Bicycling has many advantages. For example, it emits less noise compared to motor vehicles, it is environmentally friendly, and bicycling, as a means of transport, gives people exercise. To encourage bicycling in Sweden, the Swedish government has promoted policies and proposals on national and local levels. At the same time, several pieces of research on bicycle use in Sweden show that more people are bicycling now than 60 years ago. STRADA’s (Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition) reports also show that most people who are severely injured in traffic are bicyclists, and that most bicycle accidents occur in urban and metropolitan areas.   Stockholm is a European city with a growing population. At the end of 2013 the population were 897 700    and it is predicted to grow by 25 % by 2030. The municipality of Stockholm is working on investment projects for bicyclists with the aim to increase accessibility and road safety such as special road safety measures at intersections that often aim at improving road conditions for both pedestrians and bicyclists, and better maintenance of bicycle paths, both in summers and winters. Critics and different debate articles about bicyclists` safety and accessibility point out that the investments that Stockholm municipality is making are not enough for meeting the growing population, especially for bicyclists.   The aim of this study is to analyse the causes of bicycle accidents in the city of Stockholm. To help answer the research questions stated below, statistics on bicycle accidents were extracted in Excel from Strada and compiled in Excel using the Excel tool PivotTable and Analysis Tool Pak. The questions investigated in the thesis are as follows: when and where are bicyclists most likely to suffer an accident, why does the accident occur, and what causes are behind bicycle accidents at the chosen place of investigation? Five categorisations on the causes of single bicycle accidents were used and these were: operations and maintenance, road design, bicycle interactions, cyclists’ behaviour and conditions, and interaction with other road users.    In addition to the above, a semi-structural qualitative interview was conducted with bicyclists who bicycle in or along the report's area of investigation. The results of this report show that single bicycle accidents in the investigated area have increased between 2010 and 2016, and that many bicyclists are not satisfied with the bicycle infrastructure in Stockholm.

Orientador: Ildeberto Muniz de Almeida / Banca: Antonio Luiz Caldas Junior / Banca: Maria de Lourdes G. F. S. M. / Resumo: O estudo avalia os acidentes de trabalho fatais analisados pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego no Estado de São Paulo, entre os anos de 2001 a 2006. Distribuir os acidentes analisados segundo o fator imediato de mortalidade e os fatores causais por atividade econômica e porte da organização, além de classificar os acidentes segundo as fases de controle de risco das empresas definidos por Michel Monteau. A principal fonte de informações utilizada nesta dissertação é o banco de análise de acidentes do trabalho do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, que está inserido no Sistema Federal de Inspeção do Trabalho - SFIT, que registra todas as fiscalizações realizadas por este órgão. Foram analisados 534 óbitos ocupacionais registrados no banco de análises, que forneceu diversas informações acerca dos acidentes, como o fator imediato de mortalidade, as causas selecionadas pelos analistas, descrição dos eventos, dentre outras. Nas atividades econômicas avaliadas, quais sejam, agricultura, indústria, construção, comércio e serviços, os seguintes fatores de mortalidade estiveram associados em maior número de casos aos acidentes: impacto causado por objeto lançado, projetado ou em queda; queda durante realização de serviços em telhado; exposição a outras linhas de distribuição e consumo de corrente elétrica e apertado, colhido, comprimido ou esmagado dentro de ou entre objetos. As causas relacionadas aos acidentes são organizadas por grupo, sendo que os fatores da tarefa foram os mais selecionados, seguidos pelo grupo demais grupos de fatores da organização e gerenciamento ou fatores da organização e gerenciamento das atividades / da produção. Problemas relacionados aos fatores do ambiente corresponderam ao quarto grupo mais relatado em todas as atividades como causas geradoras dos óbitos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The study evaluates the fatal industrial accidents analyzed by the Ministry of Labor and Employment in São Paulo's state, between 2001 to 2006 years. Distribute the accidents analyzed by the factor of immediate mortality and the causal factors for economic activity and size of company, in addition to classify the accident according to the phases of controlling risk of businesses defined by Michel Monteau. The main source of information used in this dissertation is the seat of analysis of accidents in the work of the Ministry of Labor and Employment, which is in the Federal System of Labor Inspection - IFCT, which records all the investigations carried out by the latter. We analyzed 534 occupational deaths recorded in the bank for analysis, which provided many details about the accident, as the immediate factor of mortality, the causes selected by analysts, description of events, among others. In the economic activities evaluated, namely, agriculture, industry, construction, trade and services, the following factors of mortality were associated in many cases the accidents: impact of object launched, projected or falling; fall during execution of services in roof; exposure to other lines of distribution and consumption of electric current and tight, harvested, crushed or compressed within or between objects. The causes related to accidents are organized by group, and the factors of the task were the most selected, followed by the other groups of the organization and management factors or factors of the organization and management of activities / production. Problems related to environmental factors were the fourth group most often reported in all activities as generating causes of the deaths. The types of Monteau to classify the stages of controlling risk of establishments showed that, among the cases examined, small businesses tend to have more... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O objetivo geral desta tese foi conceber uma sistemática para elaborar um plano de prevenção, a partir do delineamento das falhas humanas, com a finalidade de minimizar os acidentes numa organização. Essa sistemática está baseada no pressuposto de que as organizações podem aprender com os acidentes, e que estes não são decorrentes de comportamentos inapropriados dos trabalhadores, mas consequência de um contexto organizacional desfavorável, e nos conceitos provenientes dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, propostos como fatores causais de um acidente. Para se alcançar tal objetivo, foi realizada revisão bibliográfica acerca dos assuntos pertinentes e, a partir deste estudo, foi concebida a proposta inicial da sistemática para, em seguida, submetê-la a um estudo de caso. A revisão de literatura abordou as teorias sobre como os acidentes acontecem, qual a participação do erro humano nestes eventos, quais os tipos de erros, como eles se manifestam e quais as técnicas de prevenção. Além disso, a revisão de literatura permitiu avaliar o Sistema de Análise e Classificação de Fatores Humanos (HFACS), técnica desenvolvida para identificar e classificar os erros humanos, de forma ordenada, percebendo-se que este sistema possui limitações e que as técnicas de prevenção enfatizam ações centradas na segurança operacional, não abrangendo outros níveis na organização. A proposta inicial da sistemática foi concebida em dois módulos: o de Investigação, que visa entender como a organização conduz o processo de análise dos acidentes e determinar os principais erros ativos e as condições latentes, por meio de múltiplas fontes de evidência, baseando-se nas categorias e subcategorias do sistema HFACS e com a utilização de entrevistas com grupos focados e de observação não-participante; e o módulo de Prevenção, o qual procura, juntamente com a equipe gerencial da empresa, determinar ações de prevenção estratégicas para a organização. Com os resultados empíricos obtidos, foi possível avaliar o emprego da sistemática numa concessionária de energia elétrica, detectando-se pontos de melhorias e estabelecendo a versão final da mesma, além de se definir parâmetros de como aplicá-la. Constatou-se, também, que a sistemática possibilita, por meio do cenário dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, visualizar setores que necessitam intervenções na área de segurança, auxiliando, dessa forma, este setor na organização, além de permitir avaliar o desempenho da Gestão do Sistema de Segurança e Saúde do Trabalho (GSST) da empresa. / The object of this thesis was to conceive a framework to develop a prevention plan, based on the outlining of human errors, in order to minimize accidents in organizations. This work is based on the assumption that organizations can learn from accidents, and that these are not due to workers inappropriate behavior, but because of an unfavorable organizational context; and on concepts originated from active errors and latent conditions proposed as casual factors in an accident. To reach such object, we reviewed literature on relevant subjects and from that study the original proposal of the system was conceived and subjected to a case study. The literature review approached the theories on how accidents happen, the role of human errors in such events types of errors concerned, how they manifest themselves in accidents and which are the prevention techniques. In addition, the literature review allowed, an evaluation of the Human Factor Analysis Classification System – HFACS, a framework developed to identify and classify human error, in an orderly manner, but with limitations; and prevention techniques are centered on operational safety, not involving other levels of the organizations. The initial framework proposal was designed in two modules: the Research Module, aiming to understand how the organization conducts the process of analysis of accidents, and to determine the main active errors and latent conditions using multiple sources of evidence based on the categories and subcategories of the HFACS, on interviews applied to focused groups and on non-participant observation; and the Prevention Module, which aims to determine prevention strategies for the organization, together with their management team. With the results attained in the case study, it was possible to evaluate performance the framework in an electric utility company, detect improvement points, establish its final version and set the parameters on how to apply it. It was also noted that, by means of the active errors and the latent condition settings, this framework is able to help the sectors of a company as it displays where assistance in the security field is needed; besides allowing the organization to evaluate the management performance of the Safety and Health at Work System.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O uso dos tratores agrÃcolas na agricultura, a cada ano se intensifica no Brasil. Atualmente à fundamental sua utilizaÃÃo em diversas atividades, seja no meio rural (preparo de solo, plantio, tratos culturais e colheita), seja no meio urbano (recapeamento de vias e terraplanagem). PorÃm, a intensificaÃÃo do uso do trator, tem corroborado para a ocorrÃncia dos acidentes causados pelo uso indevido desta mÃquina, como operar sem conhecÃ-la ou desrespeitar os seus limites. Acidentes com tratores sÃo um problema mundial, entretanto no Brasil ainda nÃo se dà a devida importÃncia para esse tema, quando comparados com outros assuntos da Ãrea de mÃquinas (ensaios, avaliaÃÃes de equipamentos e etc). O conhecimento sobre as condiÃÃes em que ocorreram um acidente à necessÃrio para tentar evitar ou reduzir a frequÃncia com que o mesmo ocorra novamente, por isso existe a necessidade de caracterizar o acidente com tratores. Diante dessa realidade o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os acidentes com tratores nas rodovias federais brasileiras, no perÃodo de 2008 a setembro de 2011, identificando os principais tipos e causas de acidentes, o perÃodo do dia, a faixa etÃria de operadores acidentados e as rodovias que mais tiveram acidentes. Os registros foram obtidos atravÃs do Boletim de Acidentes de TrÃnsito (BAT), obtidos atravÃs de um convÃnio com a DÃcima Sexta SuperintendÃncia Regional da PolÃcia RodoviÃria Federal em Fortaleza. No BAT constam informaÃÃes como: tipo de acidente, a causa do acidente, a rodovia onde ocorreu o acidente, a idade do acidentado e o horÃrio do acidente entre outras informaÃÃes. A partir dessas informaÃÃes foi realizada a aplicaÃÃo de mÃtodos de estatÃstica descritiva para os dados referentes aos acidentes no Brasil, os dados foram agrupados em classes, posteriormente as frequÃncias absolutas foram transformadas em frequÃncias relativas para melhor representa-los. A partir dos resultados foi possÃvel concluir que as colisÃes foram responsÃveis por aproximadamente 82% dos acidentes, sendo a colisÃo traseira o principal tipo de colisÃo com 33,81% dos acidentes no Brasil. A falta de atenÃÃo foi a principal causa de acidentes com 62,77%, a maioria dos acidentes ocorreram no perÃodo da tarde com 37,12%. A faixa etÃria dos acidentados de maior frequÃncia foi a faixa entre 25-30 anos com 16,03% e a rodovia com mais acidentes foi a BR-101 com 14,94% dos acidentes nacionais em sua extensÃo total. A grande maioria dos acidentes ocorreu em condiÃÃes climÃticas boas, com boa visibilidade, em rodovias em bom estado de conservaÃÃo e devido a falta de atenÃÃo havendo inÃmeras explicaÃÃes para essa ocorrÃncia, porÃm uma das possibilidades à a diferenÃa de velocidade entre o trator e os demais veÃculos. / The use of tractors in agriculture intensifies every year in Brazil. Currently their use is critical in various activities whether in rural areas (soil preparation, planting, cultural and harvest treatment), whether in the urban environment (resurfacing of roads and earthworks). However, the intensified use of the tractor, has corroborated the occurrence of accidents caused by improper use of the machine, how to operate without knowing her or disrespect your boundaries. Accidents with tractors is a global problem, however in Brazil still does not give due importance to this issue, when compared with other subjects in the area of machines (tests, reviews of equipment, etc.). The knowledge about the conditions under which an accident occurred is necessary to try to prevent or reduce the frequency with which it occurs again, so there is a need to characterize the accident with tractors. Given this reality, the present study aimed to characterize accidents with tractors in the Brazilian federal highways in the period 2008 to September 2011, identifying the main types and causes of accidents, time of day, age of injured operators and highways that had more accidents. The records were obtained by the Bulletin of Traffic Accidents (BAT), obtained through an agreement with the Sixteenth Regional Superintendence of the Federal Highway Police in Fortaleza. In BAT is information such as: type of accident, the cause of the accident, the highway where the accident occurred, the age of the victim and the time of the accident and other information. From this information the application of methods of descriptive statistics for the data relating to accidents in Brazil was performed, the data were grouped into classes, later the absolute frequencies were transformed into relative frequencies to better represent them. From the results it was concluded that the collisions were responsible for approximately 82% of accidents, with the rear-end collision the main type of collision with 33.81% of the accidents in Brazil. Inattention was the main cause of accidents with 62.77%, the majority of accidents occurred in the afternoon with 37.12%. The age group with the highest frequency of accidents was the range between 25-30 years with 16.03% and highway accidents was more BR -101 with 14.94 % of domestic accidents in total length. The large majority of accidents occurred in good weather with good visibility on highways in good repair and however due to lack of attention and there are numerous explanations for this occurrence, one possibility is the difference in speed between the tractor and the other vehicles.

O objetivo geral desta tese foi conceber uma sistemática para elaborar um plano de prevenção, a partir do delineamento das falhas humanas, com a finalidade de minimizar os acidentes numa organização. Essa sistemática está baseada no pressuposto de que as organizações podem aprender com os acidentes, e que estes não são decorrentes de comportamentos inapropriados dos trabalhadores, mas consequência de um contexto organizacional desfavorável, e nos conceitos provenientes dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, propostos como fatores causais de um acidente. Para se alcançar tal objetivo, foi realizada revisão bibliográfica acerca dos assuntos pertinentes e, a partir deste estudo, foi concebida a proposta inicial da sistemática para, em seguida, submetê-la a um estudo de caso. A revisão de literatura abordou as teorias sobre como os acidentes acontecem, qual a participação do erro humano nestes eventos, quais os tipos de erros, como eles se manifestam e quais as técnicas de prevenção. Além disso, a revisão de literatura permitiu avaliar o Sistema de Análise e Classificação de Fatores Humanos (HFACS), técnica desenvolvida para identificar e classificar os erros humanos, de forma ordenada, percebendo-se que este sistema possui limitações e que as técnicas de prevenção enfatizam ações centradas na segurança operacional, não abrangendo outros níveis na organização. A proposta inicial da sistemática foi concebida em dois módulos: o de Investigação, que visa entender como a organização conduz o processo de análise dos acidentes e determinar os principais erros ativos e as condições latentes, por meio de múltiplas fontes de evidência, baseando-se nas categorias e subcategorias do sistema HFACS e com a utilização de entrevistas com grupos focados e de observação não-participante; e o módulo de Prevenção, o qual procura, juntamente com a equipe gerencial da empresa, determinar ações de prevenção estratégicas para a organização. Com os resultados empíricos obtidos, foi possível avaliar o emprego da sistemática numa concessionária de energia elétrica, detectando-se pontos de melhorias e estabelecendo a versão final da mesma, além de se definir parâmetros de como aplicá-la. Constatou-se, também, que a sistemática possibilita, por meio do cenário dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, visualizar setores que necessitam intervenções na área de segurança, auxiliando, dessa forma, este setor na organização, além de permitir avaliar o desempenho da Gestão do Sistema de Segurança e Saúde do Trabalho (GSST) da empresa. / The object of this thesis was to conceive a framework to develop a prevention plan, based on the outlining of human errors, in order to minimize accidents in organizations. This work is based on the assumption that organizations can learn from accidents, and that these are not due to workers inappropriate behavior, but because of an unfavorable organizational context; and on concepts originated from active errors and latent conditions proposed as casual factors in an accident. To reach such object, we reviewed literature on relevant subjects and from that study the original proposal of the system was conceived and subjected to a case study. The literature review approached the theories on how accidents happen, the role of human errors in such events types of errors concerned, how they manifest themselves in accidents and which are the prevention techniques. In addition, the literature review allowed, an evaluation of the Human Factor Analysis Classification System – HFACS, a framework developed to identify and classify human error, in an orderly manner, but with limitations; and prevention techniques are centered on operational safety, not involving other levels of the organizations. The initial framework proposal was designed in two modules: the Research Module, aiming to understand how the organization conducts the process of analysis of accidents, and to determine the main active errors and latent conditions using multiple sources of evidence based on the categories and subcategories of the HFACS, on interviews applied to focused groups and on non-participant observation; and the Prevention Module, which aims to determine prevention strategies for the organization, together with their management team. With the results attained in the case study, it was possible to evaluate performance the framework in an electric utility company, detect improvement points, establish its final version and set the parameters on how to apply it. It was also noted that, by means of the active errors and the latent condition settings, this framework is able to help the sectors of a company as it displays where assistance in the security field is needed; besides allowing the organization to evaluate the management performance of the Safety and Health at Work System.

The problem with which this study was concerned is that of developing an instrument for predicting the use of accident and health insurance. The purposes of the study were to translate selected theoretical descriptions of wellness into discrete components of behavior, to develop a valid and reliable self-report instrument, and to determine the correlation between wellness behaviors and a person's use of accident and health insurance. Content validity was established by a panel of judges, each of whom was selected on the basis of professional concern for the areas of interest in health contained in the instrument. The original instrument of fifty-five items was increased by three items resulting in a fifty-eight item instrument, which was then approved by each of five judges.

The theme of the diploma thesis will be analyzing of a specific road sections with high accident rates on public roads in the Zlin region with the emphasis of decreasing the number of traffic accidents. The materials and valuable informations will be obtained in cooperation with the Police of the CR - Department of traffic police or by examination of selected sections. The main criteria for selecting of the hazardous sections, is the amount of the accidents in the selected sections which will be thoroughly analyzed. Based on the analysis of the accidents in the critical sections will be proposed administrative and constructional solutions, leading to the increased safety of the selected sections of the roads. The results of the diploma thesis are primarily designated for Police of the CR and local authorities where it can be put in effective use.

Le diagnostic des scénarios d'accidents nucléaires graves représente un enjeu majeur pour la sûreté nucléaire et la gestion de crise. Le problème est complexe à cause de la complexité des phénomènes physiques et chimiques sous-jacents des accidents graves, la difficulté de la compréhension des différentes corrélations entre ces derniers, et de surcroît la rareté des base de données descriptives. Ainsi, ce travail de thèse vise à proposer un outil dédié à la modélisation et au diagnostic des scénarios d'accident à base de réseaux bayésiens. L'usage des réseaux bayésiens reposera sur l'apprentissage à partir de bases de données de calculs créés avec le logiciel de calcul d'accident grave ASTEC. Dans ce contexte, l'utilisation des réseaux bayésiens a été, tout au long de ce travail doctoral, sujet à de nombreuses difficultés, notamment l'apprentissage de ces derniers à partir des données accidentelles qui, suite à de nombreuses études menées, ne se sont avérées pas tout à fait pertinentes pour mener à bien cette tâche. Ces difficultés proviennent principalement du fait que les données utilisées sont d'un coté de nature continue et de l'autre côté reliées à la fois par des relations déterministes et probabilistes. Ces deux contraintes posent un sérieux problème pour les algorithmes de construction des réseaux bayésiens qui supposent à la fois que toutes les relations entre variables sont de nature probabiliste et l'ensemble des variables utilisées sont de nature factorielle (ou discrète). Concernant le premier point, nous avons proposé un nouvel algorithme d’apprentissage de structure utilisant un ensemble de nouvelles règles (dont l'efficacité a été prouvée théoriquement et expérimentalement). Concernant l’étape de discrétisation, nous avons proposé une approche multivariée, qui d’après une étude expérimentale détaillée, nous a permis de pallier les inconvénients des algorithmes de l'état de l'art tout en minimisant la perte de l’information lors de la transformation des données. / The diagnosis of severe nuclear accident scenarios represents a major challenge for nuclear safety and crisis management. The problem is complex and remains until now one of the main research topics due to the complexity of the physical and chemical phenomena underlying severe accidents, the difficulty in understanding the different correlations between them, and in addition the unavailability of efficient public datasets. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to propose a dedicated tool for modeling and diagnosis of accident scenarios based on Bayesian networks. The learning process of the Bayesian networks is based on the use of databases created with the ASTEC severe accident software. It should be emphasized that the use of Bayesian networks in this context has faced many challenges, notably the learning process from the accidental data which, after numerous studies, has been doomed to be ineffective to address efficiently this task. These difficulties arise mainly because the used data contains on the one hand, many continuous variables and on the other hand a set of both deterministic and probabilistic relationships between variables. These two constraints present a serious problem for the learning algorithms of Bayesian networks because these latter assume that all relationships between variables are probabilistic and all the used variables in the datasets are factorial (or discrete). Concerning the first point, we proposed of a new structure learning algorithm based on the use of a set of new rules (whose effectiveness has been proven theoretically and experimentally). Regarding discretization step, we proposed a multivariate approach which, according to a detailed experimental study, has enabled us to overcome the drawbacks of these latter while minimizing the information loss during the data transformation.

The master´s thesis entitled The issue of obstacles on roads deals with the analysis of accidents with a obstacle in a selected area in the Czech Republic. The main purpose of the master´s thesis is to find out the details of the occurrence of traffic accidents with a obstacle and their other properties (type of obstacle, accident time, climatic conditions etc.).

This paper sets out to identify skills required by cyclists to navigate safely through an urban environment in Switzerland. We set out to identify situations that might result in accidents and require specific competences. Three study studies were conducted First, workshops with experts were conducted to identify required cyclists' skills. Second, accident statistics were analysed to determine in which type of situations accidents occur. Finally, a survey was conducted among Swiss cyclists to assess which skills were present and which skills were lacking. The remainder of this extended abstract describes the three studies in some detail and continues with an outlook for the final paper. [from Introduction]