As jazidas minerais do território brasileiro são bens da União. Isto posto, seu aproveitamento se dá pela iniciativa privada, a qual deve royalties pela exploração a que procede de forma compensatória. Este arranjo institucional, entretanto, somente veio a lume com a Constituição Federal de 1988 e é síntese de um movimento de entendimento legal da relação do Estado para com as jazidas minerais, na origem do qual as jazidas pertenciam ao superficiário. O movimento institucional remanesce, contudo, inconcluso, e o momento, autocontraditório, posto que o regime de aproveitamento das jazidas e os termos que determinam a destinação de royalties ao poder público, respectivamente, obsta a autonomia deste de dispor de seus bens e sub-remuneram o Estado. Propõem-se diferentes interpretações à Compensação Financeira pela Exploração de Recursos Minerais (CFEM) de sorte a demonstrar a sub-remuneração que ela proporciona. Enquanto renda destinada ao proprietário de fator natural, a CFEM se mostra ineficiente na captação de rendas diferencial e absoluta, fazendo-o apenas marginalmente. Enquanto preço de proteção ao patrimônio público, entendendo-se advir da exploração deste externalidade negativa na exata medida em que esta desrespeita o critério de sustentabilidade, a CFEM igualmente falha. Por fim, mostra-se que a práxis do mercado de commodities leva à incompreensão da fonte do valor de seus produtos, negando-o às jazidas minerais, o que a legislação atual convalida. Propõe-se, portanto, a superação do arranjo atual, quer num movimento brusco, quer por meio de paulatinas alterações que elevem a participação do Estado na renda mineira e lhe deem a primazia no dispor das jazidas. / Brazilian’s territory mineral deposits are public goods. Its exploitation it’s taken by private capitals, which pays the state royalties in compensation. This institutional arrangement, however, was founded by 1988’s Constitution and it is a synthesis of an evolution on the state-mineral deposits relation as it is understood by the Law, in whose origins the deposits used to belong to the territorial private owner. This legal understanding remains, however, incomplete, and, so far, self-contradictory, since the mineral deposits exploitation and the terms that regulate royalties payment prevent state autonomy in the face of its goods and underestimate the value of its compensation. This text purposes different kind of interpretations to the Financial Compensation by the Exploitation of Mineral Resources (CFEM) in order to demonstrate state’s undervalued royalties. As ground-rent, CFEM fails to capture differential and absolute rents, providing them in a minor portion. As a public property protection price, which exploitation provides negative externalities in disrespect to the sustainability criterion, CFEM, again, fails. At last, this text demonstrates that the commodities market mystifies its original root of value. It is proposed the institutional arrangement to be overcomed in a sudden movement or by smaller legal changes that provides the state a bigger income and exploitation primacy.

Orientador: Jorge Eduardo Scarpin. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis.

The International market of crude oil and natural gas is well established and very competitive. Knowledge about costs is important in helping to understand the current position of producers within the industry. In the eyes of the producers, the lower the costs the more profitable they will become given the price of crude. This thesis focuses on an economic analysis of crude oil exploration in Saskatchewan and Alberta. In a competitive market, the producers require estimates of finding costs in both regions. The public policies that are designed to encourage crude exploration also rely heavily on reliable estimates of these costs. The results show that Saskatchewans per-unit finding cost is significantly lower than Albertas in spite of the geological differences between the two provinces. The finding costs are estimated by using a methodology (Uhler 1979) that has been widely accepted within economic literature of non-renewable resources. The results support the hypothesis that finding costs in both regions are increasing and the argument that these costs will converge in the long-run, except for the last six years of the analysis.

The International market of crude oil and natural gas is well established and very competitive. Knowledge about costs is important in helping to understand the current position of producers within the industry. In the eyes of the producers, the lower the costs the more profitable they will become given the price of crude. This thesis focuses on an economic analysis of crude oil exploration in Saskatchewan and Alberta. In a competitive market, the producers require estimates of finding costs in both regions. The public policies that are designed to encourage crude exploration also rely heavily on reliable estimates of these costs. The results show that Saskatchewans per-unit finding cost is significantly lower than Albertas in spite of the geological differences between the two provinces. The finding costs are estimated by using a methodology (Uhler 1979) that has been widely accepted within economic literature of non-renewable resources. The results support the hypothesis that finding costs in both regions are increasing and the argument that these costs will converge in the long-run, except for the last six years of the analysis.

Australia has a crop research system with higher research intensity than exists internationally. Motivated to improve R&D policy in Canada, this dissertation focuses on the Australian End Point Royalty (EPR) system for wheat and addresses four principal questions: (1) How was the Australian system created and how does it work? (2) How do public, producer and private ownership of breeding programs affect the pricing of varieties? (3) How do EPR rates affect wheat variety adoption? (4) Finally, how would uniform EPR rates, similar to those used in France, affect variety selection, total production and revenue if used in the Australian market? In addressing the first question I use existing literature and interviews with prominent personnel in the Australian wheat breeding system, including management of InterGrain, AGT, DAFWA, GRDC and others. Interviews were conducted during field study in Australia in 2011. In addressing the second question I employ a horizontal location model to analyze three game theoretic scenarios of a two firm oligopoly market with private, public and producer owned-breeding companies. The results show public and producer ownership of one of the wheat breeding programs reduces price level relative to private only ownership. I derive a novel result showing that when competing with private firms who must price above marginal cost, the public firm should also price above marginal cost in order to maximize total industry surplus. In addressing the third question I develop and estimate an econometric wheat variety adoption model for Western Australia. I find EPR rates have a negative inelastic, statistically significant impact on the adoption of varieties. Finally, in addressing the last question, I use the econometric model to simulate the adoption of Australian wheat varieties, given a counterfactual of revenue neutral uniform EPR rates. The uniform EPR rates speed up both the adoption and dis-adoption of varieties, thereby increasing weighted average yield and total production. The value of the increase in value of production exceeds the revenue for breeders under varying EPR rates, suggesting uniform EPR system may be an attractive alternative to varying EPR rates.

As jazidas minerais do território brasileiro são bens da União. Isto posto, seu aproveitamento se dá pela iniciativa privada, a qual deve royalties pela exploração a que procede de forma compensatória. Este arranjo institucional, entretanto, somente veio a lume com a Constituição Federal de 1988 e é síntese de um movimento de entendimento legal da relação do Estado para com as jazidas minerais, na origem do qual as jazidas pertenciam ao superficiário. O movimento institucional remanesce, contudo, inconcluso, e o momento, autocontraditório, posto que o regime de aproveitamento das jazidas e os termos que determinam a destinação de royalties ao poder público, respectivamente, obsta a autonomia deste de dispor de seus bens e sub-remuneram o Estado. Propõem-se diferentes interpretações à Compensação Financeira pela Exploração de Recursos Minerais (CFEM) de sorte a demonstrar a sub-remuneração que ela proporciona. Enquanto renda destinada ao proprietário de fator natural, a CFEM se mostra ineficiente na captação de rendas diferencial e absoluta, fazendo-o apenas marginalmente. Enquanto preço de proteção ao patrimônio público, entendendo-se advir da exploração deste externalidade negativa na exata medida em que esta desrespeita o critério de sustentabilidade, a CFEM igualmente falha. Por fim, mostra-se que a práxis do mercado de commodities leva à incompreensão da fonte do valor de seus produtos, negando-o às jazidas minerais, o que a legislação atual convalida. Propõe-se, portanto, a superação do arranjo atual, quer num movimento brusco, quer por meio de paulatinas alterações que elevem a participação do Estado na renda mineira e lhe deem a primazia no dispor das jazidas. / Brazilian’s territory mineral deposits are public goods. Its exploitation it’s taken by private capitals, which pays the state royalties in compensation. This institutional arrangement, however, was founded by 1988’s Constitution and it is a synthesis of an evolution on the state-mineral deposits relation as it is understood by the Law, in whose origins the deposits used to belong to the territorial private owner. This legal understanding remains, however, incomplete, and, so far, self-contradictory, since the mineral deposits exploitation and the terms that regulate royalties payment prevent state autonomy in the face of its goods and underestimate the value of its compensation. This text purposes different kind of interpretations to the Financial Compensation by the Exploitation of Mineral Resources (CFEM) in order to demonstrate state’s undervalued royalties. As ground-rent, CFEM fails to capture differential and absolute rents, providing them in a minor portion. As a public property protection price, which exploitation provides negative externalities in disrespect to the sustainability criterion, CFEM, again, fails. At last, this text demonstrates that the commodities market mystifies its original root of value. It is proposed the institutional arrangement to be overcomed in a sudden movement or by smaller legal changes that provides the state a bigger income and exploitation primacy.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-06-07T09:01:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 978635 bytes, checksum: 56ed644eb085fd29b5e6dc085cea8d18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T09:01:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 978635 bytes, checksum: 56ed644eb085fd29b5e6dc085cea8d18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / Investir em educação tem sido apontado pela literatura como uma medida essencial para a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social. Contudo, haja vista a escassez de recursos públicos, esses investimentos precisam ser feitos de modo eficiente. Partindo-se dessa motivação, esse trabalho analisa os determinantes da (in)eficiência do gasto público em educação de 20 municípios de Minas Gerais, os quais são beneficiários de, aproximadamente, metade da arrecadação nacional de royalties da mineração. Para tanto, em um primeiro estágio, indicadores financeiros e educacionais desses municípios foram submetidos à técnica de Análise Envoltória de Dados, o que permitiu o cálculo dos escores de eficiência do gasto público em educação. Em um segundo estágio, esses escores foram admitidos como variável resposta de uma regressão Tobit, que tiveram como variáveis explicativas fatores que, pelo menos no curto prazo, não podiam ser controlados pelos gestores municipais. Verificou que, em 2013, 85% dos municípios avaliados foram forte ou moderadamente ineficientes com relação à aplicação do gasto público em educação. Constatou-se, ainda, que tiveram efeitos significativos sobre esses resultados: o grau de dependência das receitas municipais em relação aos royalties da mineração, o porte populacional dos municípios e a escolaridade das mães dos alunos. Concluiu-se de que a formação de consórcios públicos educacionais e a implementação de políticas públicas que propiciem a diversificação e o fortalecimento da economia local podem ser alternativas para se reverter aquele quadro de ineficiência, bem como aumentar a qualidade da educação ofertada nos municípios mineradores de Minas Gerais. / Invest in education has been pointed out by the literature as an essential measure for promoting economic and social development. However, given the scarcity of public resources, these investments need to be made efficiently. Starting from this motivation, this paper analyzes the determinants of (in) efficiency of public spending on education 20 municipalities of Minas Gerais, which are beneficiaries of approximately half of the national mining royalties collection. To this end, in a first stage, financial and educational indicators of these municipalities were subjected to Data Envelopment Analysis technique, which enabled the calculation of public expenditure efficiency scores in education. In a second stage, these scores were admitted as the dependent variable in a Tobit regression, which had as explanatory variables factors that, at least in the short term, could not be controlled by municipal managers. It found that in 2013, 85% of the assessed municipalities have been strongly or moderately ineffective with respect to the application of public spending on education. It found also that had significant effects on these results: the degree of dependence on municipal revenues in relation to the mining royalties, the population size of the municipalities and the education of the mothers of the students. It was concluded that the formation of educational public consortia and implementation of public policies that foster the diversification and strengthening of the local economy may be alternatives to reverse that inefficiency framework and enhance the quality of education offered in the mining municipalities of Minas Gerais.

As jazidas minerais do território brasileiro são bens da União. Isto posto, seu aproveitamento se dá pela iniciativa privada, a qual deve royalties pela exploração a que procede de forma compensatória. Este arranjo institucional, entretanto, somente veio a lume com a Constituição Federal de 1988 e é síntese de um movimento de entendimento legal da relação do Estado para com as jazidas minerais, na origem do qual as jazidas pertenciam ao superficiário. O movimento institucional remanesce, contudo, inconcluso, e o momento, autocontraditório, posto que o regime de aproveitamento das jazidas e os termos que determinam a destinação de royalties ao poder público, respectivamente, obsta a autonomia deste de dispor de seus bens e sub-remuneram o Estado. Propõem-se diferentes interpretações à Compensação Financeira pela Exploração de Recursos Minerais (CFEM) de sorte a demonstrar a sub-remuneração que ela proporciona. Enquanto renda destinada ao proprietário de fator natural, a CFEM se mostra ineficiente na captação de rendas diferencial e absoluta, fazendo-o apenas marginalmente. Enquanto preço de proteção ao patrimônio público, entendendo-se advir da exploração deste externalidade negativa na exata medida em que esta desrespeita o critério de sustentabilidade, a CFEM igualmente falha. Por fim, mostra-se que a práxis do mercado de commodities leva à incompreensão da fonte do valor de seus produtos, negando-o às jazidas minerais, o que a legislação atual convalida. Propõe-se, portanto, a superação do arranjo atual, quer num movimento brusco, quer por meio de paulatinas alterações que elevem a participação do Estado na renda mineira e lhe deem a primazia no dispor das jazidas. / Brazilian’s territory mineral deposits are public goods. Its exploitation it’s taken by private capitals, which pays the state royalties in compensation. This institutional arrangement, however, was founded by 1988’s Constitution and it is a synthesis of an evolution on the state-mineral deposits relation as it is understood by the Law, in whose origins the deposits used to belong to the territorial private owner. This legal understanding remains, however, incomplete, and, so far, self-contradictory, since the mineral deposits exploitation and the terms that regulate royalties payment prevent state autonomy in the face of its goods and underestimate the value of its compensation. This text purposes different kind of interpretations to the Financial Compensation by the Exploitation of Mineral Resources (CFEM) in order to demonstrate state’s undervalued royalties. As ground-rent, CFEM fails to capture differential and absolute rents, providing them in a minor portion. As a public property protection price, which exploitation provides negative externalities in disrespect to the sustainability criterion, CFEM, again, fails. At last, this text demonstrates that the commodities market mystifies its original root of value. It is proposed the institutional arrangement to be overcomed in a sudden movement or by smaller legal changes that provides the state a bigger income and exploitation primacy.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Direito, 2015. / Submitted by Tania Milca Carvalho Malheiros (tania@bce.unb.br) on 2016-01-27T13:40:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_MarianaBorgesFrizzeraPaivaLyris.pdf: 2420339 bytes, checksum: 636738ab4664a43e55ecc5d1fe3f64c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-01-27T18:00:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_MarianaBorgesFrizzeraPaivaLyris.pdf: 2420339 bytes, checksum: 636738ab4664a43e55ecc5d1fe3f64c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-27T18:00:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_MarianaBorgesFrizzeraPaivaLyris.pdf: 2420339 bytes, checksum: 636738ab4664a43e55ecc5d1fe3f64c1 (MD5) / A presente dissertação tem por objetivos: a) demonstrar as limitações das categorias jurídicas propostas pelas visões dominantes no direito constitucional brasileiro para considerar claramente fatos econômicos e políticos e, ao mesmo tempo, referenciais normativos que reflitam preocupações com a fruição de direitos capazes de conduzir à realização de aspirações de justiça da sociedade; b) propor novas categorias jurídicas para o tratamento jurídico da problemática de distribuição dos royaties e participações especiais (PE) do petróleo entre os entes federativos no Brasil; e c) apresentar, com base nas categorias jurídicas propostas, os fundamentos relevantes para a decisão sobre a controvérsia delineada. Para tanto, são apresentadas: a sistemática legal de partilha dos royalties e PE do petróleo mais recente (Leis no 9.478/97 e 12.351/10), as mudanças propostas pelo Legislativo para redistribuir essas receitas e as ações judiciais intentadas com o objetivo de impedir as modificações aprovadas pelo legislador. Posteriormente, são caracterizadas as visões dominantes no direito constitucional brasileiro – neoconstitucionalismo e dogmática jurídica – e apresentadas, de modo sintético, algumas perspectivas de pensamento dessas visões. Com base em caracterizações críticas de tais visões dominantes, o trabalho argumenta que as categorias jurídicas por elas propostas são limitadas em sua capacidade de refletir fatos e escolhas políticos e econômicos relevantes. Como parte do esforço de caraterização das limitações do discurso do direito constitucional brasileiro, são também estudados e classificados, com base em análise de conteúdo, os fundamentos usados por atores envolvidos no debate sobre a partilha do pré-sal: os poderes Legislativo, Executivo e Judiciário, os demais atores processuais, os juristas e economistas. A partir desse exame é analisado: qual dos três poderes e qual dos dois lados (contrário ou favorável à redistribuição) utiliza fundamentos mais aptos a refletir fatos e escolhas políticos e econômicos relevantes e ideais de justiça reconhecíveis pela sociedade. Por fim, são sugeridas novas características para a análise jurídica acerca da problemática de partilha do pré-sal e apresentados os fundamentos relevantes para que a controvérsia passe a se apoiar em fundamentos aptos a adequar as soluções políticas à realidade e aos objetivos que devem ser buscados pelo direito: proporcionar a fruição mais efetiva de direitos fundamentais e humanos pelos indivíduos e grupos, contribuindo para diminuir a desigualdade social, econômica e regional. / The present essay aims to: a) demonstrate the limitations of the dominant views about Brazilian constitutional law to clearly consider economic and political facts and, at the same time, bring to the fore normative references that reflect concerns about the enjoyment of rights as means to realize justice aspirations of society; b) propose alternative categories for the legal treatment of the distribution of oil royalties between the federal entities of the Brazilian state; c) submit, based on the legal categories proposed, the relevant grounds for deliberation regarding the outlined controversy. Therefore, the work presents the legal system of distribution of oil royalties existing in Brazil, the changes proposed by the Legislature to redistribute these revenues and the lawsuits brought by stakeholders in order to prevent the changes approved by the legislature. The essay then characterizes the views about constitutional law that are prevalent among Brazilian lawyers, namely: neoconstitutionalism and legal dogmatics. The essay also presents, in summary form, some perspectives of thought of these visions. Subsequently, the essay argues that the legal categories put forward by the dominant vies on Brazilian constitutional law are limited in their ability to reflect economic facts and political choices. Moreover, the work employs the method of "Content Analysis" to study the arguments used by the actors involved in the debate on the distribution of oil royalties: the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary, other stakeholders that are parties to legal actions. Based on this analysis, the essay presents some conclusions and examines: which of the three branches of the Brazilian state and which group of stakeholders (those in favor or against the redistribution of oil royalties) rely more on language that is able to reflect economic facts and political choices and recognizable ideals of justice. Finally, the work proposes new legal and interdisciplinary categories to be employed in deliberations about the distribution of proceeds resulting from the pre-salt exploration and presents the relevant grounds that may be useful in tailoring policy solutions attuned to factual reality while helping to achieve goals such as the reduction of social, economic and regional inequalities.

The mobile revolution has had a huge effect on our lives in all spheres. To ensure its continued evolution patents have played a part in protecting rightsholders from infringement cases by implementers. Also, many companies in the ICT industry focusing on innovation have come together to create standards, which ensure interoperability and compatibility of devices whilst supporting an ecosystem that is beneficial for both innovators and implementers as well as the consumers. Despite challenges (hold-up and hold-out) arising, regulators and standards organizations have created policies to regulate the processes involved. This has seen the introduction of FRAND and other international agreements. Using 3GPP as an illustration, this thesis highlights the efforts that are poured in research and development to even come up with a set standard that is universally applicable. This thesis gives an analysis on the underlying principles and processes that allow for standardization. It focuses on the relationship between patents and standards and how a strong IPR system has an impact on the progress of technology innovation. This thesis will highlight the benefits that arise from an ecosystem that is predevelopment and analyses the legal cases that have been dealt with over the years. Several cases have been brought before the courts in different jurisdictions to address issues relating to standardization and the ruling have seen a change in direction on the way to approach FRAND. The landmark case Huawei v ZTE paved a way for Europe’s balanced approach on licensing agreements and now courts have realized the importance of both parties to actively participate in good faith negotiations. The same has happened in the United states where after eBay v MercExchange the courts are now realizing hold-out is equally detrimental as hold-up and can create complications in licensing. The courts are now reluctant in offering injunctive relief without efforts from both parties to perform licensing agreements. As the technological boom continues in an upward trajectory it is crucial now, more than ever for Africa to join in and leverage the available laws to benefit its SMEs and ICT industry and strengthen its IPR system. Legend has it that the stronger the protection of own technological know-how, the higher the likelihood to join formal standardization processes to leverage the value of the technological portfolios. The empirical findings establish that if African countries develop their IPR system, this can be a source of encouragement for innovators to engage in global standardization.