The South African Refugees Act1 makes a distinction between an asylum seeker and a refugee. The Act defines an asylum seeker as “a person who is seeking recognition as a refugee in the Republic”. A refugee on the other hand, is a person “who has been granted asylum” in the Republic.2 The legal position in South Africa is that before a person is recognized as a refugee, he or she is protected by the Bill of Rights to a certain extent. In the case of Lawyers for Human Rights v Minister of Home Affairs the Constitutional court confirmed that the protection afforded by the Bill of Rights applies to everyone, including illegal foreigners and asylum seekers.3 This means that asylum seekers and refugees are entitled to most of the rights in the Constitution except those specifically reserved for citizens. Practically though, a refugee enjoys more rights than an asylum seeker. It is therefore in the interest of asylum seekers to have their status as refugees determined. The process of applying for refugee status can be a challenge for those seeking refuge in the Republic of South Africa. For applicants coming from non-English speaking countries, language barrier can also present its own challenges. In terms of the Refugees Act, the first application is to the Refugee Reception Officer at the refugee reception office. The application must be made in person.4 When an asylum seeker is deemed fit to qualify for asylum, he or she will be issued with a permit in terms of section 22 of the Refugees Act. The permit allows the asylum seeker to temporarily reside in South Africa until the finalisation of the asylum claim. This permit does not mean that the asylum seeker is already recognised as a refugee. The permit is an indication that the asylum seeker’s application as a refugee is not yet finalised. The application is considered finalised when it has gone through the hearing before the Status Determination Officer and any review or appeal following from that decision. It is the Refugee Status Determination Officer who will grant asylum or reject the application.5 For people applying for refugee status, the determination by the Status Determination Officer may in itself mark the beginning of the process to be repatriated back to the country they were running away from in the first place. An aggrieved applicant can also apply to have the adverse decision reviewed or even lodge an appeal in accordance with the provisions of the Refugees Act.6 For as long as the application is still pending, the government cannot deport any asylum seeker. An asylum seeker who enters the Republic of South Africa, either through a port of entry or illegally faces many challenges before he or she could reach a refugee reception office. Those who come in through a port of entry face being turned away by Immigration Officers due to lack of documentation. Often, asylum seekers find it hard to reach the refugee reception offices as there is no co-operation between the Immigration Officers, the South African Police Service and the functionaries in the refugee reception offices. To make things worse, the Immigration Amendment Act has reduced the days from fourteen to five, for asylum seekers without valid documentations to reach any refugee reception office. Since refugee reception offices are located only in five cities in the country, these have conditioned asylum seekers and refugees to stay and make their living in those cities as they are required to make frequent renewal of their permit. The closure of some of the refugee reception offices like the Johannesburg refugee reception office has caused a major concern to asylum seekers and refugees. This persistent closure of refugee reception offices may be seen as a further persecution in the eyes of asylum seekers and refugees. The inability of the different functionaries to differentiate between asylum seekers and economic migrants adds to the problem concerning the process of refugee status determination. Instead of seeking to identify people in need of protection from persecution or events seriously disturbing public order, the process is used as an immigration control and this causes more people to be turned away or returned to countries where their lives may be at risk. The communication between the asylum seeker and all the functionaries of the Department of Home Affairs is very important. The lack of professional interpretation functionaries to help asylum seekers who need interpretation contributes to the problems asylum seekers face. Often, asylum seekers have to provide their own interpreters if the Department is unable to do so. The purpose of the study is to investigate the status determination process from a South African perspective and to make recommendations which will try to resolve the problem(s) identified. / Public, Constitutional, & International / LLM

The focus of this study is an investigation of the language policy and language policy implementation in the Department of Correctional Services of South Africa. Language usage is a right of all the citizens of South Africa as enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) which is the supreme law of the country. It is imperative that language policy makers in the Department of Correctional Services should adhere to the provisions of the constitution. It also aims at establishing whether the Department of Correctional Services’ policy is aligned to the national language policy framework as well as provincial language policy framework that provide for the use of the eleven (11) official languages in general and in particular. In this research study, background information serves to give an overview of how language policy of South Africa since 1994 has been perceived by various scholars and the historical overview of the language policies during the apartheid era. The African languages were given a low status as the language diversity of South Africa was not acknowledged by the government of that day. The evaluation of the contents of language policies that were used previously and currently in the Department of Correctional Services shed light to the issues of language attitude, language choice and language use in this department. During the apartheid era there were working languages set for prisoners as well as staff regarding communication either verbally or in writing in the Department of Correctional Services. The official languages were English and Afrikaans of which the latter was dominant. The question of whose language, for what purpose and how was it received was also investigated. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This study explored the perceptions of beneficiaries of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) with regard to the role that RDP houses play socially, psychologically, and physically in the lives of occupants after moving from an informal settlement into RDP houses. Given that the said housing programme targets disadvantaged people, it was important to understand their own perceptions of these houses. The study also explored the perceptions of government officials in regard to their experiences relating to RDP houses. A case study approach was adopted and Bronfenbrenner‟s ecological theory of human development was used as the theoretical framework to guide this study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with two groups of participants. First, Group A comprised three RDP participants who lived in an informal settlement before relocation to their RDP houses. Second, Group B comprised three participants from the national, provincial and local offices of the governmental human settlements departments respectively. Data were analysed and four main themes as well as the subthemes emerged from the analysis. The four main themes are the bolstered sense of psychological well-being; access to basic services, amenities, and benefits of an improved infrastructure; pride of ownership; and ownership as a form of personal economic development or empowerment. Findings suggested that the participants reflected expressions of joy, a sense of permanence, a feeling of being home, hope for the future, and an absence of worry. These meanings and interpretation of home ownership reflect how the participants identify with their RDP houses and how pleased they are to own a house. Basic services enhance their overall quality of life in relation to their psychological, physical and social well-being. Interestingly, access to socio-economic services and amenities such as connected water and electricity inside The Experience of Moving from an Informal Settlement to a Secure Stable Home 4 the houses, the availability of schools and clinics, transport services, and a habitable environment, were found to play an important role in the lives of the participants. However, factors which hamper the success of RDP housing and compound the hopelessness of living in an informal settlement as well as the problems that RDP home owners encounter, which restrain their pride of ownership are: ambivalence over restrictions or limitations imposed by building regulations, the size of the houses, the poor quality construction, and envy at improvements made to subsequent RDP houses. In conclusion, the findings add to a greater theoretical understanding of the factors contributing to human development and the factors that impede the effectiveness of the housing programme. These factors draw attention to a number of important issues regarding RDP housing, which may assist housing practitioners, and in particular, policy developers, in developing policy that may be more useful in meeting the needs of the people. This could enhance the existing housing programme as well as alert the housing practitioners to existing shortcomings and offer them the opportunity to become acquainted therewith. These factors that impede RDP ownership suggest a need for the government and other relevant stakeholders to engage in the issues that prevent the successful implementation of the housing programme thereby maximising the effectiveness of the housing programme, primarily in order to strive to improve the lives of previously disadvantaged people. / Social Work / MA SS (Psychology)

D. Litt et Phil. (Literature and Philosophy) / Eye health promotion is an important aspect of VISION 2020 campaign that aims to eliminate unwarranted cases of avoidable blindness worldwide by the year 2020. Most developing countries, including South Africa, have a serious burden of eye diseases and unwarranted causes of visual impairment and blindness. The purpose of this research therefore was to highlight the lack of an integrated eye health promotion policy in the South African primary health care system which can play a major role in the elimination of this burden of disease and also to make proposals for eye health promotion policy development in South Africa. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods was used in this study. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted with all national and provincial health managers of portfolios relevant to eye care. Also, various health policy documents were requested from the National and Provincial Department of Health to ascertain claims of any existing guidelines on eye care. The policy documents and guidelines obtained had no specific reference to eye health promotion. Only 11 (23%) of the managers of provincial health directorates reported that they have integrated vision screening in their health promotion programmes as part of eye health promotion strategies. Eye care managers in the provinces reported that school visits accounted for 75% of eye health promotion programmes target areas. Also, apart from the Northern Cape Province which has no eye care manager and consequently no eye health promotion programmes, the Western Cape Province also does not have eye health promotion programmes and relies mostly on private sector for eye care services. The lack of an integrated eye health promotion policy and most probably the lack of a dedicated directorate that deals with eye health promotion issues may be a contributing factor to the overwhelming lack of integrated eye health promotion activities in South Africa. It is therefore recommended that an integrated eye health promotion model be developed and be part of the South African primary health care system. / Health Studies

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa's history led to an unequal distribution in land ownership, which is not conducive to democratic consolidation. Land refortn is the means to address this problem. However, land reform, part of the larger process of transformation, is a potentially dangerous process: it can have negative implications on the rule of law. The objective of this study is to provide an analysis of the dynamic relationship between land reform, the rule of law and transformation in South Africa, within the debate on democratic consolidation. One can distinguish two paradigms regarding democracy: the liberal paradigm and the liberationist paradigm. These two paradigms have divergent views on the way land reform and transformation should be implemented, and what the goal of these two processes is. The liberal paradigm would seem to be more favourable for democratic consolidation, while the liberationist paradigm is a breeding ground for populist transformation. Furthermore, the negotiated constitutional settlement has left land reform with an ambiguity. On the one hand the constitution forces the govemment to address land reform, but on the other hand it firmly entrenches the private property rights by enforcing the 'willing buyer, willing seller' principle, which makes the process more costly and time consuming. The main hypothesis of this study is: Demographic indicators (race, party affiliation and provincial setting) influence support or rejection of the land reform policies of the South African govemment. Tbe dependent variable is 'support or rejection of the government's land reform policies'. Support for the govemment's land reform policies is indicative of the liberal paradigm and rejection of the govemment's policies is indicative of the liberationist paradigm. It is found that the majority of South Africans reject the govemment's land reform policies. However, strong divisions are evident. Respondents differ along racial, party affiliation and provincial lines. Thus, the liberationist paradigm dominates, but the liberal paradigm has a strong presence, creating an ideologically divided society. This means that the legitimacy of South Africa's land reform project, as well as the legitimacy of the constitution, is under stress. This does not bode well for democratic consolidation, as the rule of law is under severe threat. Thus, one can conclude that land reform is not going to make a positive contribution to the consolidation of South Africa's democracy, if a substantial financial injection is not found to increase the efficiency of the process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika se geskiedenis het aanleiding gegee tot 'n ongelyke verspreiding van grondeienaarskap. Dit is nie gunstig vir demokratiese konsolidasie nie. Grondhervorming IS die mamer waarmee die probleem aangespreek kan word. Grondhervorming, deel van die groter proses van transformasie, is egter 'n potensieel gevaarlike proses: dit kan negatiewe implikasies vir regsoewereiniteit hê. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om 'n analise van die dinamiese wisselwerking tussen grondhervorming, regsoewereiniteit en transformasie te verskaf, binne die debat oor demokratiese konsolidasie. Daar kan aangaande demokrasie tussen twee paradigmas onderskei word: die liberale paradigma en die bevrydings (liberationist) paradigma. Hierdie twee paradigmas het teenstrydige perspektiewe oor die manier waarop grondhervorming, sowel as transformasie, geïmplementeer behoort te word, sowel as wat die doel van hierdie twee prosesse is. Die liberale paradigma is meer geskik vir demokratiese konsolidasie, terwyl die bevrydings paradigma 'n teelaarde vir populistiese transformasie is. Verder het die onderhandelde grondwetlike skikking grondhervorming in 'n teenstrydigheid geplaas. Aan die een kant vereis die grondwet dat die regering grondhervorming moet aanspreek, maar aan die anderkant bied dit 'n ferm onderskraging van private eiedomsreg deur op die 'gewillige koper, gewillige verkoper' beginsel aan te dring. Dit maak die grondhervormings proses langer en duurder. Die hoof hipotese van die studie is: Demografiese indikatore (ras, partyaffiliasie en provinsie) beïnvloed ondersteuning of verwerpmg van die regering se grondhervormingsbeleid. Die afhanklike veranderlike IS 'ondersteuning of verwerping van die regering se grondhervormingsbeleid '. Ondersteuning van die regering se grondhervormingsbeleid dui op die liberale paradigma, en die verwerping daarvan dui op die bevrydings paradigma. Daar word bevind dat die meerderheid Suid-Afrikaners die regenng se Respondente verskil volgens ras, partyaffiliasie en provinsie. Dus, die bevrydings paradigma domineer, maar die liberale paradigma het ook 'n sterk teenwoordigheid. Dit sorg vir 'n ideologies verdeelde samelewing. Dit beteken dat die legitimiteit van Suid-Afrika se grondhervormings projek, sowel as die legitimiteit van die grondwet, in gedrang is. Dit is nie 'n goeie teken vir demokratiese konsolidasie nie, aangesien dit regsoewereiniteit in die gedrang bring. Daarom kan daar tot die gevolg gekom word dat grondhervorming nie 'n positiewe bydrae ten opsigte van die konsolidasie van Suid-Afrikaanse demokrasie sal maak nie, tensy daar 'n beduidende finansiële inspuiting gevind kan word.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focused on the social protection of vulnerable children in Zambia. The aim was to find out how social protection had evolved and how it was conceptualised – its functions and types, policies and programmes, the benefits and services, and the risks and vulnerabilities that it addresses. A descriptive study design was used with qualitative methods of collecting and analysing data. The sample of 24 participants from government and nongovernmental organisations involved in social protection delivery as well as carers of children was drawn from the Central, Lusaka and Southern provinces of Zambia respectively. A semi-structured interview schedule was used, and all the recorded interviews were transcribed by the researcher and sent back to the participants for proofreading or corrections, where necessary, before analysis. The basic needs, the empowerment, the risk management, the rights-based, and the capability approaches have been used to further the conceptualization, design features and implementation modalities of social protection. Additionally, given that a theoretical basis for social protection is still lacking, the study drew on representational, explanatory, normative, human capital, social construction, social contractual, and structural social work theories in order to complement, extend and verify the findings. Ethical clearance (number Desc_Moonga2012) was obtained from Stellenbosch University’s Research Ethics Committee. The ethical clearance certificate was used to apply for and obtain permission from the Zambian Ministry of Community Development Mother and Child Health and nongovernmental organisations involved in the study. Empirically, the study found that social protection was an old activity under a new name and was being scaled up rapidly but biased towards cash transfers. By and large, social protection in Zambia is provided as unconditional transfers, mainly as social assistance. No existing legislative or policy framework specifically focused on social protection was found, although the latter had been drafted at the time of the study. The Zambian government and a number of partners such as CARE, Child Fund, World Vision and the World Food Programme, to mention only a few, were found to be involved, but their efforts were fragmented and interventions for children were limited, fragmented and less responsive to the current risks and vulnerabilities of children. The study also established that if 2–3% of the country’s gross domestic product as recommended by the International Labour Organization were used, Zambia could afford to provide extensive social protection coverage (beyond its current offering) by using local resources. However, this would require putting in place appropriate and sustainable resource mobilisation measures and decentralization of the processes and interventions. Based on these and other concluding findings, it is recommended that in order for social protection for vulnerable children in Zambia to be effective, among other requirements, political will is needed in the provision of social protection for vulnerable groups, especially children, through legislative and policy frameworks. Additionally, there is a need for sustainable resource mobilisation, especially through progressive taxation such as taxation of undeserved income and taxation of big businesses, especially mining companies. However, due to limitations in qualitative methods and descriptive designs and the small sample of the data used, the conclusions and recommendations of the study are but conjectural. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het op die maatskaplike beskerming van kwesbare kinders in Zambië gekonsentreer. Die doel was om te bepaal hoe maatskaplike beskerming ontwikkel het en gekonseptualiseer is – die soorte en funksies van maatskaplike beskerming, die beleide en programme daaroor, die voordele en dienste wat daarmee verband hou, en die gepaardgaande risiko’s en kwesbaarhede. ʼn Beskrywende navorsingsontwerp met kwalitatiewe metodes vir data-insameling en -ontleding is gebruik. Die steekproef van 24 deelnemers uit die staatsektor en nieregeringsorganisasies wat met die lewering van maatskaplike beskerming gemoeid is, sowel as kinderversorgers, het uit die Lusaka-, sentrale en suidelike provinsies van Zambië gekom. ’n Semigestruktureerde onderhoudskedule is gebruik. Die navorser het alle opnames van onderhoude getranskribeer en dit voor ontleding aan die deelnemers gestuur om te proeflees en enige nodige regstellings te maak. Die basiese behoefte-, bemagtiging-, risikobestuur-, regsgebaseerde en vermoëns benaderings is gebruik om die konseptualisering, ontwerp kenmerke en implementering van modaliteite van maatskaplike beskerming te bevorder. Benewens die gebrek aan ’n teoretiese grondslag vir maatskaplike beskerming, het die studie op die verteenwoordigende- verklarende-, normatiewe-, menslikekapitaal-, maatskaplikekonstruksie-, maatskaplikekontrak- en strukturele maatskaplikewerk-teorieë staatgemaak om die bevindinge aan te vul, uit te brei en na te gaan. Etiekgoedkeuring (nommer Desc_Moonga2012) is van die Universiteit Stellenbosch se Navorsingsetiekkomitee verkry. Die etiekgoedkeuringsertifikaat is op sy beurt gebruik om toestemming te vra en te verkry van die Zambiese Ministerie van Gemeenskapsontwikkeling en Moeder- en Kindergesondheid en nieregerings-organisasies wat by die studie betrokke was. Die empiriese bevinding van die studie is dat maatskaplike beskerming ’n ou aktiwiteit met ’n nuwe naam is, en dat dit vinnig uitgebrei word, dog na kontant-oorplasings oorhel. Maatskaplike beskerming in Zambië geskied merendeels as onvoorwaardelike oorplasings, hoofsaaklik in die vorm van maatskaplike bystand. Geen bestaande regs- of beleidsraamwerk wat bepaald oor maatskaplike beskerming handel, kon opgespoor word nie, hoewel werk aan ’n beleidsraamwerk ten tyde van die studie aan die gang was. Die Zambiese regering en ’n aantal vennote, waaronder CARE, Child Fund, World Vision en die Wêreldvoedselprogram, om net enkeles te noem, is betrokke by maatskaplike beskerming dienslewering, maar hul pogings is gefragmenteer. Veral intervensies vir kinders is beperk, gefragmenteer en nie juis ingestel op die kinders se huidige risiko’s en kwesbaarhede nie. Daarbenewens het die studie vasgestel dat indien 2–3% van die land se bruto binnelandse produk gebruik word, soos wat die Internasionale Arbeidsorganisasie aanbeveel, Zambië kan bekostig om met behulp van plaaslike hulpbronne omvattende maatskaplike beskerming (wat verder strek as sy huidige aanbod) te bied. Dít sou egter vereis dat toepaslike en volhoubare maatreëls en desentralisering van prosesse en intervensies ingestel word om hulpbronne te mobiliseer. Op grond van hierdie en ander bevindinge is die gevolgtrekking dat maatskaplike beskerming vir kwesbare groepe in Zambië slegs doeltreffend sal wees indien die nodige politieke wil bestaan om deur regs- en beleidsraamwerke maatskaplike beskerming aan hierdie groepe, veral kinders, te voorsien. Daar bestaan ook ’n behoefte aan volhoubare hulpbronmobilisering, veral deur progressiewe belasting soos belasting op onverdiende inkomste en belasting op groot ondernemings, bepaald mynmaatskappye. Weens die beperkinge van kwalitatiewe metodes en deskriptiewe ontwerpe, sowel as die klein datasteekproef wat gebruik is, is die gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings van die studie egter bloot verondersteld.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The implementation of national policies is a key function of government through its various departments. This is very crucial in the health sector where lives of individuals are involved. The implementation of the national HIV/AIDS policy is very important in dealing with the epidemic. This study combined both quantitative and qualitative methods to analyse the implementation of the South African government’s national HIV/AIDS policy in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province. The quantitative phase involved the stratified sampling process, resulting in identifying 2 health workers from each of the 25 health units in the district comprising of 22 community clinics, the infection control unit, the counselling unit at the hospital and 2 from among the doctors. A total of fifty respondents were selected from a workforce of about 500. The staff profile indicates that 76 % of the health workers interviewed were below 40 years of age and 28% of them were chief professional nurses. Of the health workers, 78 % had been in the current position for between 1 and 5 years, 6 % for 6 to 10 years, 6 % for 16 or more years and 10 % for less than one year. All of them had a diploma as a minimum qualification, 8 % had 2 diplomas, 2 % had 3 or more diplomas, 2% had degrees and 2 % had a degree plus diplomas. In terms of HIV/AIDS policy implementation, 100% of all the facilities provided HIV prevention information to clients, 60% of these facilities worked with other organisations in HIV prevention, but only 4% had voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services. In these health units only 28% had had staff trained regarding HIV/AIDS issues. In addition 96 % of the health units had the male condom stocked at any one time and only 12 % stocked the female condom. In terms of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) control, all clinics were using the syndromic approach in management of STDs and also claimed to have youth-friendly services. On the other hand only 80 % of the facilities had had staff trained in STD management using the syndromic approach. In the area of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, (PMTCT) none of the clinics had VCT services for pregnant women and only 8% of them had PMTCT counsellors. Because of the lack of VCT services only 4% of the clinics had known HIV positive mothers attending the antenatal care services. On the issue of post-exposure prophylaxis (P.E.P.) all clinics had protocols for this and 88% of them had antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) stocked for post-exposure treatment for health workers. However, only 8% of these clinics had a betadine douche as the only post-exposure intervention for raped women. In the area of treatment care and support for patients none of these clinics offered ARVs, 24 % had protocols for prevention and management of opportunistic infections, 4% were involved in any form of home-based care, 4% had HIV/AIDS dedicated services and 24% collaborated with community non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in HIV/AIDS care. The qualitative phase of the study highlighted what health workers perceived as prominent features of the national HIV/AIDS policy and these included prevention of HIV by use of condoms, faithfulness and pre-test counselling. The respondents also interpreted the social response by government to include provision of home-based care, care of orphans, food provision and safe guarding rights of victims. Other issues that were perceived to be part of the national HIV/AIDS policy were STD management, health education, provision of training to health workers in HIV/AIDS issues, provision of home-based care and occupational health and safety for health workers. The government was also perceived to have a negative attitude towards AIDS NGOs, not providing adequate numbers of the female condom and denying patients antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). The recommendations made on the basis of the study therefore include strengthening the training of health workers in HIV/AIDS care and management, improved provision of VCT services, wider distribution of the female condom, provision of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services and the linking of research and care to provide evidence-based practice. Other recommendations are that there should be support programmes for health workers with HIV, addressing gender issues in implementation and provision of ARVs especially where it is already known that they help. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die implementering van nasionale beleid is ‘n sleutelfunksie van die regering, verrig deur sy onderskeie departemente. Dit is veral deurslaggewend in die gesondheidsektor waar die lewens van individue op die spel is en die implementering van die nasionale MIV/VIGS- beleid is baie belangrik in die hantering van die epidemie. In hierdie studie is beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe metodes gekombineer om implementering van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se nasionale MIV/VIGS -beleid in die Vhembe-distrik van die Limpopo-provinsie te analiseer. Die kwantitatiewe fase het ‘n gestratifiseerde steekproefproses behels, wat gelei het tot die identifisering van 2 gesondheidswerkers uit elk van die 25 gesondheidseenhede in die distrik, bestaande uit 22 gemeenskapsklinieke, die infeksie-beheereenheid, die beradingseenheid by die hospitaal en die geledere van die dokters. So is ‘n totaal van 50 respondente geselekteer uit ‘n arbeidmag van ongeveer 500. Die personeelprofiel dui aan dat 76% van die gesondheidswerkers wat ondervra is jonger as 40 jaar was en dat 28% van hulle hoof professionele verpleegsters was. Van die gesondheidswerkers was 78% vir 1 tot 5 jaar in hul bestaande posisie , 6% vir 6 tot 10 jaar, 6% vir 16 of meer jare en 10% vir minder as 1 jaar. Almal van hulle het ‘n diploma as ‘n minimum kwalifikasie gehad, 8% het 2 diplomas, 2% het 3 of meer diplomas, 2% het grade en 2% het ‘n graad plus diplomas gehad. In terme van die MIV/VIGS beleidsimplementering het 100% van die fasiliteite MIV- voorkomingsinligting aan kliënte verskaf, 60% van hierdie fasiliteite in samewerking met ander organisasies , terwyl slegs 4% vrywillige berading en toetsdienste verskaf het. Slegs 28% van die gesondheidseenhede het oor personeel beskik met opleiding in MIV/VIGSkwessies. Verder het 96% van die gesondheidseenhede die manlike kondoom in voorraad gehad teenoor slegs 12% eenhede die vroulike kondoom. In terme van die seksueel-oordraagbare siektebeheer, het al die klinieke die sindroom-benadering in die bestuur van seksueel- oordraagbare siektes toegepas en het beweer dat hulle dienste jeugvriendelik is. Daarteenoor het slegs 80% van die fasiliteite beskik oor personeel wat opgelei was in seksueel- oordraagbare siektebestuur met toepassing van die sindroombenadering. Op die terrein van voorkoming van moeder- na- kind- oordraging van HIV het geen van die klinieke oor vrywillige berading en toetsdienste vir swanger vroue beskik nie en slegs 8% van hulle het wel moeder-na-kind– oordragingsberaders gehad. As gevolg van die gebrek aan vrywillige berading en toetsdienste het slegs 4% van die klinieke kennis gedra van HIV- positiewe moeders wat voorgeboortelike sorgdienste bygewoon het. Wat na-blootstellingsvoorbehoeding aanbetref, het alle klinieke protokolle gehad en 88% het antiretrovirale medisyne in voorraad gehad vir nablootstellingsbehandeling van gesondheidswerkers. Slegs 8% van hierdie klinieke het egter ‘n betadine-spoeling(“douche”) as die enigste nablootstelling intervensie vir verkragte vroue gehad. Op die gebied van die behandeling van en ondersteuning aan pasiënte het geen van hierdie klinieke die antiretrovirale medisyne aangebied nie, 24% het protokolle vir die voorkoming en bestuur van geleentheidsinfeksies gehad, 4% was betrokke in enige vorm van tuisgebaseerde sorg, 4% het oor MIV/VIGS -gerigte dienste beskik en 24% het met gemeenskapsvrywilligerorganisasies saamgewerk in die voorsiening van MIV/VIGS-sorg. Die kwalitatiewe fase van die studie fokus op wat gesondheidswerkers beskou as prominente kenmerke van die nasionale MIV/VIGS- beleid en wat insluit die voorkoming van HIV deur die gebruik van kondome, getrouheid en voortoets- berading. Die respondente vertolk die regering se sosiale reaksie as insluitend die verskaffing van tuisgebaseerde sorg, die versorging van weeskinders, voedselvoorsiening en die beveiliging van slagoffers se regte. Ander kwessies wat ook gesien word as deel van die nasionale MIV/VIGS beleid is seksueel- oordraagbare siektebeheer, gesondheidopvoeding, die verskaffing van opleiding aan gesondheidswerkers in MIV/VIGS-probleme, die voorsiening van tuisgebaseerde sorg en beroepsgesondheid en veiligheid vir gesondheids werkers. Die regering se houding teenoor VIGS vrywilligerorganisasies is ook as negatief vertolk deur onvoldoende hoeveelhede van die vroulike kondoom te verskaf en antiretrovirale medisyne te weerhou van pasiënte. Die aanbevelings wat op grond van die studie gemaak is, sluit in die verbeterde opleiding van gesonheidswerkers in MIV/VIGS-sorg en -bestuur, verbeterde verskaffing van vrywillige berading en toetsdienste, wyer verspreiding van die vroulike kondoom, verskaffing van MIV-dienste vir die voorkoming van moeder-na-kind-oordraging en die konnektering van navorsing en sorg om ‘n inligtingsbaseerde praktyk te skep. Ander aanbevelings is dat daar ondersteuningsprogramme vir gesondheidswerkers met MIV behoort te wees wat geslagskwessies aanspreek in die implementering en verskaffing van antiretrovirale medisyne waar dit reeds bekend is dat dit wel help.

Thesis (MAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study is devoted to the determination of an appropriate financial management and budgeting system to support a transforming South Africa. Given the challenges and opportunities presented by the new political dispensation, both locally and abroad, the evolution of financial management and budgeting systems is analysed. Specifically, elements of each budgetary system that stood the test of time to the present, are studied. International case studies of countries that have undergone (or are undergoing) the transformation process successfully, or otherwise, are fully discussed to serve as invaluable lessons and experience for South Africa on its quest for a smooth and swift transformation, to prevent it from ending up as just another unsuccessful transformation. This then serves as a broad foundation for an appropriate financial management and budgeting system which is proactive in the transformation process. South Africa will not reinvent the wheel. Unlike other countries that waited for transformation problems to fall upon them, the South African financial management and budgeting system manipulates the financial management policies. It achieves this by broadly defining the objectives to be achieved through prioritisation and reprioritisation, formulate clear strategies for shortterm, medium-term and long-term plans, goals, processes, functions and activities. It applies all the positive elements of input-orientated systems, activity/ performance measuring systems, objective/goal-orientated system, medium term expenditure framework and multi-year budgets studied and drawn from lessons and experience of other countries. South Africa's appropriate financial management and budgeting system is a broad crosswalk model vacillating between all systems from a broad definition of objectives, goals, processes and activities ending up with a strong financial management tool. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dié studie word gewy aan die daarstelling van 'n Geskikte Finansiële Bestuur en Begrotingstelsel om 'n veranderende Suid-Afrika te ondersteun. Teen die agtergrond van die uitdagings daargestel deur die nuwe politieke bestel word die revolusie van finansiële bestuur- en begrotingstelsels plaaslik en in die buiteland ontleed en in perspektief geplaas. Meer spesifiek is die elemente van elke begrotingstelsel wat die toets van die tyd deurstaan het, bestudeer. Internasionale studies van lande wat die veranderingsproses suksesvol ondergaan het (of tans daarmee besig is), of andersins, word volledig bespreek om as 'n onskatbare les en ondervinding vir Suid-Afrika in sy soektog na 'n gladde en vinnige transformasie te dien en om te verhoed dat dit op net nog 'n onsuksesvolle transformasie uitloop. Dit dien dan as 'n breë grondslag vir 'n Geskikte Finansiële Bestuur- en Begrotingstelsel wat proaktief in die Suid-Afrikaanse transformasieproses is. Suid-Afrika sal nie die wiel kan heruitvind nie. Anders as in ander lande wat op transformasieprobleme gewag het om hulle te tref, kan die Suid- Afrikaanse Finansiële Bestuur- en Begrotingstelsels finansiële bestuursbeleid pro-aktief ondersteun. Dit word bewerkstellig deur 'n omvattende bepaling van die mikpunte wat bereik moet word deur priorisering en herpriorisering van planne, doelwitte, prosesse, funksies en aktiwiteite op die kort, medium en lang termyn. Dit is moontlik indien al die positiewe elemente van verskillende finansiële bestuur- en begrotingsteiseis, soos bestudeer in en geleer uit ander lande se ondervindings toegepas word. Suid-Afrika se Finansiële Bestuur- en Begrotingstelsel behels 'n breë omvattende model wat put uit al die stelsels wat 'n bepaling van doelstellings, mikpunte, prosesse en aktiwiteite bevat ten einde te eindig met 'n sterk Finansiële Bestuurswerktuig.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is one of the most energy-intensive economies in the world, with around 90 per cent of its electricity generated using coal as a primary resource. As such, the South African energy system remains on a highly unsustainable path, and the potential for long-term growth and prosperity of the economy is thwarted. The alternative to conventional energy, renewable energy, has unfortunately been relatively slow to take off in the South Africa market. This is disappointing considering the country’s wealth of natural resources required for renewable energy generation. The potential of renewable energy to contribute to the South African energy mix is thus significant. The transition to a green economy, and subsequently a more sustainable energy future, is therefore achievable and realistic. However, national policies aimed at promoting the deployment of renewable energy have been thwarted by inconsistencies, lack of coordination, and proved relatively ineffective at increasing the country’s renewable energy capacity to its full potential. The recent policy changes from a feed-in tariff to a competitive tender approach dented investor confidence in the South African renewable energy industry significantly. Nevertheless, renewable energy policy in South Africa is still in its infancy, and valuable lessons are still to be learnt and incorporated into future policies going forward. A critical analysis of the current policy identifies the need for amendment to the structure of the policy landscape. The current policy strongly favours larger, more established and mature renewable technologies, whilst completely neglecting smaller and less mature ones. This not only results in a highly undiversified renewable energy mix, which has considerable negatives in itself, but also reduces the ability of the policy to capture a host of significant opportunities and advantages associated with small-scale renewable energy projects. The importance of diversifying South Africa’s renewable energy mix was therefore ones of the principal stances of this study, and intervention that ensured diversification within the industry was therefore vital. This study fundamentally designs and proposes a revised policy system that makes use of both competitive tenders and feed-in tariffs within the policy framework. In essence, this would allow for greater diversification within the renewable energy industry. The competitive tender component should be used for larger, more established technologies and projects, while the feed-in tariff should be used to drastically stimulate investment in smaller technologies and projects. By making use of a dual-mechanism system, the benefits associated with small-scale renewable energy projects can be realized without any noteworthy opportunity costs foregone. These benefits include diversification of the renewable energy mix; stimulation of smaller technologies; increased job creation; and stabilisation of supply volatility. This study recommends that the current renewable energy policy in South Africa be reassessed for both its relevancy within the South African context as well as its ability to effectively promote the deployment of alternative energy technologies. In an ever-changing and globalising world, where exogenous influences on national policies are stronger than ever, it becomes necessary and of utmost importance that policies are evaluated constantly in order to ensure their effectiveness is at optimal level. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie is een van die energie-intensiefstes ter wêreld, met steenkool as hoofbron vir sowat 90 persent van die land se kragopwekking. Die Suid-Afrikaanse energiestelsel as sulks bly dus op 'n onstabiele pad, en die potensiaal vir langdurige ekonomiese groei en welvaart word geknel. As teenvoeter vir konvensionele krag het hernubare energie steeds stadig veld gewen in die plaaslike mark – wat teleurstellend is as die land se rykdom aan natuurlike bronne vir hernubare energie-opwekking in ag geneem word. Hernubare energie het dus 'n aansienlike potensiaal om tot die Suid-Afrikaanse energiemengsel by te dra. Die oorgang na 'n groen ekonomie, en gevolglik na 'n volhoubaarder energie-toekoms, is daarom bereikbaar en realisties. Nasionale beleide oor hoe die uitrol van hernubare energie bevorder word, is egter tot dusver gestrem deur ongereeldhede en 'n gebrek aan koördinasie, en was gevolglik relatief ondoeltreffend om die land se hernubare energiekapasiteit ten volle te verhoog. Die onlangse beleidsveranderinge vanaf 'n toevoertarief na 'n mededingende tenderbenadering het beleggersvertroue aansienlik geskaad. Suid-Afrika se hernubare energiebeleid is nietemin nog in sy kinderskoene, met kosbare lesse wat geleer kan word en vir die pad vorentoe in toekomsplanne ingewerk kan word. 'n Kritiese ontleding van die huidige beleid wys hoe nodig 'n aangepaste struktuur vir die beleidsraamwerk is. Die huidige beleid begunstig groter, meer gevestigde en ontwikkelde tegnologieë terwyl kleiner en minder ontwikkeldes heeltemal afgeskeep word. Dit het tot gevolg nie net 'n hoogs ongediversifiseerde mengsel van hernubare energie nie, wat op sigself 'n aantal nadele inhou, maar boonop verminder dit die beleid se vermoë om vele betekenisvolle geleenthede en voordele aan te gryp wat gepaard gaan met kleinskaalse projekte vir hernubare energie. Dat die diversifisering van Suid-Afrika se hernubare energiesamestelling belangrik is, was dus een van dié studie se hoofbenaderings, asook dat ingryping ter wille van diversifisering binne die bedryf onontbeerlik is. Hierdie studie bied 'n ingrypende ontwerp en voorstel vir 'n hersiene beleidstelsel, met mededingende tenders asook toevoertariewe binne die beleidsraamwerk. Dit sal in wese ruimte laat vir groter diversifikasie binne die hernubare energiebedryf. Die mededingende tendergedeelte behoort vir groter, meer gevestigde tegnologieë en projekte gebruik te word, terwyl die toevoertariewe kan dien om belegging in kleiner tegnologieë en projekte te stimuleer. Deur 'n stelsel van tweeledige meganismes kan die voordele van kleinskaalse hernubare energieprojekte realiseer sonder die inboet van noemenswaardige geleentheidskoste. Dié voordele sluit in, om enkeles te noem, die diversifikasie van die hernubare energie-toneel; die stimuleer van kleiner tegnologieë met gepaardgaande groter werkskepping; en toenemende plaaslike produkvervaardiging. Met dié studie word aanbeveel dat Suid-Afrika se huidige beleid oor hernubare energie heroorweeg word, rakende die relevansie daarvan binne die landskonteks asook die beleid se vermoë om die ontplooiing van alternatiewe energietegnologieë doeltreffend te bevorder. In 'n voortdurend veranderende en globaliserende wêreld, met buite-invloede op nasionale beleidsrigtings sterker as ooit, word dit noodsaaklik en uiters belangrik dat beleide voortdurend heroorweeg word om die doeltreffendheid daarvan op die gunstigste vlak te verseker.

Thesis (MHumanRehabSt)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:Background In the past, a lack of policy guidelines in the area of rehabilitation often resulted in underdeveloped or no rehabilitation services in many areas. This led to the development of The South African National Rehabilitation Policy (NRP) which was finalised in 2000. This policy is guided by the principles of development, empowerment and the social integration of persons with disabilities. It aims to provide improved access to rehabilitation services for all and forms part of a strategy to improve the quality of life of persons with disabilities. South Africa ratified the United Nations Convention for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) in 2001. The UNCRPD is an international rights based document and focuses on equalisation of opportunities for people with disabilities and their inclusion in development. Aim The aim of thestudy was to describe and analyse the organizational framework of rehabilitation services at the Gugulethu Community Health Centre (CHC) in Cape Town and to determine if the framework used complied with the objectives of the National Rehabilitation Policy. Method This was a case study that made use of both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. The Kaplan framework, the objectives of the NRP and the five relevant articles of the UNCRPD were used to design three questionnaires for data collection. The first questionnaire was for service providers and answered by seven participants. The second questionnaire was completed by the Facility Manager of Gugulethu CHC and the third questionnaire was answered by the managers of 2 purposively sampled NGOs in Gugulethu. Qualitative data was collected from interviews held with three of the service providers and the facility manager as well as from two focus groups held with service users. Results The results of the study showed that there was some coherence between the rehabilitation services provided and the objectives of the NRP such as good access to the service for clients coming to the Centre for rehabilitation and adequate resources to provide assistive devices with. However, in other areas there was little or no adherence. Limited evidence of intersectoral collaboration was found. There was no evidence of the inclusion of persons with disabilities in the planning, implementation and managing of rehabilitation services. Similarly services were not monitored and evaluated in a constructive way and while the therapists did engage in skills development activities the suitability of the courses attended for their role is questioned. Conclusion The findings showed a facility based curative rehabilitation service that was accessible for clients who came to the facility, but did not expand to provide community based rehabilitation. Thus it was concluded that the organisation in its current form lacked the ability to effectively address the needs of the community that it served. At Gugulethu Community Health Centre rehabilitation services need to be planned according to community based rehabilitation strategies by the manager, the service providers and the community. Only when implementation of the NRP and UNCRPD takes place will the benefits become tangible to the entire community. Key Words Rehabilitation, Disability, National Rehabilitation Policy, UNCRPD, Organisational capacity. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond In die verlede het ‘n gebrekaanbeleidsriglyne in die rehabilitasievelddikwelsgelei tot onderontwikkelde of geenrehabilitasiedienste in baiegebiede. Die gevolghiervan was die ontwikkeling van dieSuidAfrikaanseNasionaleRehabilitasieBeleid (NRB) wat in 2000 gefinaliseer is. Die fokusvan hierdiebeleid is ontwikkeling, bemagtiging en die sosialeintegrasie van persone met gestremdhede. Die doel van die NRB is omtoeganklikheid van rehabilitasiediensteviralmalteverbeter en ditvormdeel van die strategieom die lewensgehalte van persone met gestremdhede to verbeter. SuidAfrika het die VerenigdeNasies se Konvensievir die Regte van Persone met Gestremdhede in 2001 bekragtig. HierdieKonvensie is ‘n internasionaleregsgebaseerdedokument and fokus opgelykeregtevirpersone met gestremdhede en hulinsluiting in ontwikkeling. Doelstelling Die doel van die studiewas om die organisatorieseraamwerk van die rehabilitasiedienste by die GugulethuGemeenskapsGesondheidssentrum in Kaapstadtebeskryf enteontleed, ten eindevastestel of die raamwerk, in ooreenstemming is met die doelwitte van die NasionaleRehabilitasieBeleid. Metode `n Gevallestudie is gedoen. Data is deurmiddel van kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewemetodesingesamel. Die Kaplanraamwerk, doelwitte van die NasionaleRehabilitasieBeleid en toepaslike 5 artikels van die VerenigdeNasie se Konvensievir die Regte van Persone met Gestremdehede is gebruikomdrievraelysteteontwerp. Die eerstevraelys was virdiensverskaffers en sewedeelnemers het ditbeantwoord. Die tweedevraelys is deur die Fasiliteitsbestuurder van GuguletuGemeenskapsGesondheidssentrumbeantwoord en die derdevraelysdeur twee bestuurders van twee doelbewustegekoseNie-staatsOrganisasies in Guguletu. Onderhoude is met drie van die diensverskaffers en die fasiliteitsbestuurdergebruikomkwalitatiewe data in tesamelsowel as twee fokusgroepe met diensverbruikers.Resultate Die resultate van die studietoondatdaarwel ‘n mate van belyningtussenrehabilitasiedienste by die studiesentrum en die doelwitte van die NasionaleRehabilitasieBeleid is. Ditsluit in goeietoeganklikheidna die diensvirklientewat die sentrumbesoekvirbehandeling en voldoendebronneomhulpmiddelstevoorsien.In andergebiede was daaregter min of geenbelyningnie. Daar is min bewyse van intersektoralesamewerking en geenbewyse van die insluiting van persone met gestremdhede in die beplanning, implementering en bestuur van die rehabilitasiedienstenie. Dienste is nie in ‘n opbouendemaniergemonitor of geevalueernie en terwyl die terapeutewelaanontwikklingsprogrammedeelgeneem het, kan die toepaslikheid van die kursussebevraagteken word. Gevolgtrekking Die bevindingswys op ‘n kuratiewerehabilitasiedienswattoeganklik is virklientewatna die sentrum toe kom. Daar word egterniegemeenskapsbaseerderehabilitasieverskafnie.Dus, is die gevolgtrekkingdat die organisasie in syhuidigevormnie die vermoe het om die behoeftes van die gemeenskapwatditdien, effektiefaantespreeknie.Dierehabilitasiedienste by GuguletuGemeenskapssentrummoetbeplan word volgensgemeenskapsgebaseerderehabilitasiestrategiee, deur die bestuurder, diensverskaffers en die gemeenskap. Eerswanneer die NasionaleRehabilitasieBeleid en die VerenigdeNasie se Konvensievir die Regte van Persone met Gestremdhedetoegepas word sal die helegemeenskapbaatvind by rehabilitasie.