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Influence of composition on vapor hydration of AVM nuclear glasses / Influence de la composition des verres nucléaires type AVM lors de son altération en phase vapeurNarayanasamy, Sathya 20 November 2019 (has links)
L’hydratation en phase vapeur des verres inactif (simples et complexes) du domaine AVM (Atelier de Vitrification de Marcoule) a été étudiée en se focalisant sur l’influence de la composition du verre. Dans la première partie, les échantillons de verre ont été altérés à 50°C et 95% d’humidité relative, et les couches altérées (gel) ont été caractérisés par SEM, TEM, XRD, ToFSIMS et SAXS. Les résultats montrent que la teneur en aluminium par rapport à celle des alcalino-terreux joue un rôle clé dans la durabilité du verre. Lorsque le rapport molaire Al2O3/MgO<1, la vitesse d’hydratation en phase vapeur est augmentée de 10 à 20 fois par la formation des précipités riches en Mg. Dans d’autres cas, l’hydrolyse du réseau vitreux a été identifiée comme le mécanisme contrôlant la vitesse d’hydratation en phase vapeur. Des études complémentaires sur l’effet de la température et de l’humidité relative ont montré que le mécanisme prédominant d’hydratation en phase vapeur varie en fonction de la température et de la composition du verre. Dans la deuxième partie, des expériences avec des verres hydratés en phase vapeur puis immergés dans de l’eau pure ont montré que le gel n’avait pas d’effet passivant vis-à-vis l’altération aqueuse et que des phases secondaires formées pendant l’hydratation en phase vapeur pouvaient être solubles. Deuxièmement, une étude comparative de la structure des gels enrichies en ¹⁷O formées lors d’hydratation en phase vapeur (à 90 °C) et de l’altération aqueuse à très fort S/V par la spectroscopie RMN a montré pour la première fois, de la recondensation du bore avec de l’oxygène provenant de la phase vapeur. Les résultats suggèrent que l’altération du verre en phase vapeur n’est pas équivalente à l’altération en milieu aqueux à très fort S/V. / The vapor hydration of inactive surrogates of AVM (Atelier de Vitrification de Marcoule) glasses (simple and complex) has been studied in this thesis work with a special focus on the influence of glass composition. In the first part of the thesis, multiple glass samples were altered at 50°C and 95% RH and the altered samples were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, ToFSIMS and SAXS to study the altered (gel) layer. The results show that aluminum plays a key role in glass durability under the given conditions, especially in relative proportions to alkaline-earth elements. When the molar ratio of Al2O3/MgO<1, the overall vapor hydration rate was accelerated by 10-20 times due to the formation of Mg-rich smectites. In other cases, network-hydrolysis was identified as the rate controlling vapor hydration mechanism for the first six months. Complementary studies on the effect of temperature and relative humidity gave further insights into secondary phase precipitation, behavior of elements in the gel layer and altered layer morphology. These studies show that the predominant vapor hydration mechanism varies with temperature and glass composition as well. In the second part of the thesis, aqueous alteration experiments are discussed in two contexts. First, vapor hydrated glasses immersed in pure water showed that the gel layer did not have a passivating effect against aqueous alteration and that some of the secondary phases formed during vapor hydration are readily soluble. Secondly, comparative structural study of ¹⁷O enriched gel layers that were formed during vapor hydration (at 90°C) and aqueous alteration at a very high SA/V ratio using NMR spectroscopy showed for the first time, evidence of recondensation of boron with oxygen from the vapor phase. The results suggest that glass alteration in vapor phase is not equivalent to alteration in aqueous medium at a very high SA/Vratio.
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Description topologique des phénomènes d'hydratation et développement méthodologique de fonctionnelles doubles hybrides à séparation de portée / Topological description of hydration phenomena and development of range separated double-hybrid functionalsKalai, Cairedine 04 July 2018 (has links)
Cette thèse s’intéresse aux phénomènes d’hydratation de composés organiques à l’échelle moléculaire. Des méthodes basées sur une fonction d’onde multi-déterminantale sont capables de rendre compte des phénomènes de hydratation avec une précision approchant la réalité expérimentale. Or, ces méthodes sont limitées par la taille du système. L’utilisation de la DFT semble indispensable à une étude de complexes, même pour un nombre limité de molécules d’eau. Il s’avère que ces méthodes ne prennent pas en compte les interactions de nature dispersive. Des corrections empiriques ont été proposées récemment pour palier à ce problème. Cependant, ces corrections ne s’appliquent qu’à l’énergie et sur la géométrie des complexes hydratées, la fonction d’onde n’étant pas affectée par la correction. D’autres alternatives pour la prise en compte des effets de dispersion reposent sur l’emploi de méthodes hybrides fonction d’onde/DFT. Ceci peut s’effectuer en introduisant une séparation de portée dans le traitement des interactions électroniques. L’un des objectifs de cette thèse consiste à proposer une nouvelle méthode double hybride à séparation de portée permettant une bonne description des phénomènes d’hydratation. L’autre objectif de cette thèse consiste à utiliser des outils topologiques permettant la prédiction de composés organiques hydraté par l’étude du potentiel électrostatique moléculaire et la caractérisation de ces interactions non covalentes par la théorie AIM. / This thesis deals with hydration phenomena of organic compounds at the molecular scale. The Schrodinger equation considered within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and within a non-relativistic context contains all the physics necessary to describe in particular the micro-solvation of organic compounds. Methods that are based on a multi-determinant wave function are able to account for micro-hydration phenomena with a precision approaching the experimental reality. These methods are limited by the size of the system. The use of DFT seems necessary for a study of complexes, even for a limited number of water molecules. It turns out that these methods do not take into account dispersive interactions. Empirical corrections have recently been proposed to address this problem. However, these corrections apply only to the energy and to the geometry of the hydrated complexes, the wave function not being affected by the correction. Other alternatives for taking into account dispersion effects using double-hybrid methods should thus be considered. This can be done by introducing a range separation on the electronic interactions. There are two main objectives in this thesis. The first one is to propose a new double-hybrid method with range separation allowing a satisfactorily description of the hydration phenomena at the molecular scale. The second objective consists in using topological tools allowing the prediction of hydrated organic compounds using the electrostatic molecular potential and the characterization of these non-covalent interactions by the "Atoms in molecules" theory.
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Global Deletion of Sost Increases Intervertebral Disc Hydration But May Trigger ChondrogenesisTori Morgan Kroon (8810045) 07 May 2020 (has links)
Intervertebral discs (IVD) degenerate earlier than many other musculoskeletal tissues and will continue to degenerate with aging. IVD degeneration affects up to 80 percent of the adult population and is a major contributing factor to low back pain. Anti-sclerostin antibody is an FDA-approved treatment for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high-risk for fracture and, as a systemic stimulant of the Wnt/LRP5/b-Catenin signaling pathway, may impact the IVD. Stabilization of b-Catenin in the IVD increases Wnt signaling and is anabolic to the extracellular matrix (ECM), while deletion of b-catenin or LRP5 decreases Wnt signaling and is catabolic to the ECM. Here, we hypothesized that a reduction of Sost would stimulate ECM anabolism. Lumbar and caudal (tail) IVD and vertebrae of Sost KO and WT (wildtype) mice (n=8 each) were harvested at 16 weeks of age and tested by MRI, histology, immunohistochemistry, Western Blot, qPCR, and microCT. Compared to WT, Sost KO reduced sclerostin protein and Sost gene expression. Next, Sost KO increased the hydration of the IVD and the proteoglycan stain in the nucleus pulposus and decreased the expression of genes associated with IVD degeneration, e.g., heat shock proteins. However, deletion of Sost was compensated by less unphosphorylated (active) b-Catenin protein in the cell nucleus, upregulation of Wnt signaling inhibitors Dkk1 and sFRP4, and catabolic ECM gene expression. Consequently, notochordal and early chondrocyte-like cells (CLCs) were replaced by mature CLCs. Overall, Sost deletion increased hydration and proteoglycan protein content, but activated a compensatory suppression of Wnt signaling that may trigger chondrogenesis and may potentially be iatrogenic to the IVD in the long-term.
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Influência da ingestão hídrica no comportamento autonômico de coronariopatas submetidos a uma sessão de reabilitação cardiovascular : ensaio clínico crossover /Silva, Anne Kastelianne França da January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Luiz Carlos Marques Vanderlei / Resumo: INTRODUÇÃO: A reposição das perdas hídricas decorrentes da atividade física é recomendada em consensos internacionais para indivíduos sadios e atletas de alto rendimento. Entretanto, permanece pouco compreendida a sua influência quando administrada, igualmente, durante e/ou após o exercício, sobre a modulação autonômica cardíaca, frequência cardíaca de recuperação (FCR) e percepções subjetivas de esforço (PSE), desconforto (PSD) e recuperação (PSR) de indivíduos com alteração autonômica conhecida, como os coronariopatas. OBJETIVO: Investigar a influência da ingestão hídrica realizada durante e/ou após uma sessão de reabilitação cardiovascular (RC) de intensidade moderada sobre a modulação autonômica cardíaca, FCR, PSE, PSD e PSR de coronariopatas. MÉTODOS: Foram recrutados 31 adultos acima de 45 anos de idade com coronariopatia isquêmica, participantes de programas de RC, os quais foram submetidos a dois desenhos de estudos, ambos compostos por três etapas (48 horas de intervalo entre elas): I) Teste de esforço máximo; II) Protocolo controle (PC); III) Protocolo experimental (PH). Os PC e PH de ambos os estudos foram compostos por atividades realizadas em RC convencional, com ingestão de água no PH, calculada a partir da variação de massa corporal no PC. A modulação autonômica foi avaliada utilizando índices de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca calculados nos domínios do tempo, frequência e geométricos durante o repouso, exercício e recuperação. Foram avaliados ainda a FCR... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: BACKGROUND: The replacement of water losses due to physical activity is recommended in international consensus for healthy individuals and high performance athletes. However, its influence when administered equally during and / or after exercise on cardiac autonomic modulation, recovery heart rate (HRR) and subjective perceptions of exertion (PSE), discomfort (PSD) and recovery (PSR) of individuals with known autonomic alterations, such as coronary artery disease, remains poorly understood AIM: To investigate the influence of fluid intake during and / or after a moderate intensity cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR) session on coronary heart disease autonomic modulation, HRR, PSE, PSD and PSR. METHODS: We recruited 31 adults over 45 years of age with ischemic coronary artery disease who participated in CR programs, who underwent two study designs, both composed of three steps (48 hours apart): I) maximum effort; II) Control Protocol (PC); III) Experimental Protocol (PH). The PC and PH of both studies were composed by activities performed in conventional CR, with water intake in the PH, calculated from the body mass variation in the PC. Autonomic modulation was evaluated using heart rate variability indices calculated in the time, frequency and geometric domains during rest, exercise and recovery. FCR, PSE, PSD and PSR were also evaluated. RESULTS: Hydration during exercise and recovery promoted significant difference between protocols (RMSSD - p value = 0.024; SD1 - p value = ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
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Coal fly ash: How sample properties and methodology influence immersion freezing resultsGrawe, Sarah 24 July 2019 (has links)
Aufgrund ihrer speziellen Eigenschaften können sogenannte eisnukleierende Partikel die Bildung von Eis in Wolken katalysieren. Laboruntersuchungen zum Gefrierverhalten dieser Partikel haben sich als wertvoll erwiesen, wenn es um das Verständnis zugrunde liegender Prinzipien und Mechanismen geht. Eine Spezies, die in früheren Untersuchungen vernachlässigt wurde, ist Flugasche aus Kohleverbrennung. Kohle-Flugasche (KFA) wird aufgrund ineffizienter Filterung submikroner Partikel über die Schornsteine von Kraftwerken emittiert und kann, in Abhängigkeit der meteorologischen Bedingungen, die Vereisung von Wolken in der Nähe der Quelle und darüber hinaus beeinflussen. In dieser Arbeit wurde das Immersionsgefrierverhalten, d.h. der Einfluss eingeschlossener Partikel auf das Gefrieren unterkühlter Tropfen, für vier verschiedene KFA-Proben aus deutschen Kohlekraftwerken untersucht. Dabei wurden einerseits Tropfen untersucht, die ein einzelnes submikrones Partikel enthielten. Andererseits wurde das Gefrierverhalten von Suspensionstropfen, die eine Vielzahl verschieden großer Partikel beinhalteten, quantifiziert. Zusätzlich wurden die Proben, sowohl in ihrer Gesamtheit als auch in Form einzelner submikroner Partikel, bezüglich ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung, Morphologie und Kristallographie analysiert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Gefriereffizienz der Proben innerhalb von Minuten abnimmt, sobald diese in Berührung mit Wasser kommen. Immersionsgefriermessungen mit purem Anhydrit (CaSO4 ), das in den Proben nachgewiesen wurde, zeigten einen ähnlichen Trend, d.h. eine abnehmende Effizienz mit zunehmender Suspensionszeit. Diese Beobachtung, und die Übereinstimmung von Messungen mit KFA-Suspensionspartikeln und Gips (CaSO 4 * 2H2O, ein Hydrat des Anhydrits), weisen darauf hin, dass Hydratation die Ursache für die Abnahme der Gefriereffizienz sein könnte. Dieser Einfluss von Probeneigenschaften und Methodologie auf das Immersionsgefrierverhalten von KFA-Partikeln muss bei der Abschätzung der Relevanz der Partikel für die atmosphärische Eisnukleation unbedingt berücksichtigt werden.:1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals
2.1 Ice nucleation theory
2.2 Properties of CFA particles
3. Materials and Methods
3.1 Materials
3.2 Methods
4. Results
4.1 Physicochemical sample characterization
4.2 Immersion freezing behavior of CFA
5. Discussion
5.1 Comparison to literature results
5.2 Physicochemical particle properties and immersion freezing behavior
5.3 Atmospheric implications
6. Summary and Conclusions
7. Outlook / Due to their specific properties, atmospheric ice-nucleating particles are able to catalyze ice formation in clouds. Laboratory studies investigating the freezing behavior of these particles have proven to be of unmatched value when attempting to understand underlying principles and mechanisms. One species that has almost entirely been neglected in previous ice nucleation studies is fly ash from coal combustion (CFA: coal fly ash). Emitted through the stacks of power plants due to inefficient filtering of submicron particles, CFA has the potential to influence cloud glaciation in source regions and beyond, depending on the meteorological conditions. In this thesis, the immersion freezing behavior, i.e., the influence of particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets on ice nucleation, of four samples from German power plants was determined with the help of several single particle and bulk instruments. In parallel, single particles and bulk CFA were investigated with respect to their chemical composition, morphology, and crystallography. It was found that the immersion freezing efficiency of the CFA particles decreases in contact with water on the time scale of minutes. Hydration
products, that were found in both single particles and in the bulk after suspension, could be responsible for this unique behavior. Immersion freezing measurements with pure anhydrite (anhydrous CaSO4 ), which is known to occur at the surface of CFA particles, showed the same qualitative trend, i.e., a decreasing efficiency with increasing suspension time. This observation, and the agreement between measurements with suspended CFA particles and gypsum (CaSO4 * 2H2O, a hydrate of anhydrite), support the hypothesis that hydration causes the observed decrease in immersion freezing efficiency. This influence of sample properties and methodology on the immersion freezing behavior of CFA must be taken into consideration when assessing the relevance of these particles for atmospheric ice nucleation.:1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals
2.1 Ice nucleation theory
2.2 Properties of CFA particles
3. Materials and Methods
3.1 Materials
3.2 Methods
4. Results
4.1 Physicochemical sample characterization
4.2 Immersion freezing behavior of CFA
5. Discussion
5.1 Comparison to literature results
5.2 Physicochemical particle properties and immersion freezing behavior
5.3 Atmospheric implications
6. Summary and Conclusions
7. Outlook
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Studies of transport in oxides on Zr-based materialsAnghel, Clara January 2004 (has links)
Zr-based materials have found their main application in the nuclear field having high corrosion resistance and low neutron absorption cross-section. The oxide layer that is formed on the surface of these alloys is meant to be the barrier between the metal and the corrosive environment. The deterioration of this protective layer limits the lifetime of these alloys. A better understanding of the transport phenomena, which take place in the oxide layer during oxidation, could be beneficial for the development of more resistant alloys. In the present study, oxygen and hydrogen transport through the zirconia layer during oxidation of Zr-based materials at temperatures around 400C have been investigated using the isotope-monitoring techniques Gas Phase Analysis and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. The processes, which take place at oxide/gas and oxide/metal interface, in the bulk oxide and metal, have to be considered in the investigation of the mechanism of hydration and oxidation. Inward transport of oxygen and hydrogen species can be influenced by modification of the surface properties. We found that CO molecules adsorbed on Zr surface can block the surface reaction centers for H2 dissociation, and as a result, hydrogen uptake in Zr is reduced. On the other hand, coating the Zr surface with Pt, resulted in increased oxygen dissociation rate at the oxide/gas interface. This generated enhanced oxygen transport towards the oxide/metal interface and formation of thicker oxides. Our results show that at temperatures relevant for the nuclear industry, oxygen dissociation efficiency decreases in the order: Pt > Zr2Fe > Zr2Ni > ZrCr2 ≥ Zircaloy-2. Porosity development in the oxide scales generates easy diffusion pathways for molecules across the oxide layer during oxidation. A novel method for evaluation of the gas diffusion, gas concentration and effective pore size of oxide scales is presented in this study. Effective pore sizes in the nanometer range were found for pretransition oxides on Zircaloy-2. A mechanism for densification of oxide scales by obtaining a better balance between inward oxygen and outward metal transport is suggested. Outward Zr transport can be influenced by the presence of hydrogen in the oxide/metal substrate. Inward oxygen transport can be promoted by oxygen dissociating elements such as Fe-containing second phase particles. The results suggest furthermore that a proper choice of the second-phase particle composition and size distribution can lead to the formation of dense oxides, which are characterized by low oxygen and hydrogen uptake rates during oxidation.
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Výživa v paliativní péči / Nutrition in Palliative CareZedníková, Daniela January 2021 (has links)
This thesis deals with nutrition in palliative care. The main aim is to introduce the issue of nutrition in palliative care, to help with a comprehensive perception of the context and the application of a palliative approach in nutritional care. The aim is to monitor and examine the current state of nutrition in facilities providing palliative care in the Czech Republic. The work is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is focused on the issues of palliative care, nutrition and hydration. The practical part contains the objectives of the work, hypotheses and research with evaluation and analysis of the obtained data. There were two hypotheses established and evaluated. From a methodological point of view, a combination of several research methods of a quantitative nature was used. As a means of obtaining data, the use of the survey in the form of an internet survey was sent to the management of individual facilities providing palliative care in the Czech Republic. The obtained data were processed using standard statistical methods. Using descriptive statistics procedures in the form of analysis of the obtained results, especially with the use of absolute and relative frequency. The total number of 97 questionnaires were distributed. 18 questionnaires for hospices, 70...
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Immobilisation de déchets magnésiens dans un matériau alcali-activé : étude expérimentale et numérique / Immobilization of magnesium wastes using alkali-activated material : experimental and numerical studyRifai, Farah 26 October 2017 (has links)
Le travail décrit dans ce manuscrit s’inscrit dans le cadre de la gestion de déchets nucléaires, de faible activité à vie longue (FA-VL), composés d’alliage de magnésium et de graphite, produits pendant l’exploitation de la première génération de réacteurs nucléaires en France. Il s’agit d’étudier la possibilité de leur immobilisation par cimentation et de comprendre le comportement des colis ainsi fabriqués tout au long de leur vie. Plusieurs mécanismes couplés sont à considérer : l’alliage de magnésium peut se corroder au sein de la matrice d’enrobage, en particulier lors du couplage galvanique avec le graphite. La croissance de produits de corrosion autour du métal et la restriction des déformations propres de la matrice cimentaire engendrent des contraintes à l’intérieur du matériau. La vérification de certaines exigences de sureté (stabilité dimensionnelle du colis et faible production d’hydrogène) nécessite donc le développement d’un outil numérique pouvant prédire le comportement mécanique des colis. En particulier, un mortier de laitier activé à la soude, qui présente un intérêt particulier, est examiné. Ce liant appartient à la famille des matériaux alcali-activés dont la modélisation numérique du comportement est peu abordée dans la littérature. La construction du modèle numérique passe ainsi par une large campagne expérimentale (caractérisation du comportement thermo-chemo-mécanique du mortier de laitier alcali-activé et de la corrosion du magnésium dans les matrices cimentaires) puis par un travail d’homogénéisation par éléments finis pour pouvoir déterminer les propriétés de l’ensemble (mortier + déchets) et mener des simulations à l’échelle du colis. Concernant le premier axe d’étude expérimentale, un faible échauffement accompagne l’avancement des réactions d’hydratation, ce qui est bénéfique vis-à-vis des contraintes internes résultantes de l’auto-restriction des déformations thermiques au sein des structures massives. Néanmoins, les déformations de retrait endogène montrent un développement important à long terme. Ceci peut générer des contraintes internes dans le colis (en présence de restrictions), mais la grande capacité de fluage du matériau empêche la fissuration. Concernant le deuxième axe d’étude expérimentale, le mortier de laitier activé est comparé avec deux autres mortiers à base de CEM I, pour évaluer le comportement à la corrosion de l’alliage de magnésium. Les observations microscopiques montrent que la corrosion galvanique de l’alliage est particulièrement agressive dans les mortiers à base de CEM I (corrosion localisée se manifestant par des creusements et des microstructures en feuillets) contre une corrosion uniforme, mais faible dans le mortier de laitier alcali-activé. La cinétique de corrosion est déterminée en utilisant des techniques gravimétriques et électrochimiques. Les résultats de ces deux types de mesure sont complémentaires et témoignent également d’une faible corrosion dans le mortier de laitier activé. De plus, ils montrent une certaine passivation du métal au-delà de 6 mois d’enrobage. Cette propriété spécifique du mortier de laitier activé peut être expliquée par une grande résistivité électrique par rapport aux mortiers de CEM I déterminée en analysant les données de spectroscopie d’impédence électrochimiques. Ensuite, des premières simulations simplifiées par éléments finis à l’échelle mésoscopique sont effectuées sur Cast3m, pour modéliser l’effet mécanique du développement de la corrosion sur le mortier d’enrobage. Plusieurs paramètres sont intégrés comme la cinétique de corrosion de l’alliage ainsi que la nature des produits formés et leurs propriétés mécaniques, identifiées par des observations MEB/EDS et nano-indentation. Les résultats indiquent que les contraintes générées dans la matrice d’enrobage n’entrainent pas d’endommagement. / The operation phase of the first generation of nuclear reactors in France has generated magnesium and graphite long lived low-level wastes (LLW-LL). Their conditioning in a hydraulic binder matrix is being addressed. In order to study the behavior of these packages, several coupled mechanisms have to be considered: the magnesium alloy can corrode within the encapsulating matrix, especially when galvanic coupling with the graphite occurs. The corrosion of the metal results in the development of corrosion products. The growth of corrosion products around the metal and the restriction of the hydraulic binder’s delayed strains may lead to the generation of internal stresses. The verification of certain safety requirements (dimensional stability of the package and low hydrogen production) is therefore essential. It requires the development of a numerical model able to predict the behavior of these packages.In particular, a sodium hydroxide activated blast furnace slag mortar is being addressed. It belongs to the family of alkali-activated materials for which the modelling of ageing behavior is rarely approached. Hence, the construction of the numerical model involves a large experimental campaign covering the thermo-chemo-mechanical behavior of the alkali-activated mortar and the corrosion of magnesium in hydraulic binders. Meso-scale homogenization calculations are undertaken in order to determine upscaled properties of the mix (matrix + wastes) and carry out simulations on the scale of the packages.Regarding the first experimental study axis, a relatively low hydration heat is measured. This is beneficial with respect to the internal stress generated from the self-restriction of the thermal strains within massive structures.Nevertheless, the materials undergoes a particular autogenous shrinkage strains showing an increase even at long term. However, its basic creep strains are shown to be important which could result in stress relaxation and avoids damage related to shrinkage restriction.Regarding the metal’s corrosion behavior in the alkali-activated mortar, it is compared to the one in two different ordinary Portland cement (OPC) based mortars. Microscopic observations are conducted on samples especially designed to monitor the galvanic corrosion of the alloy. They show the aggressiveness in OPC mortars (localized corrosion manifested by holes and layered microstructure) against limited homogeneous corrosion in alkali-activated mortar. Additionnaly, corrosion kinetics are determined using different experimental methods: mass loss and electrochemical measurements. The complementary results of these two types of measurements also show a low corrosion in the alkali-activated slag mortar with a passive state of the metal achived at 6 months of embedment. This advantage of slag mortar is explained by a high electrical resistivity with respect to OPC mortars, determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.Finite element simulations are performed using Cast3m software on meso-scale in order to evaluate the mechanical effect of the corrosion layer development on the surrounding matrix. The corrosion kinetics of the alloy, the nature of corrosion products and their mechanical properties identified using SEM/EDS and nano-indentation techniques are implemented. The calculations indicate low stress generation in the alkali-activated mortar.
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The determination of a relative chronology for a surface archeological site using the obsidian hydration dating methodThomas, Scott Preston 01 January 1981 (has links)
This methodological study is an attempt to develop relative chronologies for surface archaeological sites from the obsidian hydration analysis of waste flake samples. Two sites in southeastern Oregon were selected and their surface components sampled. The results of the obsidian hydration analysis indicate, that with the use of random sampling methods and general geochemical control, a fairly accurate representation of the history of an archaeological surface site can be obtained.
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Car-Parrinello Moleküldynamik-Simulationen zur Hydratisierung und Protonierung von AminenHeßke, Holger 07 December 2007 (has links)
Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung des Hydratationsverhaltens von alkylsubstituierten Aminen und deren korrespondierenden Ammoniumionen mit Hilfe von Car-Parrinello-Moleküldynamik Simulationen (CPMD). Dabei konnten Fragestellungen hinsichtlich der Koordinationszahlen, des Lösungsmittelaustausches und der molekülspezifischen pKB-Werte beantwortet werden. Des Weiteren lässt die Arbeit Aussagen über einen Zusammenhang von Hydratation und anormaler Basiszitätsreihenfolge der Amine zu und ermöglicht zusätzlich die Beschreibung von Systemen mit mehreren Aminfunktionen durch die Anwendung der gewählten Bedingungen. Zur Simulation des Hydratationsverhaltens wurden Wasser enthaltende Lösungsmittelboxen erstellt, bei denen das zu untersuchende Molekül zentral angeordnet war. Nach dem Ausschluss dimensionsabhängiger Effekte durch die Equilibrierung auf Grundlage einer kraftfeldbasierten Moleküldynamik, konnte eine geeignete Boxgröße bestimmt werden, die neben der Berechnung der ersten Hydratationssphäre auch die Beschreibung einer möglichen zweiten Hydratationssphäre erlaubt. Anhand der erhaltenen CPMD-Trajektorien aus den erfolgreichen Simulation wurden Verteilungsfunktionen berechnet. Der Vergleich dieser Ergebnisse mit experimentell bekannten Werten und Berechnungen an reinem Wasser zeigte, dass das System real vorliegende Bedingungen wiedergibt. Die ermittelten gNO(r) -Verteilungsfunktionen der Amine bzw. deren korrespondierender Ammoniumionen weisen signifikante Unterschiede auf und spiegeln einen grundsätzlich verschiedenen Aufbau der Hydratationssphären wieder. Dabei besitzen alle freien Amine eine starke Wasserstoffbrückenbindung unter Einbeziehung des freien Elektronenpaares am Stickstoffatom, während sich an den Aminwasserstoffatomen nur sehr schwache Wechselwirkungen beobachten ließen. Abgesehen vom Trimethylamin sind die Hydratationssphären der Amine wenig strukturiert und der Wasseraustausch zwischen erster und zweiter Hydratationssphäre verläuft sehr schnell. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Umgebung der Ammoniumionen stark strukturiert. Alle Ammoniumwasserstoffatome sind in Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen einbezogen und es existiert ein vergleichsweise langlebiger Käfig aus Wassermolekülen um das Ammoniumion. Zusätzlich befindet sich zeitweise ein weiteres, wesentlich mobileres Wassermolekül in der ersten Hydratationssphäre, das in der Lage ist einen Wasseraustausch einzuleiten. Dabei konnten für das Ammoniumion und das Methylammoniumion konkrete Mechanismen des Wasseraustausches bestimmt werden. Die Berechnung der pKB- bzw. pKA -Werte für die untersuchten Systeme war ein weiterer Bestandteil der Arbeit. Dazu wurde ein statistischer Ansatz zur Ermittlung der freien Energie herangezogen, bei dem die Mittelwerte der Verteilungsfunktionen verwendet werden, so dass die zu erwartende Genauigkeit eng mit der Simulationszeit verknüpft ist. Auf Grundlage von Strukturoptimierungen an Ammoniumionen, die mit wenigen Wassermolekülen umgeben waren, konnten unter Variation der NH-Bindungslängen Energiegradienten ermittelt werden, die eine Aussage über die möglichen Übergangszustände bei der Deprotonierung lieferten. Als gute Näherung des Übergangszustandes kann demnach für alle Methylammoniumionen eine NH-Bindungslänge von 1,22 Ǻ in Betracht gezogen werden. Mit Hilfe dieser Bindungslänge wurde die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Deprotonierung für alle Ammoniumionen berechnet, wobei Simulationen bei denen ein spontaner Protonenübergang auftrat keine Berücksichtigung fanden. Die Ergebnisse der methylsubstituierten Amine zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Werten mit einer Abweichung von maximal +0,3 pK-Einheiten. Diese Abweichung entspricht in etwa 1,5 kJ/mol, was für theoretische Arbeiten einen sehr kleinen Fehler darstellt. Auf Grund der gewählten Bedingungen ist beim Ammoniumion die Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Deprotonierung unterschätzt wurden. Dadurch ist der entsprechende pKB -Wert kleiner als der experimentell ermittelte Wert. Im Verlauf der Arbeit konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, dass das Verfahren und die gewählten Bedingungen auch für ethylsubstituierte Alkylamine und deren korrespondierende Ammoniumionen angewendet werden können. Die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse hängt dabei hauptsächlich von der Simulationszeit ab. Ein entscheidender Punkt der Arbeit ist der Nachweis, das mit Hilfe dieser Moleküldynamik-Simulationen auch Moleküle mit mehreren Aminfunktionen berechnet werden können. Es ist somit möglich Differenzierungen in der Protonierung und Hydratation der einzelnen Aminfunktionen vorherzusagen.
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