Die Verbreitung von digitalen und Web 2.0 Technologien führt zu Veränderungen in allen Aspekten der Wissenschaft – Forschung, wissenschaftliche Kommunikation, Zusammenarbeit, Finanzierung, Lehre und Publizieren. ForscherIn zu sein bedeutet, Teil eines wissenschaftlichen Diskurses zu sein. Im klassischen Sinne findet dieser Diskurs in Zeitschriften oder Büchern und durch die Präsentation von Forschungsergebnissen auf Konferenzen oder Workshops statt. Im Zuge neuer vernetzter Technologien, leistungsfähiger Computer und nahezu universellem Netzzugang, hat sich dieser Diskurs zunehmend in digitale Umgebungen verlagert. Digitale und soziale Technologien verändern auch das System der Forschung und der Wissenschaftskommunikation grundlegend. Nicht nur die klassischen Publikationsformate - Bücher, Zeitschriften, Berichte etc. – haben von Druck- auf elektronische Standards umgestellt, auch haben Wissenschaftsblogs, Social Network Sites und Microblogs einen enormen Einfluss auf die wissenschaftliche Kommunikation gewonnen und wissenschaftliche Forschung für breites Publikum geöffnet. [Aus der Einleitung.]

The continuous dramatic increase in the urban population creates many problems related to speedy mobility or conventional accessiblity options.However, the rapid evolution of autonomous technology in the field of automotive and information technology(IT) has made it possible to implement autonomous vehicles (AVs) for public transport smart transportation, as a concept, is a contemporary buzzword that should lead to sustainable mobility.In recent years, different smart transport initiative serviced globally, which has been supported increasingly by the private and public sectors. Briefly highlight the history and development of autonomous vehicles, and the SAE the 4 phases of AV. This thesis explores the main research question of how these two munciplaities aim to integrate AVs(autonomous vehicles)into their public transport systems? The two case strategies has examined where driverless transportation has practiced in l∅renskogs,Norway and Alaborg, Denmark demonstrated that autnonmy bus passengers are well aligned with the muncipalities to reduce the amount of car usage. Easy access for vulnerable groups(young children, physically or mentally disabled individuals and elderly persons). So, the autonomy public transport (PT) can make hard reachable places more accessible, leading to social inclusion. The thesis is primarily qualitative methodology was essential to apply and relies on the work of previous researcher, technical reports, workshops and the empirical data was collected from involvement of stakeholders in the public and private sectors besides the municipalities need to take a leadership position in defining autonomy transportation based on the real city′s demand and integrate into sustainable smart transportation planning stragtegies.

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The purpose of this study is to begin to articulate the theoretical identity of the field of dance studies as an academic discipline and to produce a feminist intervention into the phenomena of disembodied scholarship, while asking questions about disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity within dance studies historically and today. My primary research questions are: What are dance studies research methods? And, which research methods, if any, are inherent to dance as an academic discipline? In order to answer these seemingly direct and simple questions, I also question the assumption that we know what dance studies research methods are. In Chapter 1 I first introduce and qualify myself as a dance artist and scholar, connecting my own experiences to my research; I narrate my research questions in detail and describe the significance, limitations, and scope of this project. In Chapters 2 and 3 I provide a history of the disciplinary and interdisciplinary origins of dance studies in higher education and situate that history within contemporary conversations in dance studies on disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity. In Chapter 4 I offer an analysis of the National Dance Education Organization's (NDEO) Research Priorities for Dance Education: A Report to the Nation and The Dance Education Literature and Research descriptive index (DELRdi), an online searchable database that aims to document all literature and research in dance education (not dance studies) from 1926 to the present, as it relates to issues and methods in my own research. In Chapter 5 I identify and describe current research methods found in all dance studies dissertations granted from the 4 doctoral programs in Dance in the United States over a three-year period. This chapter begins to articulate the current theoretical identity of the field. I examine and report on current trends in dance studies research methods and draw comparisons across dance studies doctoral programs, setting the foundation for future discussion of dance studies research methods. In Chapter 6 I summarize the project and make suggestions for the future. A feminist lens is used throughout as a way of providing a feminist intervention into the phenomena of disembodied scholarship by asking questions about research methods (particularly the use of critical theory as a method for research and writing about dance) and if or how particular research methods lead to the production of embodied or disembodied scholarship. / Dance

In 2017 the Ontario government moved forward with new child welfare legislation, Bill 89, spelling out that the 47 Children’s Aid Societies in Ontario will be much more ‘child-centric’. I explore the historical context of the ‘child-centric’ language and commitments in the new Act, including tracing its origin by the Act’s incorporation of the Katelynn Principle and Article 12 of the 1989 United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child. How best to consult youth in-care is an essential, but a mostly unanswered question. Children Aid Societies across the province have a unique opportunity to implement alternative methods in engaging young people in consultation, should they pan out as viable and reliable strategies when consulting youth in-care. Tradition interview approaches are not always the best strategies when engaging youth. Visual research methods, such as photo-elicitation, have the potential of offering useful insights into children’s perspectives and experiences. The focus of my thesis is youth voice. I explore this topic through a study with young people in-care involved in a music group. I used focus groups and photo-elicitation as methods for data collection. An important question addressed by my thesis is whether a visual research method, such as photo-elicitation, helps in the consultation process with young people and whether some of the claims made about the approach are accurate when working with youth. Specifically, I explored claims made about photo-elicitation helping with increasing 'emotional type talk' and inquired into how the method may enhance the consultation process with young people. I consider these questions in the context of important epistemological and theoretical debates about arts-informed and visual research methodologies. Five youth who had involvement of being in-care and were a part of a music group at a local Children’s Aid Society participated in my study. My study found that the youth overall felt consulted and did feel a degree of influence in shared decision making with being in-care. My study also showed that although photo-elicitation did not generate more ‘emotional-type talk’, it does appear to enhance self-confidence, which seemed to support meaningful participation in the interview process. Although much more needs to be explored with the application of visual research methods, and social science researchers should be cautious in making exaggerated claims in support of the approaches, youth in-care can surely benefit from visual research methods such as photo-elicitation. / Thesis / Master of Social Work (MSW)

This dissertation proposes a new method of studying pragmatic language use in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The existing research into pragmatic language use in ASD has predominantly used interviews and experiments in clinical environments to gather data from participants with ASD. These research methods focus heavily on comprehension, on comparing the performance of the participant with ASD to their non-autistic interlocutor. The methodology proposed in this thesis involves using observation and a naturalistic environment to gather conversational data that can be used to fill several gaps in the current research on pragmatic language use in ASD. In this study, people with ASD interacted with either non-autistic people or other people with ASD in triadic conversation sessions. These sessions were recorded, transcribed, and analysed for various pragmatic uses of language that previous research had observed were impaired, such as types of non-literal language and conversational turn taking. The pragmatic language use of three participants with ASD, representing three different levels of language ability, was analysed. The results showed that some participants used types of pragmatic language differently based on with whom they were communicating and also that some purported pragmatic impairments in ASD may not be as ‘impaired’ as they seemed based on previous research. For example, while all participants in this study used more interruptions when interacting with others with ASD compared to when interacting with non- autistic people, the rates of interruption were far less than what has been observed between non-autistic speakers (Hancock & Rubin, 2014), even though people with ASD have been described in the research literature as interrupting frequently (Ochs, Kremer-Sadlik, Sirota, & Solomon, 2004). The research presented in this dissertation has implications for future clinical research into pragmatic language impairments in any speech community and provides an additional methodology that can be used, expanding on the types of research questions that can be investigated in this area. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis proposes a new method of studying pragmatic language use in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This methodology involves using observation and the data that can be gathered using it can fill several gaps in the current research on pragmatic language use in ASD. In this study, people with ASD interacted with either non-autistic people or other people with ASD in triadic conversation sessions. These sessions were recorded, transcribed, and analysed for various aspects of pragmatic uses of language. The pragmatic language use of three participants with ASD, representing three different levels of language ability, was analysed. The results showed that some participants used types of pragmatic language differently based on with whom they were communicating and also that some purported pragmatic impairments in ASD may not be as ‘impaired’ as they seemed based on previous research.

Background: Despite the many harms and limited efficacy of opioids in managing chronic noncancer pain (CNCP), they are commonly prescribed for these patients in North America. One of the harms associated with prolonged opioid use is opioid use disorder (OUD); however, the risk of addiction is uncertain. We systematically reviewed observational studies to establish the prevalence of (OUD), and to explore factors associated with OUD in patients with CNCP. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO from inception to December 2018 to identify studies that explored the prevalence of OUD or risk factors for OUD in patients with CNCP. Two specialists in addiction medicine reviewed each potentially eligible study, blinded to results, to ensure their outcome met DSM-5 criteria for OUD. We pooled estimates of OUD across eligible studies using random-effects models. When possible, we pooled estimates of association with OUD for all independent variables reported by more than one study. Results: Twenty-two studies reported the prevalence of OUD, and six studies reported the association of 36 factors with OUD in patients with CNCP. The pooled prevalence of OUD was 20% (95% CI: 15% to 25%); however, we found evidence for small study effects (interaction p<0.001). When restricted to larger studies (≥900 patients), the pooled prevalence of OUD was 5.8% (95% CI: 2.8% to 9.5%; moderate certainty evidence). The prevalence of OUD was not associated with level of certainty of OUD criteria, under- or overestimation of instruments compared to DSM-5 criteria, severity of OUD, or risk of bias (interaction p values ranged from 0.34 to 0.92). Moderate certainty evidence demonstrated an association between OUD and male sex (OR 1.50 [95% CI: 1.05 to 2.14]; absolute risk increase (ARI) 2.7% [95% CI: 0.3% more to 5.8% more]), current smokers (OR 1.63; [95% CI: 1.25 to 2.12]; ARI 3.3% [1.3% more to 5.7% more]), and a history of mental health disorders (OR 1.49 [95% CI: 1.17 to 1.89]; ARI 2.6% [95% CI: 0.9% more to 4.6% more]). Low certainty evidence demonstrated an association between OUD and younger age (OR for every 10-year decrement, 1.60 [95% CI: 1.11 to 2.30]; ARI, 3.2% for every 10-year decrement [95% CI: 0.6% more to 6.6% more]). Moderate certainty evidence suggested no association between OUD and a history of alcohol abuse/dependence (OR 1.32 [95% CI: 0.84 to 2.07]; ARI 1.7% [95% CI: 0.9% less to 5.5% more]), and low certainty evidence suggested no association between OUD and a history of drug abuse (OR 1.51 [95% CI: 0.75 to 3.02]; ARI 2.7% [95% CI: 1.4% less to 9.9% more]). Conclusion: Moderate certainty evidence suggests that 6% of CNCP patients prescribed opioids will develop OUD. Younger men who smoke, with a history of mental health disorders, are at higher risk. Additional research is needed to establish the association between OUD and a history of drug or alcohol abuse. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Opioids are commonly prescribed for patients with chronic pain that is not due to cancer; however, long-term opioid use inevitably leads to physical dependence and may result in addiction. Prior studies have reported extremely variable rates of opioid use disorder (OUD) following prescription for chronic noncancer pain, ranging from less than 1% to more than 50%, which has led to considerable confusion. My systematic review found moderate certainty evidence that the prevalence of OUD following prescription for chronic pain is 5.8% (95% CI: 2.8% to 9.5%). Patients who were younger, current smokers, males, and had a history of mental health disorders, had a higher risk of developing OUD. These findings will help support shared care decision-making between patients with chronic pain considering opioid therapy and their healthcare providers.

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Yes / Public and patient involvement (PPI) has been shown to have a positive impact on health and social care research. However, adequate examples describing how to operationalise effective PPI, especially in doctoral studies, are lacking. Hence, doctoral researchers new to research, or those with limited experience, can be discouraged from facilitating PPI in their research. This paper aims to describe and discuss in detail the approaches used by four doctoral researchers to incorporate PPI at different stages of their research studies from study design to disseminating findings. We aim to inform other doctoral researchers about the challenges and limitations relating to PPI that we faced. Through these, we share pragmatic recommendations for facilitating PPI during doctoral studies. The description of four case studies demonstrated that PPI could be incorporated at various stages during doctoral research. This has had a beneficial impact on our research study progression, researcher self-esteem and lastly, helped alleviate researcher isolation during doctoral studies. / Supported by Research Design Service Yorkshire and the Humber (RDSYH), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (NIHR Yorkshire and Humber PSTRC). This paper presents independent research funded by NIHR under its Research for Patient Benefit (RfPB) Programme (Grant Reference Number PB-PG-0317-20010). / Research Development Fund Publication Prize Award winner, July 2019.