在台灣勞動市場中，性別薪資差異一直都存在著。在 2015 年，女性勞工平均薪資大約為男性平均薪資的 85.57%，這個比率在過去 20 年間一直不斷上升，顯示出性別薪資差異逐年地縮小。而在解釋性別薪資差異大小的變數中，產業是其中一個很重要的解釋變數，因此本研究利用台灣主計處的人力運用調查資料，檢驗產業間性別薪資差異與產業特性之間的關連。實證結果顯示出部分產業特性確實會影響產業間性別薪資差異的大小，該產業的平均勞工年齡越大，該產業的性別薪資差異越小；工作地點在北部的比率越高， 會使得該產業的性別薪資差異越小；其他像是平均勞工任期長短 、特定職業的比率等等也會影響該產業內性別薪資差異的大小。 / In Taiwan, gender wage gap has existed for long in the labor market. However, proportion of average female salary to average male salary was about 85.57% in 2015 and this ratio has been growing in recent years. Besides, among all factors that can account for the gender wage gaps, industry plays an important role. Using data from the Manpower Utilization Survey, this study examines the inter-industry gender wage gaps in Taiwan with a focus on the correlation between these inter-industry gender wage gaps and characteristics of different industry sectors. The results confirm that some industrial characteristics do affect the magnitude of sex discrimination. Average age, job tenure, proportion of certain working locations and specific occupations have an impact on inter-industry gender wage gaps.

This thesis is focused on analysis of the development of gross month wage and in particular on development and examining seasonality. There are also described the institutions and their surveys of wages, such as the Czech Statistical Office, Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, which administers the Information System of Average Earnings. The monthly income is compared between regions and between major classes KZAM. The development of time series is modeled by the Box-Jenkins methodology, further charts of seasonal values and seasonal indexes . For comparison the average relative wage growth in regions are used cartograms. The base for these analyses is data obtained from business statistical return systems and structural statistics from the site of the Czech Statistical Office and the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs.

The thesis focuses on the evaluation of changes in the provision of social benefits for the unemployed, which occurred in the past few years. Specifically, it is mainly changes in the provision of unemployment which have occurred since 2009, and changes in the provision of benefits in material need, effective from 2007. Act No. 111/2006 Coll. providing for the payment of benefits in material joined together with Act No. 110/2006 Coll. the Subsistence Minimum in force from 1.1.2007. Their main task was to motivate the unemployed to actively search for work, and contrary to penalize those who are not interested in finding a job and prefer living on welfare benefits and reduce unemployment. The thesis aims to analyze the impact of these changes on the development of unemployment in the district of Kladno and development spending on social benefits.

The work deals with the remuneration of employees in KOVO Koukola Ltd. The main aim of this thesis is to define the theoretical concept of pay for workers and confronting him with a reasonably functioning system in a particular company.

A presente tese tem por objetivo geral apresentar dois ensaios sobre os acidentes do trabalho à luz da teoria dos diferenciais salariais compensatórios sobre os empregos de risco no Brasil. Para tanto, a partir da base de dados da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), fornecida pelo Ministério do Trabalho (MT), são construídas variáveis relacionadas às taxas de ocorrência de acidentes do trabalho (fatal, lesão e doença) para as subclasses da Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas (CNAE). No primeiro, intitulado \"O Valor estatístico de uma vida: estimativas para o Brasil\", é calculado o valor estatístico de uma vida para diferentes amostras de trabalhadores (homens, mulheres e trabalhadores blue-collars) com o objetivo de fornecer um parâmetro financeiro referente às indenizações a serem pagas a trabalhadores (e às suas famílias, em caso de acidentes fatais) que sofreram algum dos tipos de acidentes listados anteriormente no exercício de sua atividade laboral. No segundo ensaio, intitulado \"O impacto da \"Lei do Descanso\" nas horas trabalhadas, nos salários e nos acidentes não-fatais do trabalho dos caminhoneiros brasileiros\", é estimado o método de diferenças em diferenças generalizadas para avaliar se a Lei de Descanso, implementada em 2012 no Brasil, visando regular a jornada diária de trabalho e de descanso dos caminhoneiros brasileiros, com o intuito de melhorar as condições de trabalho e de reduzir os acidentes envolvendo estes profissionais, gerou diferenças estatísticas nas horas mensais trabalhadas, nos salários e nos acidentes não-fatais do trabalho (por lesão ou doença) destes trabalhadores. / The purpose of this thesis is to present two essays on labor accidents in the light of the theory of compensatory wage differentials on hazardous jobs in Brazil. To do so, based on the data base of the \"Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), provided by the Ministry of Labor (MT), I use variables related to the rates of occurrence of labor accidents (fatal, injury and illness) constructed for the subclasses of the \"Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas\" (CNAE). In the first essay, entitled \"The Value of a Statistical Life: Estimates for Brazil\", the value of a statistical life is estimated for different samples of workers (men, women and blue-collar workers) with the objective of providing a financial parameter related to the indemnities to be paid to workers (and their families in case of fatal accidents) who suffered any of the types of accidents listed, previously, in the exercise of their work activity. In the second essay, entitled \"The Impact of the \"Rest by Law\" on hours worked, wages, and non-fatal accidents of Brazilian truck drivers\", the method of generalized differences-in-differences is estimated to assess whether the \"Rest by Law\", implemented in 2012 in Brazil, aimed to properly regulate the daily work of the Brazilian truck drivers, with the purpose of improving their working conditions and reducing accidents involving these professionals, generated statistical differences on monthly hours worked, in wages and in non-fatal accidents of work (injury or illness) of these workers.

Les inégalités de revenus et la polarisation de l'emploi ont augmenté dans plusieurs pays au cours des dernières décennies, suscitant des préoccupations d'équité ainsi que des interrogations concernant les politiques de redistribution. Cette thèse répond à deux questions primordiales. La première concerne le rôle des heures travaillées et de leur dispersion pour expliquer les inégalités de revenu; la seconde porte sur le rôle de l'offre de travail des femmes dans l'explication de la polarisation de l'emploi. Le premier chapitre utilise des données pour les États-Unis, le Royaume-Uni, l'Allemagne et la France et examine comment les inégalités de revenu sont affectées par la dispersion des heures de travail. Le principal enseignement de cette approche est que la dispersion des heures de travail peut expliquer plus d'un tiers des inégalités de revenu dans certains pays et que la corrélation entre le salaire horaire et les heures travaillées s'est accrue au fil du temps. Le second chapitre s'appuie sur les résultats du précédent et explore les mécanismes qui expliquent la tendance à la hausse de la corrélation entre salaires et heures travaillées. Nous constatons qu'une plus grande volatilité de la production agrégée et une réglementation plus stricte du marché du travail ont tendance à réduire l'élasticité, alors qu'une augmentation du commerce dans un secteur les augmente. Enfin, le troisième chapitre met l'accent sur le rôle des femmes hautement qualifiées dans l'évolution du marché des substituts de la production domestique et montre que, lorsque les femmes hautement qualifiées travaillent plus d'heures, les femmes moins qualifiées sont plus susceptibles d'être employées. / Earnings inequality and job polarization have increased in a number of countries during the last decades, raising concerns of fairness and fostering debates on the implications for redistributive policies. This thesis asks two main questions. The first concerns the relevance of hours worked and their dispersion for earnings inequality, while the second question investigates the role of female labour supply in explaining the increase in job polarization. The first chapter uses data for the USA, the UK, Germany, and France and examines how earnings inequality is affected by the dispersion of working hours. The main result of this exercise is that hours dispersion can account for over a third of earnings inequality in some countries and that the relevance of the correlation between wages and working hours has been growing over time. The second chapter builds on the results of the previous one and explores the forces behind the upward trend of the correlation between wages and working hours. We find that greater aggregate output volatility and stricter labour market regulation tend to reduce the elasticity, while a greater trade share in an industry raises it. Finally, the third chapter investigates the relevance of female employment for job polarization in Germany. The analysis focuses on the role of high-skilled females in the evolution of a market for home production substitutes and finds that when top-employed females work more hours, low-skilled women are more likely to be employed.

As economias de aglomeração apresentam externalidades que impactam sobre os vetores de preços da economia. As interações que ocorrem nas aglomerações são relevantes para a compreensão dos benefícios gerados pela proximidade. Tais benefícios impactam diretamente o salário do trabalho e os preços dos imóveis, entre outros. Muitos trabalhos focaram em estudar economias de aglomeração no contexto espacial agregado, mas poucos estiveram focados no espaço intra-urbano. Em face dessa lacuna na literatura de Economia de Aglomeração, a análise nesta tese debruça-se sobre a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), que foi dividida em áreas homogêneas de 1 km2. Dois são os objetivos centrais desse trabalho. Primeiro, buscou-se identificar as áreas mais relevantes quanto à aglomeração de trabalhadores na RMSP, ou seja, os subcentros de emprego (SBD). Para tanto, utilizaram-se os microdados geocodificados do Ministério do Trabalho (RAIS- MTE) para os anos de 2002, 2008 e 2014. Uma nova abordagem empírica foi desenvolvida, utilizando Regressões Ponderadas Geograficamente e uma regra objetiva de valor de corte. Os resultados apontam para três SBD nos anos de 2002 e 2008. No ano de 2014, a abordagem metodológica desenvolvida nessa tese com valor de corte mais restrito identifica apenas dois SBD. Nos dois períodos iniciais, os SBD se localizam em Barueri, São Paulo e São Caetano do Sul. No último ano avalidado, localizam-se em Barueri e São Paulo. O padrão observado é que o emprego localizado nas áreas centrais de São Paulo apresenta nível de crescimento relativamente maior do que nas demais áreas. Os demais SBD perdem não apenas em termos de emprego, mas também em termos de área, isto é, as áreas dos SBD nesses municípios se reduzem. Em 2002, os SBD de Barueri e São Caetano do Sul ocupavam áreas de 5 e 7 km2, respectivamente. Em 2014, o primeiro ocupava 1 km2 e o segundo deixou de existir. Em São Paulo, a área se elevou de 79 km2 para 90 km2. Os resultados sugerem elevada concentração espacial do emprego na RMSP. No segundo ensaio, objetiva-se identificar o impacto da aglomeração sobre os salários dos trabalhadores e, adicionalmente, testa-se a hipótese de atenuação espacial da aglomeração. Para tanto, construiu-se uma base de dados longitudinal e considerou-se uma especificação com múltiplos efeitos fixos e defasagem espacial da aglomeração de emprego. Mesmo em face de uma especificação mais restritiva, os resultados sugerem efeito positivo da aglomeração, o qual é atenuado com o distanciamento espacial. Em outras palavras, a aglomeração impacta positivamente o salário. Em estimações que desconsideram a questão da endogeneidade, estima-se um efeito direto (na própria área) de 0,039%, efeito indireto de primeira ordem (em áreas contíguas) de -0,11% e efeito indireto de segunda ordem (anel externo às áreas contíguas) de -0,23%, normalizado por 100,000. Ao tratar o problema da endogeneidade, através do uso de variáveis instrumentais, obtém-se efeito direto de 1,78%, indireto de primeira ordem de -2,12% e o efeito de segunda ordem não é estatisticamente significante. / Agglomeration economies are externalities that impact on prices in the economy. The interactions that occur in agglomerations are relevant for the understanding of the benefits generated by proximity. These benefits directly affect workers\' wage, real estate prices, etc. Many papers have focused on non-market interaction in aggregated labor markets, but intra-urban labor markets have received less attention. Seeking to fulfill such lack, 1 km2 areas of the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) are taken as the scope of analysis of this study. The central objectives of this dissertation are twofold. First, in chapter 3, I identified and characterized the most relevant areas in terms of job agglomeration in the MASP, named subcentral business districts (SBD). For this purpose, the geocoded matched employer-employee database of the Ministry of Labor (RAIS- TEM) was used. I developed a new empirical approach to identify the SBD, using Geographicaly Weight Regression and cut-off rules of identification. The results identified three SBD in the years of 2002 and 2008, and only two in 2014. Considering the two initial periods, the SBD are located in the municipalities of Barueri (SBD-BAR), São Paulo (SBD-SAO) and São Caetano do Sul (SBD-SCS). In the last year, the SBD are located in Barueri and São Paulo municipality only. The employment located in the central areas of São Paulo shows a relatively higher amount of employee than in the other SBD areas. SBD-BAR and SBD-SCS lost not only in terms of employment, but also in terms of area. In 2002, these last two SBD occupied areas of 5 and 7 km2 respectively. In 2014, the SBD-BAR occupied 1 km2, while the SBD-SCS is not ranked at all. In São Paulo, the area ranges from 79 km2 to 90 km2. The results stemmed from the first paper suggest a high spatial concentration of employment in the MASP. In the second paper (chapter 4), the objectives are to identify the impact of agglomeration on workers\' wages and test the agglomeration spatial attenuation hypothesis (SAH). For that, I use employer-employee RAIS database and consider a specification with multiple fixed effects and spatial lags of the employment agglomeration as a strategy to SAH identification. Even in the face of a more restrictive specification, the results suggest a positive effect of agglomeration, which is attenuated as the spatial distance increases. In other words, agglomeration affects positively workers\' wage in the workplace area. Estimates without solving for endogeneity between wage and agglomeration indicate a direct effect of 0.039% (in the area itself), a first-order indirect effect of -0.11% (in the contiguous areas), and a second-order effect of -0.23% (in the ring around the contiguous areas), normalized by 100,000. When considering instrumental variables, the estimated direct effect on wages becomes 1.78%, the first-order effect changes to -2.12%, and the second order effect is not statistically significant.

Analyses about aggregate employment, unemployment, and inactivity rates frequently disregard labor market trends of specific household members, which may explain some puzzles in the relationship between economic activity and labor market participation. The relevance of family approaches of labor supply transcends the aggregate macroeconomic trends and addresses important micro-level analysis concerning the behavior and intrahousehold decisions of members and policy-relevant results. Despite the consensus about the joint labor supply decisions of household members, studies are typically at the individual level and disregard sons and daughters as decision-makers in a family. Therefore, in this thesis, we investigate these questions for Brazil, in two studies. In the first study, we analyze the labor supply decisions of sons daughters aged 14 to 24 years living with their parents, in a reduced form exercise. We collaborate to the empirical literature about intrahousehold impacts of policies, testing whether the minimum wage, which affects the income of parents, impacts the final labor supply decisions of sons and daughters. We also verify if the policy has distinct effects depending on whether the eligible person is the father or the mother, aiming to test the income-pooling hypothesis. Our identification strategy is based on an intention-to-treat approach, and in a differences-in-differences estimator. Another innovation is the use of the PNADC (IBGE) for 2012-2016. We find that the direction and magnitude of the minimum wage effects affecting fathers and mothers, on the labor supply of sons and daughters, depend on who is and how many eligible members there exist in the household: it is negative, whether the eligible person is the mother or the father, and it is positive, whether both are eligible. Therefore, our results strengthen the argument in favor of household approaches, since the income pooling hypothesis does not seem to be valid in this context. In the second study, we investigate how the decisions about labor supply could determine the aggregate results of unemployment and inactivity of the secondary household earners. We develop and estimate a structural household job search model with on-the-job search. We extend Dey and Flinn (2008) to allow for unemployment and inactivity of mothers and sons and daughters who are subject to shocks to their employment and income shocks to fathers. These shocks may determine different search behavior and job acceptance, depending on the other household member\'s labor market situation. The model is estimated using the PME (IBGE) for 2004-2014. We perform counterfactual simulations, and we verify that the decreasing unemployment rate of sons/daughters would not have changed between 2004 and 2014 if the labor market opportunities and conditions of this member remain the same. The unemployment rate of mothers does not alter a lot in this period. The increasing trend in the inactivity of sons/daughters is mostly determined by a decreasing encouragement rate and the increasing dropout rate observed among these members in this period. These exogenous factors that determine the move to or the permanence in the inactivity could be related to the lower cost of education. We conclude that the use of individual job search models to understand aggregate unemployment and inactivity can be misleading, since the household search behavior matters in the labor supply decisions of secondary household earners. / As análises sobre taxas agregadas de emprego, desemprego e inatividade frequentemente ignoram a dinâmica dos membros das famílias no mercado de trabalho, a qual pode explicar puzzles na relação entre atividade econômica e participação no mercado de trabalho. A relevância das abordagens familiares para a oferta de trabalho está nas análises macroeconômicas sobre tendências agregadas, e também em análises microeconômicas do comportamento, decisões intrafamiliares e resultados de políticas. Apesar do consenso sobre as decisões conjuntas de oferta de trabalho dos membros da família, grande parte dos estudos são abordagens individuais e desconsideram filhos jovens como tomadores de decisão. Nesta tese, organizada em dois estudos, investigamos essas questões para o Brasil. No primeiro estudo, analisamos a decisão de ofertar trabalho de jovens entre 14 e 24 anos vivendo com os pais, em um exercício de forma reduzida. A tese colabora com a literatura empírica sobre os efeitos intrafamiliares de políticas, ao testar se o salário mínimo que afeta a renda dos pais impacta a decisão final dos filhos de ofertar trabalho. Também testamos a hipótese de agregação da renda, ao verificar se se a política tem efeitos distintos caso a pessoa elegível na família seja a mãe ou o pai. A estratégia de identificação é baseada em uma abordagem de intention-to-treat, e no uso do estimador de diferenças-em-diferenças. Outra inovação é o uso da PNADC (IBGE) para 2012-2016. Verificamos que a direção e a magnitude dos efeitos do salário mínimo dos pais, na oferta de trabalho dos filhos, dependem de quem é e de quantos são os membros elegíveis na família: o efeito é negativo, se a pessoa elegível é a mãe ou o pai, e é positivo, se ambos são elegíveis. Esses resultados reforçam o argumento em favor das abordagens intrafamiliares, uma vez que a hipótese de income-pooling não parece ser válida neste contexto. No segundo estudo, investigamos como as decisões de oferta de trabalho poderiam determinar os resultados agregados de desemprego e inatividade dos membros secundários. Desenvolvemos e estimamos um modelo estrutural de busca por emprego familiar com on-the-jobsearch. Estendemos o modelo de Dey e Flinn (2008), para permitir desemprego e inatividade de mães e filhos, sujeitos a choques em seus empregos e choques na renda dos pais. Esses choques podem determinar diferentes comportamentos de busca e aceitação de emprego, dependendo da situação do outro membro no mercado de trabalho. O modelo é estimado com a PME (IBGE) para 2004-2014. Realizamos simulações contrafactuais e verificamos que a taxa de desemprego dos filhos, decrescente entre 2004 e 2014, não teria se alterado no período, caso as condições e oportunidades de mercado de trabalho dos filhos tivessem continuado as mesmas de 2004. Já a taxa de desemprego das mães não sofre grandes alterações no período. A tendência crescente na inatividade dos filhos é determinada por uma taxa de encorajamento decrescente e uma taxa de desistência crescente, que refletem fatores exógenos que levam jovens trabalhadores à inatividade. Esses fatores exógenos podem estar relacionados ao menor custo da educação no período. Concluímos que o uso de modelos individuais de busca por emprego para entender o desemprego e a inatividade agregados deve ser desencorajado, pois o comportamento de busca familiar importa para as decisões de oferta de trabalho dos membros secundários da família.

Le taux de scolarisation dans l'enseignement supérieur au Cambodge augmente rapidement dans les deux dernières décennies. Cette augmentation est associée, pourtant, avec des inquiétudes sur la difficulté des diplômés à trouver des emplois correspondant à leur niveau et domaine d'études, ce que l'on appelle les inadéquations verticales et horizontales.Cette thèse vise à examiner les impacts des inadéquations éducatives dans les pays en développement avec un accent particulier sur le Cambodge.Le chapitre 1 examine le lien entre les risques des inadéquations et la durée du chômage. Théoriquement, en supposant que les chercheurs d'emploi ne peuvent accéder qu'à des informations imparfaites sur les offres d'emploi disponibles, les individus font face à deux choix alternatifs : accepter la première offre d'emploi qui pourrait être inadéquate à leur qualification ou rester au chômage pour attendre un emploi plus adéquat. En revanche, si les travailleurs sont hétérogènes et les opportunités d'emplois sont limitées, il est possible que certains travailleurs ne parviennent pas à trouver une position adéquate et restent au chômage pour une durée plus longue.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature sur trois points. Premièrement, nous étendons la recherche au pays en développement. Deuxièmement, nous tenons compte l’endogénéité des inadéquations éducatives et considérons ces inadéquations dans les deux formes et dans toutes les dimensions. Troisièmement, nous proposons une analyse sous deux angles : un modèle théorique et empirique appliquée sur une enquête en 2011 auprès de dix-neuf universités au Cambodge. Les résultats soulignent que la durée du chômage augmente avec les risques d'inadéquations éducatives.Le chapitre 2 examine si les inadéquations diminuent les salaires. Il existe un consensus théorique sur l’impact négatif des inadéquations sur le salaire. En effet, travailler dans un emploi inadéquat ne permettrait pas les travailleurs d'exploiter leurs compétences potentielles, et par conséquent, ils seraient moins productifs et gagneraient moins (Sattinger, 1993). Pourtant, des limites existent encore dans les études empiriques.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature en trois points. Premièrement, il analyse un autre cas de pays en développement, alors que les études existantes concernent les pays relativement plus avancés. Deuxièmement, il analyse les effets combinés des inadéquations verticales et horizontales. Troisièmement, nous tenons compte le problème du biais de sélection en proposant un modèle de Heckman ordonné, appliqué sur les données d’enquêtes en 2014 de huit universités au Cambodge. Les résultats économétriques nous permettent de conclure que le salaire diminue avec le niveau des inadéquations.Le chapitre 3 examine les impacts de la suréducation sur la croissance économique au sein de trente-huit pays en développement. D’un point de vue théorique, deux approches s’affrontent. D’abord, la productivité d'un travailleur dépend à la fois des attributs du travail et des caractéristiques individuelles. Ainsi, les travailleurs suréduqués sont plus productifs que leurs collègues dans le même emploi, ce qui est favorable à la croissance économique. Pourtant, les travailleurs suréduqués peuvent être insatisfaits de leur travail, ce qui induit des comportements contre-productifs tels que des taux élevés d'absentéisme et de roulement, et donc négatif pour la croissance.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature en deux points. Premièrement, ce chapitre contribue en termes de données sur le taux de suréducation dans des différents pays en développement, ce qui permet d’analyser les impacts de la suréducation au niveau macroéconomique sur ces pays. Deuxièmement, ce chapitre traite l'hétérogénéité non observée des pays et l'endogénéité de la suréducation en employant la méthode des moindres carrés en deux étapes avec des effets fixes. Le résultat montre que la suréducation a un effet négatif sur la croissance / The enrollment rate in higher education in Cambodia has risen rapidly in the last two decades. Nevertheless, concerns on the graduates' employability exist: University graduates seem to be more and more struggled to find jobs corresponding to their level and field of education, the so-called vertical and horizontal mismatches.This thesis aims at examining the impacts of educational mismatches among graduates in developing countries with a special attention to the Cambodia's case.Chapter 1 examines the relation between education-job mismatches and unemployment duration among graduates in Cambodia. Theoretically, by assuming that job seekers can only access to limited information about the available job opportunities, they face two alternative choices between accepting the first job offer that can be mismatched to their qualification and staying unemployed to wait for a better suitable job. In contrast, if workers are heterogeneous and the job opportunities are limited, it is possible that some workers may fail to find a matched position and stay unemployed for a longer duration.This chapter contributes to the literature in three points. First, we extend the research into the developing country. Second, we take into account the endogeneity of educational mismatches and consider them in their both forms and all dimensions: Vertical or horizontal, single or double mismatch. Third, we propose an analysis from two angles: A theoretical model and an empirical model applied on a survey data in 2011 from nineteen higher education institutions (HEI) in Cambodia. The results underline that unemployment duration increases with the risks of mismatches.Chapter 2 examines whether education-job mismatches lower individual wages. There exists a theoretical consensus on the negative impact of mismatches on wages. Indeed, working in a mismatched job would not allow workers to exploit their potential skills, and consequently they would be less productive and earn less than if they were employed in a matched occupation. Yet, some limits remain in empirical studies.Hence, this chapter contributes to the literature in three points. First, it analyzes another case of developing country, while the existing studies focus on relatively more advanced countries. Second, it analyzes the combination effects of vertical and horizontal mismatches. Third, we take into account the selection bias problem by proposing an ordered Heckman model applied on a survey data from eight HEI in Cambodia in 2014. The econometric results allow us concluding that wages decrease with the level of mismatches.Chapter 3 examines the impacts of overeducation on economics growth in thirty-eight developing countries. Two theoretical approaches confront each another. First, a worker's productivity depends on both job attributes and individual characteristics. Thus, overeducated workers are more productive than their counterparts in the same job, which is good for the economic growth. In contrast, overeducated workers may be dissatisfied with their jobs, which induces to counterproductive behaviors, such as high rates of absenteeism and turnover, that is bad for the growth outcome.Hence, this chapter contributes to the literature in two points. First, this chapter contributes in terms of data, allowing to analyze the impacts of overeducation on economic growth in developing countries. Second, this chapter deals with unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity of overeducation by employing two-stage least squares regression with country fixed-effects. The results show that overeducation has a negative impact on economic growth

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felicio Oshiro.pdf: 1225068 bytes, checksum: 3c29701b7fb1a3546d50181285ab92c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-19 / This study aims to analyze the visions of unemployment in contemporary society. Firstly, it approaches the look of Neoclassical, Keynesian and Marxist about the causes of unemployment and its role in capitalism. Next, based on the thought of Robert Castel, Jérôme Gautié and Christian Topalov, it analyzes the construction of the unemployed category, emphasizing the place of work without the pre-industrial and industrial society. The third part discusses the concept of unemployment in labor statistics by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the Inter-Union Department of Statistics and Socio-Economic Studies (DIEESE) and Foundation System State Data Analysis (SEADE). These views influence social protection, economic policy, responsibility by unemployment, the way to use the technological advances, also in safety and working conditions of employees. This dissertation inquires about the construction of the unemployment rates, the comparability and the risk of reducing a complex phenomenon to a measure. In addiction this study presents the Castel s concern about the precariousness of employment in a society that was based on the wage relation. Finally, this text suggested that the visions are not neutral and represent the interests of social forces, demanding reflection even when the indices indicate "low unemployment" / Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o desemprego no olhar da sociedade contemporânea. Inicialmente, aborda-se a visão dos pensamentos neoclássico, keynesiano e marxista sobre as causas do desemprego e seu papel no capitalismo. A seguir, baseado no pensamento de Robert Castel, Jérôme Gautié e Christian Topalov, analisa-se a construção da categoria desempregado, enfatizando-se o lugar do sem trabalho na sociedade pré-industrial e industrial. Na terceira parte, discute-se o conceito de desemprego nas estatísticas do trabalho, pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), pelo Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Socioeconômicos (DIEESE) e pela Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (SEADE). Todas as visões citadas influenciam as proteções sociais, a política econômica, a responsabilização pelo desemprego, a maneira de utilizar os avanços tecnológicos, além da segurança e das condições de trabalho dos empregados. A dissertação indaga sobre a construção dos índices de desemprego, sua comparabilidade e o risco de reduzir um fenômeno complexo a uma medida. Apresenta a preocupação de Castel sobre a precarização dos empregos em uma sociedade que foi alicerçada sobre a relação salarial. Por fim, sugere que as visões não são neutras e representam interesses de forças sociais, merecendo reflexões mesmo quando os índices apontam desemprego baixo