Here I study the “plasma interactions with icy bodies in the solar system”, that is, my quest to understand the fundamental processes that govern such interactions. By using numerical modelling combined with in situ observations, one can infer the internal structure of icy bodies and their plasma environments. After a broad overview of the laws governing space plasmas a more detailed part follows. This contains the method on how to model the interaction between space plasmas and icy bodies. Numerical modelling of space plasmas is applied to the icy bodies Callisto (a satellite of Jupiter), the dwarf planet Ceres (located in the asteroid main belt) and the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The time-varying magnetic field of Jupiter induces currents inside the electrically conducting moon Callisto. These create magnetic field perturbations thought to be related to conducting subsurface oceans. The flow of plasma in the vicinity of Callisto is greatly affected by these magnetic field perturbations. By using a hybrid plasma solver, the interaction has been modelled when including magnetic induction and agrees well with magnetometer data from flybys (C3 and C9) made by the Galileo spacecraft. The magnetic field configuration allows an inflow of ions onto Callisto’s surface in the central wake. Plasma that hits the surface knocks away matter (sputtering) and creates Callisto’s tenuous atmosphere. A long term study of solar wind protons as seen by the Rosetta spacecraft was conducted as the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko approached the Sun. Here, extreme ultraviolet radiation from the Sun ionizes the neutral water of the comet’s coma. Newly produced water ions get picked up by the solar wind flow, and forces the solar wind protons to deflect due to conservation of momentum. This effect of mass-loading increases steadily as the comet draws closer to the Sun. The solar wind is deflected, but does not lose much energy. Hybrid modelling of the solar wind interaction with the coma agrees with the observations; the force acting to deflect the bulk of the solar wind plasma is greater than the force acting to slow it down. Ceres can have high outgassing of water vapour, according to observations by the Herschel Space Observatory in 2012 and 2013. There, two regions were identified as sources of water vapour. As Ceres rotates, so will the source regions. The plasma interaction close to Ceres depends greatly on the source location of water vapour, whereas far from Ceres it does not. On a global scale, Ceres has a comet-like interaction with the solar wind, where the solar wind is perturbed far downstream of Ceres. / Här studerar jag “plasmaväxelverkan med isiga kroppar i solsystemet”, det vill säga, min strävan är att förstå de grundläggande processerna som styr sådana interaktioner. Genom att använda numerisk modellering i kombination med observationer på plats vid himlakropparna kan man förstå sig på deras interna strukturer och rymdmiljöer. Efter en bred översikt över de fysiska lagar som styr ett rymdplasma följer en mer detaljerad del. Denna innehåller metoder för hur man kan modellera växelverkan mellan rymdplasma och isiga kroppar. Numerisk modellering av rymdplasma appliceras på de isiga himlakropparna Callisto (en måne kring Jupiter), dvärgplaneten Ceres (lokaliserad i asteroidbältet mellan Mars och Jupiter) och kometen 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Det tidsvarierande magnetiska fältet kring Jupiter inducerar strömmar inuti den elektriskt ledande månen Callisto. Dessa strömmar skapar magnetfältsstörningar som tros vara relaterade till ett elektriskt ledande hav under Callistos yta. Plasmaflödet i närheten av Callisto påverkas i hög grad av dessa magnetfältsstörningar. Genom att använda en hybrid-plasma-lösare har växelverkan modellerats, där effekten av magnetisk induktion har inkluderats. Resultaten stämmer väl överens med magnetfältsdata från förbiflygningarna av Callisto (C3 och C9) som gjordes av den obemannade rymdfarkosten Galileo i dess bana kring Jupiter. Den magnetiska konfigurationen som uppstår möjliggör ett inflöde av laddade joner på Callistos baksida. Plasma som träffar ytan slår bort materia och skapar Callistos tunna atmosfär. En långtidsstudie av solvindsprotoner sett från rymdfarkosten Rosetta utfördes då kometen 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko närmade sig solen. Ultraviolett strålning från solen joniserar det neutrala vattnet i kometens koma (kometens atmosfär). Nyligt joniserade vattenmolekyler plockas upp av solvindsflödet och tvingar solvindsprotonernas banor att böjas av, så att rörelsemängden bevaras. Denna effekt ökar stadigt då kometen närmar sig solen. Solvinden böjs av kraftigt, men förlorar inte mycket energi. Hybridmodellering av solvindens växelverkan bekräftar att kraften som verkar på solvinden till störst del får den att böjas av, medan kraften som verkar till att sänka dess fart är mycket lägre. Ceres har enligt observationer av rymdteleskopet Herschel under 2012 och 2013 haft högt utflöde av vattenånga från dess yta. Där har två regioner identifierats som källor för vattenångan. Eftersom Ceres roterar kommer källornas regioner göra det också. Plasmaväxelverkan i närheten av Ceres beror i hög grad på vattenångskällans placeringen, medan det inte gör det långt ifrån Ceres. På global nivå har Ceres en kometliknande växelverkan med solvinden, där störningar i solvinden propagerar långt nedströms från Ceres.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(C) 課題番号:05833001 研究代表者:渡邊 誠一郎 研究期間:1993-1994年度

The aim of this thesis is to create collections of examples for the subject Astronomy taught for students of pedagogical faculties, studying this discipline as a part of physics courses. Due to very different mathematical knowledge of students I have chosen typical and not much difficult examples oriented to several branches of astronomy. Each part of examples begins with a self-contained theoretical introduction. The difficulty rises gradually from trivial to more complicated examples. The examples are mainly focused on motions in radial gravitational fields.

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No. of bitstreams: 6 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Rafael da Costa Ferreira - FINAL -23-05-2017.pdf: 3432706 bytes, checksum: a6000fb8860f7569a29c566fd61a2092 (MD5) Instruções para ler os e-books - Versão Final.pdf: 1360179 bytes, checksum: c5c1399510dc5ccc74eaf3b8fb1a23fb (MD5) Texto com vídeos e animacoes - O nascimento do sistema solar - Versão Aluno.epub: 36975766 bytes, checksum: 2ab2ac6d60e2f7a2a3060773da37e4ed (MD5) Texto com vídeos e animacoes - O nascimento do sistema solar - Versão Professor.epub: 37282915 bytes, checksum: 8f2f8f9ff9664640b09505430e2de6e1 (MD5) Texto Estático - O nascimento do sistema solar.epub: 591589 bytes, checksum: 7ee6e9828b1ba5ed29a28d20bde48474 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O principal objetivo dessa Dissertação é avaliar o efeito, na aprendizagem, de textos com recursos de vídeos integrados, uma aplicação das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) na sala de aula. Pesquisar os efeitos de tais formatos de texto justifica-se pelo fato de as mídias digitais estarem presentes no cotidiano dos jovens, que são o público alvo do estudo. Pesquisar formas alternativas de mídias educacionais pode representar avanços no processo de ensino e aprendizagem ao tornar mais evidentes quais as melhores formas de utilização desses. Para tanto foi produzido um texto sobre a formação do sistema solar e a energia de fusão nuclear do Sol, em formato EPUB3, o que possibilita qualquer pessoa o acessar nas principais plataformas digitais, com o auxílio de um leitor de ebooks. O mesmo material foi utilizado em dois momentos diferentes com os alunos: no primeiro, usamos um texto em formato tradicional, com imagens estáticas. No segundo momento, o mesmo texto escrito foi apresentado aos alunos, mas desta vez com vídeos substituindo algumas das imagens estáticas do primeiro, contendo animações referentes às imagens estáticas que substituíram. Antes e após a aplicação dos dois materiais, foi aplicado um questionário com perguntas referentes ao texto e aos vídeos. A análise dos questionários e opinião dos alunos participantes mostra uma melhora na aprendizagem e desempenho nos testes e sugere que vídeos em materiais digitais têm forte potencial para facilitar o aprendizado de conceitos físicos bastante abstratos e normalmente distantes do cotidiano dos alunos. / The main goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the effect of digital instructional materials with integrated text and videos, applying therefore an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in a High School environment. Probing the effects of such materials is justified in that digital media are ubiquitous in young learners’ lives, the target group of our study. Alternative educational media can lead to advances in the teaching and learning processes if the best strategies for their application is made evident. With that aim, we have produced a digital instructional material about the formation of the solar system and nuclear fusion energy in the Sun in EPUB3 format, which makes it readily accesible in the most important operating systems with the aid of an e-book reader. The same material was used in two different instances: in the first one, we used the text in its most traditional format, consisting only of written text and static images. In the second instance, we handed students the same written text, but with videos replacing some of the static images. The videos contained animations which intended to illustrate the same concepts covered in the static images they replaced. Before and after the application of the two materials, students answered a questionnaire about the written material and about the videos. The analysis of the answers to the questionnaire shows a significant improvement in the understanding of the concepts especially after the study of the materials with the videos, which suggests that videos in digital media can potentially enhance the learning of rather abstract physical concepts which are not usually present in the students’ everyday lives.

The content of diploma thesis is a solution for heating and warm water preparation with application of an experimental measuring. My experimental measuring is experimental block. The block unifies parts of heating in boiler room in one system. The main object of this diploma was to learn to control the block and to measure important working status. In the second part was applied in first variant normal connection of boiler and in second variant was applied the block. The teoretical part is description of normal connection of boiler and development from other block systems to experimental block.

The aim of this Master´s Thesis is creating Business project for establishement mountain pension, which will be providing quality accomodation services together with environmental approach. This approach will be provided by using renewable resources energy.

This Master’s thesis deals with the energy evaluation of existing buildings sports-recreational company complex in Brušperk. For this purpose provides a comparison of selected fuels as an energy source for the heating in terms of economy and their impact on the environment. In addition, provides an overview of existing legislation for elaboration of an energy audit. To complement shows the calculation of return on investment in solar panels on the roof of one of the objects. Calculation is based on the results of performed experimental measurement. Finally, the thesis presents a comparison of energy performance of buildings simulated in the Bsim software with reality.

The thesis deals with the issue will be nearly zero energy. The theoretical part is divided into several chapters. Describes the requirements of applicable legislation of the Czech Republic and the EU and the application of renewable energy in these buildings. The third and last part serves as a basis for part of the experiment. Calculation section applies theoretical knowledge into practice. The subject has become a new residential building in which they are designed to ensure the technical equipment required internal environment. The proposal concerns the heating, ventilation, cooling, domestic hot water and lighting. At the end are attached graphic of energy performance certificates (PENB) and evaluated the economic and ecological point of view. The experiment deals with the measurement of the internal microclimate administrative building type in Brno, with regard to the requirements of current legislation of the Czech Republic.

This thesis describes the design, implementation and analysis for a preliminary study for DLR's MASCOT lander's next mission to Small Solar System Bodies (SSSB). MASCOT (Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout) is a nano-lander that flew aboard Hayabusa2 (JAXA) to an asteroid, Ryugu. It is a passive nano-spacecraft that can only be deployed ballistically from a hovering spacecraft. Current research focusses on optimizing similar close-approach missions for deploying landers or small cubesats into periodic orbits but does not provide solutions with semi-autonomous small landers deployed from farther distances. This study aims to overcome this short-coming by proposing novel yet simple Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) and Propulsion systems for MASCOT. Due to its independent functioning and customisable anatomy, MASCOT can be adapted for several mission scenarios. In this thesis, a particular case-study is modelled for the HERA (ESA) mission. The first phase of the study involves the design of a landing trajectory to the moon of the Didymos binary asteroid system. For a preliminary analysis, the system - Didymain (primary body), Didymoon (secondary body) and MASCOT (third body) - are modelled as a Planar Circular Restricted Three Body Problem (PCR3BP). The numerical integration methodology used for the trajectory is the variable-step Dormand–Prince (Runge Kutta) ODE-4,5 (Ordinary Differential Equation) solver. The model is built in MATLAB-Simulink (2019a) and refined iteratively by conducting a Monte Carlo analysis using the Sensitivity Analysis Tool. Two models - a thruster-controlled system and an alternative hybrid propulsion system of solar sails and thrusters - are simulated and proven to be feasible. The results show that the stable manifold near Lagrange 2 points proposed by Tardivel et. al. for ballistic landings can still be exploited for distant deployments if a single impulse retro-burn is done at an altitude of 65 m to 210 m above ground with error margins of 50 m in position, 5 cm/s in velocity and 0.1 rad in attitude. The next phase is the conceptual design of a MASCOT-variant with GNC abilities. Based on the constraints and requirements of the flown spacecraft, novel GNC and Propulsion systems are chosen. To identify the overriding factors in using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) for MASCOT, a market survey is conducted and the manufacturers of short-listed products are consulted. The final phase of the study is to analyse the proposed equipment in terms of parameter scope and capability-oriented trade-offs. Two traceability matrices, one for devised solutions and system and another for solutions versus capabilities, are constructed. The final proposed system is coherent with the given mass, volume and power constraints. A distant deployment of MASCOT-like landers for in-situ observation is suggested as an advantageous and risk-reducing addition to large spacecraft missions to unknown micro-gravity target bodies. Lastly, the implications of this study and the unique advantages of an enhanced MASCOT lander are explored for currently planned SSSB missions ranging from multiple rendezvous, fly-by or sample-return missions. Concluding, this study lays the foundation for future work on advanced GNC concepts for unconventional spacecraft topology for the highly integrated small landers. / <p>This thesis is submitted as per the requirements for the Spacemaster (Round 13) dual master's degree under the Erasmus Mundus Joint Master's Degree Programme. </p> / MASCOT team, DLR

This study aimed to explore teaching difficulties of Natural Sciences teachers when offering lessons in the Planet, Earth and Beyond strand. The aim was to understand their teacher knowledge, type of instructional strategies, and classroom discourse and interactions in their Natural Science classroom. The following question guided the study: What are the teaching difficulties of Planet, Earth and Beyond strand? A qualitative case study design was used for the study. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and observations. The study revealed that NS educators: carry misconceptions to class; show poor knowledge of context in specific aims and assessment strategies while also choosing poor and irrelevant instructional strategies and; still see themselves as authority in class by applying a one- way approach. It is recommended that: educators be trained on how to implement active and critical learning, while empowering them with knowledge on NS specific aims and assessment strategies; departmental heads, SMTs, and subject advisor should engage in regular class visits in the NS educators` classes, reviewing lesson plans that educators prepared; schools should provide educators with CAPS relevant documents; the DoE should provide more education to educators on the importance of following the curriculum as prescribed in the CAPS document; the department should provide educators with relevant teaching aids and practical apparatus and in the absence advice educators on how to improvise and; the subject advisors should assist educators in identifying misconceptions. / Science and Technology Education / M. Ed. (Natural Sciences Education)