Nanopore sensing is a label-free method used to characterize water-soluble molecules. Recent work describes how Au25(SG)18 clusters improve the single molecule nanopore spectrometry (SMNS) technique when analyzing polyethylene glycol (PEG). This thesis will further study and optimize the enhancement effect resulting from a cluster’s presence. Additionally, a model describing the interaction between a cluster and PEG is developed to assist in understanding this mechanism of enhancement. This thesis will also discuss expanding the SMNS method to detect peptides, using Au25(SG)18 for enhancement, and adjusting solution conditions to improve the sensitivity of the SMNS system for peptide detection. Finally, a model describing the relationship between nanopore current blockades and molecular weight is developed to demonstrate the feasibility of using SMNS as a viable analytical technique for characterizing a wide variety of water-soluble molecules.

Les géomembranes (GMB) en polyéthylène haute densité (PEHD) sont utilisées comme barrière d'étanchéité dans les installations de stockage de déchets non dangereux (ISDND). Malgré les bonnes propriétés initiales du PEHD, face aux agressions chimiques et biologiques d'un lixiviat de déchets et aux contraintes thermiques et mécaniques générées par le massif de déchets, sa durabilité reste une question ouverte. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer au développement d'un modèle cinétique non empirique de prédiction de la durée de vie des GMB en PEHD, qui prend simultanément en compte les effets du vieillissement chimique et biologique. Pour cela, nous cherchons à déterminer d'une part les paramètres d'extraction des antioxydants constitutifs des GMB, première étape du vieillissement des GMB, et d'autre part les paramètres cinétiques de vieillissement oxydatif des PE, deuxième étape de vieillissement. Ceci nécessite de connaître et de comprendre les mécanismes physico-chimiques impliqués dans le vieillissement des PE dans les conditions particulières des ISDND. A partir d'une approche multi-échelle (macro- micro) et à l'aide de différentes techniques (IRTF, GPC HT, AED, essais de traction,…), nous évaluons l'impact du vieillissement accéléré sur la composition chimique, les structures macromoléculaire et cristalline ainsi que les propriétés d'usage des GMB et des films en PEHD. Cette étude a permis de déterminer un critère de fin de vie pertinent pour évaluer la durée de vie de la GMB : la fragilisation qui correspond à une masse molaire critique M'C d'environ 100 kg.mol-1. Un couplage de la modélisation chimique de la dégradation oxydante du polymère et biologique de la cinétique de croissance du biofilm est proposé. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, la même approche multi-échelle a été utilisée pour caractériser la dégradation de GMB vieillies 18 ans en bassin de stockage d'eau pour ainsi déterminer les mécanismes impliqués dans le vieillissement sur site / High Density PolyEthylene (HDPE) geomembranes (GMB) are used as basal liners in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. In spite of the good initial properties of the HDPE, his durability remains poorly known face to the chemical and biological strains of the MSW landfill leachate and the thermal and mechanical strains generated by the solid waste. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the development of a non-empirical kinetic model for predicting HDPE GMB life cycle, that simultaneously takes into accounts the chemical and biological aging effects. For this purpose, we seek to determine on the one hand the extraction process parameters of the antioxidants present in the GMB, first step of the GMB aging, and on the other hand the kinetic parameters of the PE thermo-oxidation, second step of the GMB aging. This requires knowing and understanding the physico-chemical mechanisms involved in the PE aging in the particular conditions of MSW landfills. Using a multi-scale methodology (macro-micro) and multi-technique approach (FTIR; GPC-HT, DSC, tensile tests, …), we assess the impact of the accelerated aging on the chemical composition, on the macromolecular and crystalline structures and on the used properties of HDPE GMB and films. This study identified a relevant endlife criterion for assessing the GMB service lifetime: the embrittlement which corresponds to a critical molecular mass M'C of about 100 kg.mol-1. Coupling chemical oxidative degradation modelling of the polymer and biofilm growth kinetic modelling is proposed. In the last part, the same type of multi-scale approach has been applied to characterize the degradation of HDPE GMB aged 18 years in water storage basin in order to determine the mechanisms involved in natural aging

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’observer la modification du comportement rhéologique dedifférents polyéthylènes branchés, suite à un traitement de cisaillement. Après avoir décrit lesmatériaux et les moyens utilisés, nous avons caractérisé le plus complètement possible lecomportement rhéologique des différents matériaux, aussi bien en cisaillement qu'en élongation.Nous avons également déterminé des données calorimétriques et des informations sur lescaractéristiques moléculaires, permettant entre autres de définir la masse entre enchevêtrements.Nous avons ensuite mesuré l’évolution de la viscosité dans différentes conditions de pré‐cisaillement,en faisant varier le temps et le taux de cisaillement dans un rhéomètre cône‐plan et dans unegéométrie de Couette montée en amont d’un rhéomètre capillaire. Nous avons montré que lesmécanismes de désenchevêtrement sont complexes et qu'ils ne sont pas directement explicables parun seul paramètre, comme la masse entre enchevêtrements. Enfin, l’observation des extrudats à lasortie de la filière nous a permis de mettre en évidence la modification des défauts d'extrusion sousl’effet d’un pré‐cisaillement. / The aim of this work is to characterize the effects of shear modification on differentbranched polyethylenes. After a short description of materials and methods, we have characterizedthe rheological behaviour of the different materials, both in shear and elongation. We have alsoobtained calorimetric and molecular data, allowing us to define the molar mass betweenentanglements. Then, we have characterized the viscosity changes induced by a pre‐shear, indifferent conditions of shear rate and time, both in cone and plate and Couette geometries. We haveshown that the mechanisms of disentanglement are complex and cannot be directly explained by aunique parameter like the mass between entanglements. Finally, the observation of the extrudatesat the die exit has permitted to evidence the change in extrusion defects induced by shearmodification.

Ph.D.,Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009. / Total hip replacement (THR) is an effective method of treatment for patients with hip disability. The procedure is capable of providing long-term functional improvement with excellent control of pain and restoration of function. Sir J Charnley developed a concept of low friction arthroplasty, which was based on use of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular and stainless steel femoral components. The components were attached to bone with the use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. This concept has been very successful, and is considered the gold standard of THR. Aseptic loosening of the prosthetic components remains the single most important reason for failure of THRs. Wear to the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cup is a well-known cause of osteolysis and aseptic loosening of the components. Thus, substantial improvement to the wear resistance of UHMWPE could extend the clinical life span of total hip replacements. In an attempt to reduce polyethylene wear and subsequent osteolysis, a method was developed in the early seventies in South Africa to improve polyethylene quality by means of gamma ray cross-linking. The acetabular cup was irradiated with 100 Kilogray in an acetylene environment, which was used as a cross-linking gas material, resulting in improvement of UHMWPE wear resistance. Influenced by the world trend and with the advent of a ceramic bearing surface, the Project of cross-linking was, to a certain extent, forgotten. Patients followed up in the late 1990s, showed minimal or total absence of wear after 15 years or longer. 3 Based on my preliminary studies, and anticipating the world trend of acceptance of cross- link UHMWPE, the aim of this research is to consolidate the results from the largest long term group of patients with acetylene cross-link UHMWPE, to study polyethylene gamma irradiated in the presence of a cross-linking acetiylene gas and the effects of it, in vitro, using a hip simulator. I was planning to communicate with as many patients as possible from the group operated on from 1977 until 1983 in whom cross-link UHMWPE was used. This group of over thousand patients represents the largest group of patients with cross-linked UHMWPE acetabular components in the world, with the longest clinical follow up of over 20 years on average. The first part of the research is a retrospective study: The goal was to contact as many patients as possible who were operated on during the period 1977 to 1983 when cross-linked polyethylene was used. To qualified for the study each patient had to have an early postoperative and the latest follow up radiograph. The radiological study consisted of the radiological measurement of wear. For this purpose the Hip Analysis Suite program was used. This is a software program designed by Dr John M. Martell from the University of Chicago, which is widely used and internationally accepted for that purpose. Image analysis offers significant improvements in reproducibility and accuracy when compared to manual analysis. 4 The final results were compared with results of polyethylene wear in patients in whom conventional UHMWPE was used. For this comparison only patients with acetabular components made from the same UHMWPE material and from the same supplier were used. The conventional UHMWPE is a component of the gold standard of hip replacement surgery. World-wide published follow up studies of 15 years and longer using conventional UHMWPE were compared to the cross-link UHMWPE group. If revision surgery was indicated for whatever reason in patients in with cross-linked UHMWPE acetabular components, the retrieved prosthesis was analyzed. The analysis consisted of examination of the articular surface of the cross-linked acetabular component for micro wear phenomena using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In order to perform an objective analysis of the retrieved components, two independent laboratories were used, namely: Peterson Tribology Laboratory, Loma Linda University, California, and Biomechanical Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pretoria. The analyses were possible thanks to collaboration with Dr Ian Clark from Peterson Tribology Laboratory and Dr NDL Burger in charge of the Biomechanical Laboratory at the Department of Engineering, University of Pretoria

Os substitutos valvares possuem grande importância pela freqüência da sua utilização e porque de seu bom desempenho depende o sucesso do procedimento cirúrgico realizado. Vários substitutos valvares têm sido empregados, todos com complicações inerentes ao material utilizado, como trombose, calcificação, degeneração, dificuldade de esterilização, custo, complexidade de produção, etc. Buscando disponibilizar homoenxertos preservados de maneira mais simples e econômica, avaliamos uma nova forma de preservação utilizando o polietileno-glicol, método L-Hydro. Este método consiste na extração controlada de substâncias antigênicas e de incorporação de um agente antinflamatório e anti-trombótico. Em dez carneiros jovens substituímos o Tronco Pulmonar, em sete por homoenxertos pulmonares tratados pelo processo L-Hydro e em três por homoenxertos pulmonares a fresco, implantados ortotopicamente e seguidos por 320 dias. Os carneiros foram avaliados por exames laboratoriais e ecocardiográficos. Ao cabo dos 320 dias foram sacrificados, quando se procedeu à avaliação hemodinâmica, radiológica, macroscópica e por microscopia óptica e eletrônica, de varredura e transmissão. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste t de Student de amostras independentes para os dados contínuos, pela análise de variância para as medidas repetidas e pelo teste exato de Fischer para os dados categóricos. Na evolução clínica e nos exames laboratoriais não conseguimos estabelecer diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos. O ecocardiograma revelou diferença quanto ao gradiente médio pulmonar, significativa aos 10 meses de seguimento, maior no grupo controle do que no grupo L-Hydro. A avaliação radiológica e macroscópica não estabeleceu diferenças. Na avaliação microscópica, óptica e eletrônica, células de revestimento e intersticiais foram encontradas nos dois grupos igualmente. O porcentual de revestimento celular calculado nos dois grupos foi semelhante. Nódulos de celularidade foram observados somente no grupo de homoenxertos a fresco. Em conclusão, estes dados indicam que os dois grupos apresentaram desempenho clínico e hemodinâmico semelhante. Ao ecocardiograma o grupo L-Hydro apresentou melhor desempenho; apresentou também evidências histológicas de repopulação celular intersticial e endotelial. Na análise macro e microscópica, óptica e eletrônica, o grupo L-Hydro apresentou macroscopia, estrutura histológica e ultraestrutural semelhante ao homoenxerto afresco, à exceção de nódulos de maior celularidade intersticial, presentes apenas no homoenxerto a fresco / Valve substitutes are highly important in account of their frequent use and since the success of a surgical procedure depends on their good performance. A variety of valve substitutes have been used, all presenting complications pertaining to their materials, such as thrombosis, calcification, degeneration, sterilization difficulties, cost, production complexity, etc. In an effort to make available homografts preserved in a simpler and less costly way, we evaluated a new preservation form using polyethyleneglycol, the LHydro method. This method consists in the controlled extraction of antigenic substances and the incorporation of an anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic agent. We substituted the pulmonary trunk in ten ovines, seven received LHydro treated pulmonary homografts and three received pulmonary homografts fresco, orthotopically implanted and followed-up for 320 days. Ovines where evaluated by means of laboratory tests and echocardiographic exams. At the end of the 320 days, they were euthanized, and hemodynamic, radiology, macroscopic, optic and electronic microscopic, scanning and transmission evaluations were performed. Results were analyzed by Student t test of independent samples for continuous data, by variance analysis of repeated measures, and by Fischer exact test for categorical data. We couldnt establish relevant differences in clinical evolution and laboratory tests between both groups. Echocardiogram revealed a difference in the pulmonary medium gradient, which was significant at the 10 months followup, higher in the control group than in the L-Hydro group. Radiologic and macroscopic evaluations didnt established differences. In the optic and electronic microscopic evaluation, liner and interstitial cells were equally found in both groups. The cell liner percent calculated in both groups was similar. Cellularity nodules were observed only in the homograft fresco group. In conclusion, these data indicate that both groups presented similar clinical and hemodynamic performances. The L-Hydro groups echocardiogram presented a better performance. It also presented histological evidences of interstitial and endothelial cell repopulation. In the macro and optic and electronic microscopic analysis, group L-Hydro presented macroscopy, histological structure and ultra-structural similar to the homograft fresco group, with the exception of nodules with higher interstitial cellularity, present only in the homograft fresco group.

O polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular (UHMWPE) é um plástico de engenharia que tem várias aplicações atualmente, mormente em áreas específicas da indústria e da medicina. O UHMWPE pode ser utilizado ainda em outras aplicações: defensas portuárias; guias de corrente; revestimentos de caçambas, silos e calhas; engrenagens; buchas; guias de correias e próteses cirúrgicas. Esta gama de aplicações se deve ao fato das excelentes características técnicas que este material possui, como: alta resistência a abrasão, elevada resistência ao impacto, anti-aderência, atóxico, excelente resistência química, baixo peso específico, fácil usinagem e alta resistência a fadiga. Os tipos de polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular (UHMWPE) utilizados neste trabalho foram o UTEC 3041 e UTEC 6541 da Braskem. A reciclabilidade do UHMWPE ganhou interesse, porque a utilização desta matéria-prima na última década cresceu mais de 600%, tornando-se um dos plásticos de engenharia mais utilizados para obtenção de peças usinadas depois da poliamida. Com o crescimento na utilização deste polímero na confecção de peças para maquinários, o seu desperdício tem sido muito grande, porque o resto deste material é desprezado, geralmente não sendo reaproveitado. Este trabalho tem como objetivo reciclar o UHMWPE UTEC 3041 e estudar as propriedades deste material virgem e reciclado e comparar os resultados entre si e com o UHMWPE UTEC 6541, e com estes materiais submetidos a diferentes doses de radiação. / Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) is an engineering plastic which has several applications, chiefly, in specific areas of the industry and medicine. UHMWPE can be even for other applications such as: port fenders, current guide, bucket coating, silos and gutters, plugs, pulleys and surgical prosthesis. This range of applications is due to the excellent technical characteristics that this material owns, such as; high resistance to wear, high resistance to impact, anti-adherence, non toxic, excellent chemical resistance, low specific weight, easy mill processing, and high resistance to fatigue. The UHMWPE type used in this work were UTEC 3041 and UTEC 6541 of the Braskem. The recycling process of UHMWPE raised much interest, because the utilization of this rawmaterial grew over 600% in the last decade, becoming one of the most used engineering plastics for attainment of mill processed parts after polyamide. As the utilization of this polymer in the manufacturing of parts for machinery has grown, its waste is very big, because the rest of this material is thrown out, usually not being reused. The goal of this work is to recycle the UHMWPE UTEC 3041 and study the properties of this recycled and virgin material and compare the results between both with these materials submitted to different radiation dose.

Os xenóbioticos são potenciais contaminantes dos recursos hídricos, o que interfere no equilíbrio ecológico e na saúde humana. Uma potencial solução para tais problemas ambientais é a introdução da técnica de biorremediação. Para tanto, é necessário investigar genes da comunidade microbiana com potencial genético para degradação e resistência desses contaminantes e, assim, desenvolver biotecnologias para a descontaminação de ambientes poluídos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo extrair o DNA da microbiota total, da microbiota cultivável e dos isolados bacterianos provenientes de amostras de água superficial de mananciais e fontes do estado de São Paulo para investigar e padronizar reações de Multiplex PCR para os genes de degradação e resistência aos diferentes xenobióticos alvo do presente projeto de pesquisa. Os genes pesquisados foram amplamente encontrados no DNA da fração total, sendo os genes alkB, alk e merA os mais prevalentes na fração cultivável, indicando que micro-organismos portadores desses genes podem ser isolados para uso em processos de biorremediação. Os genes puhA e puhB foram detectados em menor frequência, tanto na fração total, quanto na cultivável, demonstrando pouca dispersão desses genes nas amostras estudadas. Os gêneros bacterianos portadores de genes de degradação isolados em maior frequência nas amostras de água analisadas foram Bacillus e Aeromonas e os genes mais frequentes nesses isolados foram o atzA, o alk e o merA. Para otimizar a detecção dos genes envolvidos na biodegradação da atrazina, dos hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos, alcanos e resistência ao cobre, duas reações de Multiplex PCR foram padronizadas / Xenobiotics are potential contaminants of water resources, which interfere in the ecological balance and human health. A potential solution to such environmental problems is the introduction of the bioremediation. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate genes from the microbial community with degrading and resistance genetic potential to these contaminants and, thus, to develop biotechnologies for the decontamination of polluted environments. The present study aimed to extract DNA from the total microbiota, cultivable microbiota and bacterial isolates from 19 surface water samples from sources of the São Paulo State to investigate and standardize Multiplex PCR reactions for degradation and resistance genes to the different xenobiotics target of the present research project. The studied genes were widely found in the DNA from the total fraction, being the alkB, alk and merA genes the most prevalent in the cultivable fraction, indicating that microorganisms carrying these genes can be isolated for use in bioremediation processes. The puhA and puhB genes were detected at lower frequency, both in the total and in the cultivable microbiota, showing little dispersion of these genes in the studied samples. Bacillus and Aeromonas were the most frequent bacterial genera with degradation genes isolated in the analyzed water samples, and the most frequent genes in these isolates were atzA, alk and merA. To optimize the detection of the genes involved in the biodegradation of atrazine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes and copper resistance, two reactions of Multiplex PCR were standardized.

De modo geral, os materiais termoplásticos são sensíveis à radiação ultravioleta (UV), a qual provoca mudanças em suas estruturas químicas, afetando suas propriedades, principalmente as mecânicas, e características de aparência. A radiação ultravioleta (10-400 nm), em especial na faixa entre 290- 400 nm, é bastante agressiva aos materiais plásticos resultando na quebra de cadeias e/ou reticulação. Para aplicações agrícolas, são fatores críticos para envelhecimento: a radiação solar total, temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, esforço mecânico, presença de agroquímicos, poluição do ar e a combinação desses fatores. Os aditivos estabilizantes de luz são adicionados aos plásticos para aumentar a durabilidade do produto final. Existem diversos sistemas estabilizantes de luz, desenvolvidos de acordo com a resina, aplicação final, tipo de cultivo e outras características. Além dos estabilizantes convencionais, como por exemplo, benzofenona, benzotriazol e as moléculas do tipo aminas estericamente bloqueadas (HALS), existem também aditivos inorgânicos baseados em nanotecnologia. Este estudo avalia diferentes sistemas de aditivos: HALS, nano carbonato de cálcio (nCaCO3 ou NPCC), nano óxido de zinco (nZnO) e nano dióxido de titânio (nTiO2), aplicados a 0,25 % e 0,75 % (em massa) em polietileno de baixa densidade linear (PEBDL) e copoliéster alifático aromático. As amostras foram envelhecidas em QUV-B simulando 6 meses de exposição à intempérie. Foram realizados testes de resistência à tração, termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), índice de carbonila, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e espectroscopia de absorção na região de ultravioleta e visível (UV-VIS). As propriedades das amostras não envelhecidas foram comparadas as envelhecidas para avaliar o desempenho dos vários sistemas de aditivos sobre o comportamento da degradação das amostras. Como resultado deste estudo, concluiu-se que há viabilidade da aplicação de nanopartículas como aditivos estabilizantes de luz (anti-UV), em especial o nZnO. Contudo, a aditivação do tipo HALS ainda mostrou-se mais eficaz, considerando os polímeros, sistemas de aditivação e proporções utilizadas. / Usually, the thermoplastic materials are sensitive to ultraviolet radiation (UV), which produces changes in their chemical structures, affecting their mechanical properties and appearance characteristics. Ultraviolet radiation (10- 400 nm), in particular range between 290-400 nm, is extremely aggressive to plastic materials resulting in breaking chains and/or crosslinking. For agricultural applications, are critical factors for aging: the total solar radiation, temperature, air relative humidity, mechanical stress, agrochemicals presence, air pollution, and combinations of these factors. Light stabilizers additives are added to plastics to increase the durability of the final product. There are several light stabilizers systems, developed according with the resin, final application, the type of plantation and other factors. In addition to the conventional stabilizers, such as benzophenone, benzotriazole and molecules like hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS), there are also inorganic additives based on nanotechnology. This study evaluates different additive systems: hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS), nano calcium carbonate (nCaCO3 or NPCC), nano zinc oxide (nZnO) and nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2), applied 0.25 % and 0.75 % (in mass) in linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and aliphatic-aromatic copolyester. The samples were aged in QUV-B simulating 6 months of exposure to weather. Tests of tensile strength, thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), carbonyl index, spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), force microscopy atomic (AFM) and absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible region (VIS-UV) were carried out. The properties of non aged samples were compared with aged samples in order to evaluate the performance of various additive systems on behavior of samples degradation. As result of this study, it was concluded that there is viability of nanoparticles application as light stabilizers additives (anti-UV), in particular the nZnO. However, the properties of HALS still showed to be more effective, considering the polymers, additives systems and proportions used.

Os nervos periféricos são extensões do sistema nervoso central e responsáveis pela interação das atividades das extremidades, em suas funções sensitiva e motora. São vulneráveis aos mesmos tipos de traumas que afetam outros tecidos: contusão, compressão, esmagamento, estiramento, avulsão e laceração. Desta forma, a interrupção de continuidade da estrutura do nervo, por algum tipo de trauma, resulta na interrupção de transmissão dos impulsos nervosos e na desorganização de suas atividades funcionais. Para tanto, em vista da evolução tecnológica e o desenvolvimento de equipamentos mais sofisticados, a microcirurgia vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço no campo da investigação experimental referente a recuperação de nervos periféricos lesionados. Em uma secção simples, sem perda tecidual, a neurorrafia denominada término-terminal apresenta bons resultados, contudo, quando ocorre perda de tecido nervoso ou, não se têm mais os cotos distais do nervo, outras técnicas devem ser empregadas, até porque, não se pode de modo algum tencionar o nervo numa tentativa de coaptá-lo novamente. Várias técnicas de tubulização utilizando-se materiais biológicos e não biológicos, para criar um meio por onde ocorrerá a regeneração nervosa já foram ou ainda estão sendo testados com resultados insatisfatórios sob o aspecto funcional.É sabido que em um trauma sem perda tecidual, numa neuropraxia, por exemplo, o nervo recupera espontaneamente de forma satisfatória. É sabido também que em um feixe vásculo-nervoso, o nervo periférico encontra-se em íntimo contato com a adventícia de artérias e veias. A adventícia dos vasos é constituída por tecido conjuntivo frouxo, rico em adipócitos. Assim, em um trauma, os neuritos oriundos do coto proximal do nervo lesado, ficam diretamente em contato com esses adipócitos. Seguindo este raciocínio, e com base em trabalhos anteriores onde foi usada veia preenchida com músculo esquelético a fresco como enxerto, decidimos testar a possibilidade de crescimento axonal por meio de enxerto com tubo de polietileno preenchido por tecido adiposo autólogo. Para tanto será utilizado um tubo com 12 mm de comprimento por 0,25 mm de diâmetro, com poros de 80 µm de diâmetro, preenchido com tecido adiposo in natura retirado das adjacências do referido nervo, na tentativa de se recuperar o nervo isquiático. A certificação do sucesso da recuperação do nervo será feita por meio de técnicas de microcirurgia, microscopia e morfometria. O enxerto de polietileno mostrou ter resistência a pressões, uma vez que não foi observado colapso estrutural. A gordura mostrou ser bom material trófico já que no grupo onde a utilizou apresentou resultados mais próximos do controle final. / Peripheral nerves are extensions of the central nervous system and are responsible for the interaction of the activities of the extremities in their sensory and motor function. They are vulnerable to these types of injuries that affect other tissues: contusion, compression, crush, stretch, tear and avulsion. Thus, the interruption of continuity of the nerve structure, due to some sort of trauma, results in the interruption of transmission of nerve impulses and disruption of their functional activities. Therefore, in view of technological evolution and development of more sophisticated equipment, microsurgery is gaining more space in the field of experimental research concerning the recovery of injured peripheral nerves. In a single section, without loss of tissue, called the end-terminal neurorrhaphy was also good, however, when there is loss of nervous tissue or, if not longer have the distal nerve stumps, other techniques must be employed, because, in any circumstance the nerve should be tensioned as an attempt to coaptation again. Several techniques of tubing, using biological materials and non-biological means to create a place where nerve regeneration have been or are still being tested with unsatisfactory results in the functional aspect. It is known that in a trauma without loss of tissue, a neuropraxia, for example, the nerve recovers spontaneously and satisfactorily. It is also known that in a neurovascular bundle, the peripheral nerve is in close contact with the adventitia of arteries and veins. The adventitia of the vessels is composed of loose connective tissue rich in adipocytes. Thus, in trauma, the neurites from the proximal stump of injured nerve, are directly in contact with these adipocytes. Following this reasoning, and based on previous work where it was used vein filled with fresh skeletal muscle as a graft, decided to test the possibility of axonal growth by grafting polyethylene tube filled with autologous adipose tissue. For that will be used with a tube 12 mm long and 0.25 mm in diameter, with pores of 80 microns in diameter, filled with fresh adipose tissue removed from the vicinity of that nerve, in an attempt to recover the sciatic nerve. Certification of successful nerve recovery will be done through microsurgical techniques, microscopy and morphometry. The graft polyethylene proved to have pressure resistance, since no structural collapse was observed. The fat was found to be good material as trophic group which had used the results closer to the ultimate control.

No mundo atual é possível observar uma produção crescente de resíduos sem uma destinação adequada, tendo como destino principal o descarte em aterros sanitários. Esse agravante é maior quando se refere aos polímeros, que são baratos, disponíveis em grande quantidade e com pouco valor agregado após o uso. O estudo proposto em parceria com a cooperativa de catadores de materiais recicláveis da cidade de Lorena teve como foco principal a reciclagem de rejeitos de polietileno de baixa densidade no sentido de obter um produto com valor comercial, a madeira plástica, visando contribuir no desenvolvimento técnico da reciclagem destes rejeitos, bem como nos aspectos sociais e ambientais relacionados. Foram produzidos compósitos de polietileno de baixa densidade com fibra natural de coco verde com o agente de reforço com porcentagem de 5 a 30% m/m. Para melhorar a adesão interfacial entre a fibra e polímero foi utilizado o compatibilizante polietileno graftizado com anidrido maléico a 2,5%. Os resultados mostraram que é possível obter êxito na reciclagem dos rejeitos de filmes de PEBD na forma de madeira plástica, sendo que o compósito de rejeito branco com 15% em massa de fibra de coco e o compósito de rejeito transparente com 30% de fibra de coco foram os materiais que apresentaram o melhor desempenho de propriedades mecânicas em termos de resistência ao impacto e à tração, obtendo valores superiores aos de madeiras comerciais. Portanto, a produção de madeira plástica a partir dos rejeitos de polietileno é uma maneira de aumentar a fonte de renda dos cooperados e promover ganhos ambientais com a redução do descarte de rejeitos plásticos poluentes no meio ambiente. / In today\'s world has being observed an increasing production of waste without adequate location, whose main destination is in landfills. This is a more serious aggravating when it refers on the polymers, that are inexpensive, available in large quantities and with little value after use. The present work, in partnership with pickers cooperatives of recyclable materials from the Lorena city, had mainly focused on recycling of low-density polyethylene waste in order to obtain a product with commercial value: a wood-plastic composite, to contribute to technical development recycling of waste as well as the social and environmental aspects. The composites were produced from low-density polyethylene with natural coconut fiber as a reinforcing agent at 5 to 30 wt%. For interfacial adhesion between the fiber and polymer was used a compatibilizer agent maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MA) at 2.5 wt%. The results showed that it is possible to succeed in recycling LDPE film waste in the form of wood-plastic. The LDPE/coconut fiber composites from white polymeric waste containing 15wt% of fiber and LDPE/coconut fiber composites from transparent polymeric waste containing 30wt% were the materials with the highest mechanical performance related to impact resistance and tensile strength, reaching values higher than commercial woods. Therefore, the production of plastic wood from polyethylene waste is an alternative for improve the source of income of the cooperative and promote environmental gains by reducing the disposal of the polluting plastic waste in the environment.