a un effet important sur la durée de vie du réseau. Dans ce contexte, nous nous concentrons tout d'abord sur le routage et nous proposons deux nouvelles métriques de routage, "LASER" et "SLIM", qui tentent de trouver un équilibre entre la performance et la profondeur de décharge de la batterie dans les constellations de satellites LEO. Notre approche de base est de tirer parti du mouvement déterministe des satellites pour favoriser le routage du trafic sur les satellites exposés au soleil plutôt que sur les satellites éclipsés, diminuant ainsi la moyenne de la profondeur de décharge de la batterie, le tout sans pénaliser les performances. Avec l'utilisation d'une topologie LEO réelle et des requêtes de trafic, nous montrons que LASER et SLIM peuvent augmenter la durée de vie de la batterie de près de 75 % et 100 %, respectivement. Ensuite, nous nous occupons de la consolidation des ressources, un nouveau paradigme pour la réduction de la consommation d'énergie. Il consiste à avoir un sous-ensemble, soigneusement sélectionné, de liens réseau à mettre en veille, et à utiliser le reste des liens pour transporter la quantité requise du trafic. Cela est possible sans causer des perturbations majeures aux activités du réseau, étant donné que les réseaux de communication sont conçus pour des périodes de pic de trafic, avec de la redondance, et des ressources surestimées. Comme solutions à ces problèmes, nous proposons deux méthodes différentes pour effectuer la consolidation des ressources dans les réseaux LEO. Premièrement, nous proposons une métrique sensible au trafic pour quantifier la qualité d'une topologie frugal, nommée "MLU". Le problème étant NP-difficile soumis à un seuil "MLU" donné, nous présentons deux heuristiques, "BASIC" et "SNAP", qui représentent différents compromis en termes de performances et de simplicité. Deuxièmement, nous proposons une nouvelle métrique légère n'utilisant pas de trafic pour quantifier la qualité d'une topologie frugal, nommée "ADI". Après avoir montré que le problème de minimisation de la consommation d'énergie d'un réseau LEO soumis à un seuil donné d'ADI est NP-difficile, nous proposons une heuristique nommé "AvOId" à résoudre. / To meet an ever-growing demand for advanced multimedia services and to support electronic connectivity anywhere on the planet, development of ubiquitous broadband multimedia systems is gaining a huge interest at both academic and industry levels. Satellite networks in general and LEO satellite constellations in particular will play an essential role in the deployment of such systems. Therefore, as LEO satellite constellations like Iridium or IridiumNEXT are extremely expensive to deploy and maintain, extending their service lifetimes is of crucial importance. In the main part of this thesis, we propose different techniques for extending satellite service life in LEO satellite constellations. Satellites in such constellations can spend over 30% of their time under the earth’s umbra, time during which they are powered by batteries. While the batteries are recharged by solar energy, the Depth of Discharge (DoD) they reach during eclipse significantly affects their lifetime – and by extension, the service life of the satellites themselves. For batteries of the type that power Iridium and Iridium-NEXT satellites, a 15% increase to the DoD can practically cut their service lives in half. We first focus on routing and propose two new routing metrics – LASER and SLIM – that try to strike a balance between performance and battery DoD in LEO satellite constellations. Our basic approach is to leverage the deterministic movement of satellites for favoring routing traffic over satellites exposed to the sun as opposed to the eclipsed satellites, thereby decreasing the average battery DoD– all without taking a significant penalty in performance. Then, we deal with resource consolidation – a new paradigm for the reduction of the power consumption. It consists in having a carefully selected subset of network links entering a sleep state, and use the rest to transport the required amount of traffic. This possible without causing major disruptions to network activities. Since communication networks are designed over the peak traffic periods, and with redundancy and over-provisioned in mind. As a remedy to these issues, we propose two different methods to perform resource consolidation in LEO networks. First, we propose trafficaware metric for quantifiying the quality of a frugal topology, the Maximum Link Utilization (MLU). With the problem being NP-hard subject to a given MLU threshold, we introduce two heuristics, BASIC and SNAP, which represent different tradeoffs in terms of performance and simplicity. Second, we propose a new lightweight traffic-agnostic metric for quantifiying the quality of a frugal topology, the Adequacy Index (ADI). After showing that the problem of minimizing the power consumption of a LEO network subject to a given ADI threshold is NP-hard, we propose a heuristc named AvOId to solve it. We evaluate both forms of resource consolidation using realistic LEO topologies and traffic requests. The results show that the simple schemes we develop are almost double the satellite batteries lifetime. Following the green networking in LEO systems, the second part of this thesis focuses on extending the resource consolidation schemes to current wired networks. Indeed, the energy consumption of wired networks has been traditionally overlooked. Several studies exhibit that the traffic load of the routers only has a small influence on their energy consumption. Hence, the power consumption in networks is strongly related to the number of active network elements. In this context, we extend the traffic-agnostic metric, ADI, to the wired networks. We model the problem subject to ADI threshold as NP-hard. Then, we propose two polynomial time heuristics – ABStAIn and CuTBAck. Although ABStAIn and CuTBAck are traffic unaware, we assess their behavior under real traffic loads from 3 networks, demonstrating that their performance are comparable to the more complex traffic-aware solutions proposed in the literature.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma metodologia para o dimensionamento da potência tracionária em função do percurso percorrido por veículos elétricos, assim como realizar o projeto básico de uma máquina elétrica para suprir a carga tracionária exigida. Os cálculos foram realizados através de um algoritmo onde o usuário insere as variáveis mecânicas do veículo e recebe a potência e conjugado necessários, e o projeto elementar da máquina que deverá equipar o veículo. Realizou-se um estudo de caso a partir de uma scooter elétrica para validar os resultados, foi projetada uma máquina brushless dc com fluxo radial e rotor externo. Os resultados experimentais atenderam as espectativas de conjugado de 46 Nm, o máximo conjugado estático atingiu 48 Nm e a rotação a vazio obteve valor de 613 rpm à tensão nominal. Os ensaios de frenagem regenerativa com supercapacitores apresentaram resultados promissores com 50% da energia mecânica recebida durante a frenagem entregue na partida do veículo. / The present study aims to propose a methodology for the design of power traction depending on the distance traveled by electrical vehicles, and perform the basic design of an electrical machine to supply the traction load required. The calculations will be performed through an algorithm where the user enters the mechanical variables of the vehicle and receives the power and torque required and the basic machine design that should equip the vehicle. A case study was conducted for an electric scooter considering the designed dc brushless machine with radial flow and external rotor in order to validate the results. The experimental results met the target of 46 Nm of torque, the maximum static torque 48 Nm was reached, and the no-load rotation obtained was 613 rpm at nominal voltage. Regenerative braking tests with super capacitors showed a promising result: 50% of the received mechanical energy during braking was delivered to the vehicle starting.