The development of affordable housing often involves a contentious siting process. Proposed housing developments frequently trigger concern among neighbors and community groups about potential negative impacts on neighborhood quality of life and property values. Advocates, developers, and researchers have long suspected that some of these concerns stem from racial or class prejudice, yet, to date, these assumptions lack empirical evidence. My research seeks to examine the roles that perceptions of race and class play in shaping opinions that underlie public opposition to affordable housing. Such opposition often earns the label "Not in my Backyard" (NIMBY). The application of a mixed-methods approach helps determine why the public opposes the development of affordable housing in their neighborhoods and towns. The focus group and survey results provide a rich understanding of the underlying attitudes that trigger opposition to affordable housing when proposed nearby. This study demonstrates that stereotypes and perceptions of the poor and minorities are particularly strong determinants of affordable housing opposition. This research improves our understanding of public attitudes toward affordable housing attitudes, leading to a more focused and effective policies and plans for the siting of affordable housing. The results provide advocates, planners, developers, and researchers with a more accurate portrayal of affordable housing opposition, thereby allowing the response to be shaped in a more appropriate manner. / text

Stereotyper är vanliga sätt för oss människor att förenkla och underlätta situationer vi stöter på i vår omgivning. Trots fördelarna en förenklad vardag innebär kan stereotyper även innebära negativa konsekvenser, så som diskriminering eller utanförskap.  I denna studie undersöktes svenskars föreställning av typiska ägare till fem olika hundraser (labrador, pudel, pitbull, tax och chihuahua) med syfte att undersöka om stereotyper förekommer rörande svenska hundägare och om dessa stereotyper skiljer sig åt mellan hundägare och icke-hundägare.  Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en enkät som publicerades på det sociala mediet Facebook. 120 personer deltog i studien, varav 27 var män och 93 var kvinnor. Deltagarna var mellan 18 och 60 år gamla, med en medelålder av 29,6 år (Sd=9,6). Deltagarna fick besvara frågor rörande hur de föreställde sig typiska hundägare till de fem raserna, samt gradera hur väl de instämde med tolv påståenden avseende acceptans för stereotyper i allmänhet. I slutet av enkäten fick deltagarna även besvara bakgrundsfrågor rörande dennes kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå, om denne hade hund eller inte, samt vilken inställning denne hade till hundar i allmänhet.  Resultatet pekar på att det i mycket stor utsträckning finns gemensamma uppfattningar om hur ägare till olika hundraser ter sig när det gäller allt från frisyr till ålder. Det visade sig inte finnas någon större skillnad  mellan de två grupperna när det gällde stereotypt tänkande.  Avseende enkätdelen rörande acceptans för stereotyper visade sig deltagarna ha en relativt låg grad av acceptans, vilket är intressant eftersom de samtidigt uppvisade stereotypa tankesätt när de svarade på frågorna om de olika hundraserna.  Studien har visat att stereotypt tänkande mest troligen förekommer kring olika hundrasers ägare, att medvetandegöra stereotypers förekomst kan vara en viktig aspekt för att minska risken för ytterligare stereotyper. / Stereotypes are common ways for human beings to simplify and facilitate situations they face in their surroundings. Despite the advantages of simplyfied living, stereotypes could lead to negative consequences, such as discrimination or exclusion.  This study investigated Swedes ideas regarding typical owners of five different dog breeds (labrador, poodle, pitbull, dachshund and chihuahua). The aim of the study was to examine whether stereotypes exist regarding swedish dog owners, and if these stereotypes differ between dog owners and non dog owners.  The study was performed using a questionnaire which was posted om Facebook. 120 persons participated, 27 men and 93 women. The participants were between 18 and 60 years old (mean=29,6 Sd=9,6). Each participant was asked to answer several questions regarding their idea of typical dog owners of the five breeds, and then grade how well they agreed to twelve statements regarding acceptance of stereotypes in general. At the end of the questionnaire, the participant answered background questions such as age, gender, level of education, if they themselves were dog owners and their attitude towards dogs in general.   The results show that stereotypes exist in great extent regarding the appearance of owners to different breeds. There was not much difference between the two groups when it came to stereotypical thinking.  Regarding acceptance for stereotypes in general this study showed that the participants show a low degree of acceptance, which is interesting because they at the same time showed stereotypical thinking when they answered the questions about the different breeds.  This study has shown that stereotypical thinking most likely occurs regarding owners of certain breeds. To sensitize stereotypes occurrence may be an important aspect to reduce the risk of further stereotypes.

Age stereotypes have been associated with patterns of communication toward older adults as well as an individual s impression of older adults. Thus far, researchers have not explored these associations using paradigms in which participants engage interactively with the target; rather, studies have placed participants in the role of an objective observer of the target. The current study made use of a simulated communication paradigm to examine change in age stereotype activation, communication patterns and the impressions that are formed of an older adult target over the course of an interaction. Target individuals were portrayed either very positively (as a healthy active older adult) or more negatively (as an unwell stereotypical older adult). The competence of the target was manipulated to examine the effect of this trait on stereotype activation, communication and impressions. Individuals of all ages were found to initially speak in an affirmative way to the older adult target, regardless of initial impression, and then adjusted their speech to reflect the competency of the target. Impressions reflected both initial impressions as well as information gained from the interactive task; middle-aged and older adults focused on diagnostic information while young adults made use of all available information to inform their judgments.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, Dec., 2007. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

Les statistiques concernant l’insertion professionnelle des personnes en situation de handicap nous informent que cette catégorie de la population est particulièrement vulnérable. Les exigences à l’égard de cette catégorie de travailleurs, considérée comme peu productive et peu autonome, dépassent largement celles demandées à un candidat valide, y compris pour des postes où le handicap n’est pas une barrière objective (Louvet, 2007). A contrario, on attribue plus de qualités personnelles aux handicapés qu’aux valides (Louvet, Rohmer, & Dubois, 2009). Les attitudes envers les personnes handicapées oscillent entre des attitudes bienveillantes quant à leurs « qualités personnelles » et des préjugés négatifs sur leurs compétences réelles. Ainsi, on peut parler d’un stéréotype ambivalent. Les conséquences de cette ambivalence sont au cœur de ce travail doctoral.L’objectif principal de la thèse était de montrer que cette image du handicap impacte largement les stratégies de présentation de soi des personnes handicapées mais aussi leurs performances réelles. Nous avons également montré que l’amorçage de la catégorie sociale du handicap auprès d’individus valides pouvait conduire à un effet d’assimilation, c’est-à-dire à des comportements conformes aux stéréotypes engagés. Dans une perspective théorique nous avons cherché à démontrer l’intérêt de la décomposition de l’utilité sociale, afin de l’appliquer à ce champ d’étude mais également à celui de la motivation. Ces résultats suggèrent que les personnes handicapées pourraient être centrées sur la production de l’effort et de maîtrise de la tâche, conduisant à des performances différant qualitativement des personnes valides. / Statistics on the professional integration of disabled people in society suggest that this category of population is particularly vulnerable. The requirements for this category of workers, perceived as wanting in productivity and autonomy, far exceed what is expected of a valid candidate, even when it comes to positions where disability is not an objective barrier (Louvet, 2007). However, disabled people are credited with greater personal qualities than valid workers: in particular, they tend to be considered as more "deserving" (Louvet, Rohmer, & Dubois, 2009). To sum up, attitudes and behaviours towards people with disabilities range from benevolent attitudes about their "personal qualities" to very negative prejudices about their actual skills.In this respect, the stereotype can be considered as ambivalent. The consequences of this ambivalence are at the heart of this doctoral work. The main aim of this PhD is to show that this image of disability widely impacts the self-presentation strategies of disabled people in a recruitment context and also their actual performance. It is also shown that preliminary briefing of valid individuals regarding the social category of disability could lead to an effect of assimilation, that is to say behaviours corresponding to the existing stereotypes. In a theoretical perspective, this PhD tries to demonstrate the interest of decomposing social utility, so as to apply it to this field of study but also to that of motivation. Overall, results suggest that people with disabilities may focus essentially on producing efforts and mastering tasks, and that their performance consequently differs qualitatively from that of valid persons.

Sweden has made enormous progress when it comes to gender equality hence its ranking as first among other states with a score of 83.9 percent. Despite all the progress, there are still challenges that create a huge gender gap in gender-based professions where some professions are considered male whereas others are termed female. It is obvious that gender segregation still prevails in occupations that are traditionally gendered. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers within the construction industry that are maintaining the gender gap and frustrating Sweden's efforts to steer towards a complete gender equality. The study was analysed based on three theories, glass ceiling (Blackwell ,2017), gender theory (Connell (1996) Simone de Beauvoir, 1949) and gender system (Yvonne Hirdman, 1988) as the main theory. Seven interviews with five women in the construction industry were conducted. Discrimination in working hours, pay gap, sexual harassment, lack of role models are some of the barriers that this report highlights. The findings show that the gender gap is generated by macho culture, male superiority and firmly ingrained masculine norms as well as beliefs.

Thesis (M.A. (Media Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The emergence of democracy in South Africa brought a fallacious rainbow nation to permit all citizens to benefit from equal opportunities regardless of colour. The national broadcaster, SABC as a tool of transformation to promote multiracialism was meant to depict balanced representations of all races through its programmes such as soap operas. This study’s aim was to examine the depiction of racial characterisation in Skeem Saam which is broadcast by the SABC. The study employed a qualitative approach which allowed the use of descriptive analysis. Purposive sampling was used to determine the soap opera as the most appropriate to examine racial characterisation. The data was collected through qualitative content analysis which enabled the researcher to peruse Skeem Saam’s episodes which address the study’s objectives. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data which enabled the analysis of ten characters and the contexts these characters are portrayed in. The study found that there are negative racial misconceptions and stereotypes attached to Black character roles through occupational roles, personality traits, social and economic status as compared to White character roles. Therefore, that there is misrepresentation of Blacks through roles played by Black characters. The study recommends a need for transformative policy amendments which will bind soap opera producers to include realistic and balanced representations of race and gender. Narrative formations should also feature realistic developments in society rather fictional storylines that run at the expense of daunting Blacks growth in South Africa.

Teen films generally highlight typical high school stereotypes, with jocks being one of the most prevalent characters. Through a content analysis, this study seeks to determine the portrayal of male athletes in comparison with their fellow teenage characters in the top-grossing teen films from the 1980s through the 2000s to help understand the role of films in reinforcing stereotypes. The study found that male athletes are significantly more likely to be portrayed as more physically or verbally aggressive, unintelligent and popular than their peer counterparts. They were not depicted to be any more sexually active, illegal substances users, or physically attractive than their male peers.

This study identified the accuracy with which local career and technical education (CTE) administrators perceive the stereotypes of CTE students, teachers, and programs held by Virginia Department of Education administrators. In order to measure the aforementioned meta-accuracy: (a) the stereotypes of CTE students, teachers, and programs held by (VDOE) administrators were determined, (b) the meta-stereotypes of local CTE administrators regarding the stereotypes of CTE programs, students, and teachers held by VDOE administrators were established, and (c) the stereotypes and the meta-stereotypes were compared. Data analyzed revealed that some of the traditional stereotypical descriptors of CTE teachers, students, and programs were held by VDOE administrators. Some stereotypes of note were: (a) CTE students do not plan to go to college, (b) CTE students are good with concrete concepts, (c) CTE students enjoy nonacademic classes more than academic ones, (d) CTE students are not from middle to upper socioeconomic class, (e) CTE teachers have lots of on-the-job experience, and (f) CTE programs are isolated from the rest of the school. Local CTE administrators possessed meta-stereotypes that indicated that VDOE administrators would stereotype CTE students as: (a) not being leaders in school, (b) not having college-educated parents, (c) being motivated by material rewards, (d) enjoying nonacademic classes more than academic ones, (e) being easily influenced by peers, and (f) not being from middle to upper socio-economic class. Local CTE administrators had meta-stereotypes that indicated VDOE administrators would stereotype CTE teachers as: (a) being more of a practitioner than a theorist, (b) being good with concrete concepts, and (c) not possessing master's degrees. Local CTE administrators had meta-stereotypes that indicated VDOE administrators would stereotype CTE programs as: (a) being a good return on investment, (b) providing for the education of the whole person, (c) being beneficial to all students, (d) being expensive to maintain, (e) having enrollment typically of students from blue-collar or agriculture background, and (f) being for students who work better with their hands. Local CTE administrators were accurately able to predict the way VDOE administrators would respond to the statements depicting stereotypes of CTE students, teachers, and programs for 45 of the 62 items. Conversely, they were not able to accurately predict 17 out of the 62 statements. Overall, the accuracy of the meta-stereotypes (meta-accuracy) of local CTE administrators varied depending upon what was being measured. The meta-accuracy in relation to CTE teachers was highest (11 out of the 12 items) and the meta-accuracy was lowest in relation to CTE programs (10 out of 17 items). In relation to CTE students, local CTE administrators were accurate in predicting 24 out of the 33 items. / Ph. D.

This study explored whether women who have breast augmentation are more vulnerable to negative stereotypes about their intelligence and abilities than women who do not elect to have breast augmentation. Furthermore, whether the motivation for seeking such surgery contributes to stereotypes was also explored. Participants in this study read experimentally manipulated biographies of a fictitious female author, followed by her short story. The only manipulation was one line in the author's biography which varied the reason for the plastic surgery across 4 conditions (for herself, for her significant other, for medical reconstructive reasons, or no surgery). The participants were asked to read and evaluate the author and her work. The results of this study suggest that women who elect to have plastic surgery for herself or her husband are perceived as being less deep. The results also suggest that women who have previously elected to have plastic surgery judged the authors' fictional work more critically when she had plastic surgery for herself or for her husband.