We employ the AdS/CFT correspondence and hydrodynamics to analyze the transport properties of \(2+1\) dimensional electron fluids. In this way, we use theoretical methods from both condensed matter and high-energy physics to derive tangible predictions that are directly verifiable in experiment. The first research topic we consider is strongly-coupled electron fluids. Motivated by early results by Gurzhi on the transport properties of weakly coupled fluids, we consider whether similar properties are manifest in strongly coupled fluids. More specifically, we focus on the hydrodynamic tail of the Gurzhi effect: A decrease in fluid resistance with increasing temperature due to the formation of a Poiseuille flow of electrons in the sample. We show that the hydrodynamic tail of the Gurzhi effect is also realized in strongly coupled and fully relativistic fluids, but with modified quantitative features. Namely, strongly-coupled fluids always exhibit a smaller resistance than weakly coupled ones and are, thus, far more efficient conductors. We also suggest that the coupling dependence of the resistance can be used to measure the coupling strength of the fluid. In view of these measurements, we provide analytical results for the resistance as a function of the shear viscosity over entropy density \(\eta/s\) of the fluid. \(\eta/s\) is itself a known function of the coupling strength in the weak and infinite coupling limits. In further analysis for strongly-coupled fluids, we propose a novel strongly coupled Dirac material based on a kagome lattice, Scandium-substituted Herbertsmithite (ScHb). The large coupling strength of this material, as well as its Dirac nature, provides us with theoretical and experimental access to non-perturbative relativistic and quantum critical physics. A highly suitable method for analyzing such a material's transport properties is the AdS/CFT correspondence. Concretely, using AdS/CFT we derive an estimate for ScHb's \(\eta/s\) and show that it takes a value much smaller than that observed in weakly coupled materials. In turn, the smallness of \(\eta/s\) implies that ScHb's Reynolds number, \(Re\), is large. In fact, \(Re\) is large enough for turbulence, the most prevalent feature of fluids in nature, to make its appearance for the first time in electronic fluids. Switching gears, we proceed to the second research topic considered in this thesis: Weakly coupled parity-breaking electron fluids. More precisely, we analyze the quantitative and qualitative changes to the classical Hall effect, for electrons propagating hydrodynamically in a lead. Apart from the Lorentz force, a parity-breaking fluid's motion is also impacted by the Hall-viscous force; the shear-stress force induced by the Hall-viscosity. We show that the interplay of these two forces leads to a hydrodynamic Hall voltage with non-linear dependence on the magnetic field. More importantly, the Lorentz and Hall-viscous forces become equal at a non-vanishing magnetic field, leading to a trivial hydrodynamic Hall voltage. Moreover, for small magnetic fields we provide analytic results for the dependence of the hydrodynamic Hall voltage on all experimentally-tuned parameters of our simulations, such as temperature and density. These dependences, along with the zero of the hydrodynamic Hall voltage, are distinct features of hydrodynamic transport and can be used to verify our predictions in experiments. Last but not least, we consider how a distinctly electronic property, spin, can be included into the hydrodynamic framework. In particular, we construct an effective action for non-dissipative spin hydrodynamics up to first order in a suitably defined derivative expansion. We also show that interesting spin-transport effects appear at second order in the derivative expansion. Namely, we show that the fluid's rotation polarizes its spin. This is the hydrodynamic manifestation of the Barnett effect and provides us with an example of hydrodynamic spintronics. To conclude this thesis, we discuss several possible extensions of our research, as well as proposals for research in related directions. / Wir verwenden die AdS/CFT-Korrespondenz und die Theorie der Hydrodynamik, um die Transporteigenschaften von \(2+1\)-dimensionalen Elektronisches Flüssigkeiten zu untersuchen. Somit nutzen wir sowohl theoretische Methoden der Fest\-körper\-physik als auch der Hochenergiephysik, um konkrete Vorhersagen zu treffen, die unmittelbar in Experimenten verifiziert werden können. Zunächst betrachten wir das Forschungsfeld der stark gekoppelten Elektronischen Flüssigkeiten. Motiviert durch die frühen Ergebnisse für die Transporteigenschaften schwach gekoppelter Flüssigkeiten von Gurzhi untersuchen wir, ob sich ähnliche Eigenschaften auch in stark gekoppelten Flüssigkei\-ten manifestieren. Dabei konzentrieren wir uns insbesondere auf den hydrodynamischen Teil des Gurzhi-Effekts, in welchem der Widerstand der Flüssigkeit mit steigender Temperatur sinkt, weil sich im untersuchten Material ein Poiseuillefluss von Elektronen bildet. Wir zeigen, dass dieser hydrodynamische Teil des Gurzhi-Effekts auch in stark gekoppelten und vollständig relativistischen Flüssigkeiten realisiert ist, einige Eigenschaften sich hierbei aber quantitativ unterscheiden. Insbesondere zeigen stark gekoppelte Flüssigkeiten immer kleinere Widerstände als schwach gekoppelte, und sind damit wesentlich effektivere Leiter. Wir schlagen darüber hinaus vor, die Abhängigkeit des Widerstands von der Kopplung zu nutzen, um die Kopplungsstärke der Flüssigkeit zu messen. Für diese Messungen stellen wir analytische Ergebnisse bereit, welche den Widerstand als Funktion des Quotienten aus Scherviskosität und Entropiedichte \(\eta/s\) der Flüssigkeit ausdrücken. Dabei ist \(\eta/s\) selbst eine bekannte Funktion der Kopplungsstärke in den Grenzfällen schwacher und unendlich starker Kopplung. In einer weiteren Untersuchung stark gekoppelter Flüssigkeiten schlagen wir Scandium-substituiertes Herbertsmithit (ScHb) als neuartiges, stark gekoppeltes Diracmaterial vor, welches auf dem Kagome-Gitter basiert. Die hohe Kopplungsstärke und die Dirac-Eigenschaften dieses Materials vermitteln uns theoretischen und experimentellen Zugang zu nicht perturbativer relativistischer und quantenkritischer Physik. Um die Transporteigenschaften eines solchen Materials zu untersuchen, stellt die AdS/CFT-Korrespondenz eine hervorragend geeignete Methode dar. Konkret nutzen wir AdS/CFT, um eine Abschätzung von \(\eta/s\) in ScHb herzuleiten. Der so ermittelte Wert ist wesentlich kleiner als der entsprechende Messwert für schwach gekoppelte Materialien. Der kleine Wert von \(\eta/s\) wiederum impliziert, dass die Reynolds-Zahl \(Re\) in ScHb groß ist. Tatsächlich ist \(Re\) hinreichend groß, um erstmals Turbulenz in Elektronisches Flüssigkeiten beobachten zu können, ein Effekt, der auch in viele anderen Flüssigkeiten in der Natur vorkommt. Wir gehen zum zweiten Forschungsthema über, welches in der vorliegenden Arbeit besprochen wird: schwach gekoppelte, paritätsbrechende Elektronisches Flüssigkeiten. Wir betracthen die hydrodynamische Bewegung von Elektronen in einen zwei dimensionalen Kanal, und untersuchen die sich ergebenden quantitativen und qualitativen Änderungen gegenüber dem klassischen Hall-Effekt. Außer der Lorentzkraft ist die Bewegung einer paritätsbrechenden Flüss auch den Einflüssen der Hallviskositätskraft ausgesetzt, welche die von der Hall Viskosität induzierte Scherspannungskraft ist. Wir zeigen, dass das Wechselspiel dieser beiden Kräfte zu einer hydrodynamischen Hall-Spannung führt, die nicht linear vom magnetischen Feld abhängt. Noch wichtiger ist, dass Lorentz- sowie hallviskose Kraft für ein nicht verschwindendes Magnetfeld gleich werden und damit zu einer trivialen hydrodynamischen Hall-Spannung führen. Darüber hinaus geben wir für kleine Magnetfeldstärken analytische Ergebnisse an, die die Abhängigkeit der hydrodynamischen Hall-Spannung von allen experimentell festgelegten Parametern unserer Simulation, wie z.B. Temperatur und Dichte, beschreiben. Diese Abhängigkeiten sind zusammen mit der verschwindenden hydrodynamischen Hall-Spannung charakteristische Eigenschaften hydrodynamischen Transports und können daher verwendet werden, um unsere Vorhersagen experimentell zu verifizieren. Zu guter Letzt untersuchen wir, wie eine charakteristische Eigenschaft von Elektronen, der Spin, in die hydrodynamische Theorie einbezogen werden kann. Dazu konstruieren wir eine effektive Wirkung, die nicht dissipative Spin-Hydrodynamik bis zur ersten Ordnung in einer geeigneten Ableitungsentwicklung beschreibt. Wir zeigen darüber hinaus, dass in zweiter Ordnung dieser Entwicklung interessante Spin-Transporteffekte auftreten. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass die Rotation der Flüssigkeit seinen Spin polarisiert. Dies ist die hydrodynamische Manifestation des Barnett-Effekts, die als Beispiel für hydrodynamische Spintronics dient. Zum Abschluss der vorliegenden Arbeit diskutieren wir mehrere mögliche Erweiterungen unserer Untersuchungen und unterbreiten Vorschläge für weitergehende Forschung in verschiedene Richtungen.

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This dissertation contributes to a better understanding of curiosity resolution. I investigate the premise that the experience of curiosity resolution is influenced both by the fact that curiosity is resolved, as well as how it is resolved. While the outcome associated with curiosity resolution can be positive or negative in nature, the experience of curiosity resolution itself is predicted to be pleasant in nature. Therefore, I propose that the degree to which each of these two resolution facets is salient will influence curiosity-related evaluations. In this dissertation, I investigate pre-resolution expectations as well as post-resolution downstream consequences. Prior to curiosity resolution, I propose that individuals are likely to be focused on the outcome they will obtain. However, when faced with uncertain outcomes, individuals strategically heighten anticipated feelings of disappointment in order to protect against actual disappointment when the outcome is revealed; thus, I predict and demonstrate in four studies that curious consumers will display heightened levels of pre-resolution feelings of anticipated disappointment. After curiosity resolution, I propose that individuals experience not only positive or negative feelings associated with the outcome obtained, but also positive feelings of resolution itself. In four studies, I investigate the power of curiosity resolution to buffer negative responses to relatively undesirable outcomes. Importantly, I also demonstrate that consumers' focus on either the outcome obtained or on the experience of resolution itself can be experimentally shifted, thereby mitigating the previously described effects. / Ph. D.

The Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) is a partnership among various organizations including NASA, the FAA, US aviation industry, state and local aviation officials, and universities. The program objectives are intend to reduce travel times by providing high-speed, safe travel alternatives by making use of small aircraft and underused small airports throughout the nation. A major component of the SATS program is the Smart Landing Facility (SLF). The SLF is a small airport that has been upgraded to handle SATS traffic. One of the services needed at SLFs is air surveillance of the airspace surrounding it. This thesis researches the different surveillance techniques available for use at the SLFs. The main focuses of this paper are an evaluation of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) when used as a ground sensor at SLFs and the design of a Position and Identification Reporting Beacon (PIRB). The use of the TCAS ground sensor is modeled in Matlab and the results of that model are discussed. The PIRB is a new system that can be used in conjunction with the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system or independently to provide position information for all aircraft using GPS based positioning. / Master of Science

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama automatinio priklausomo stebėjimo (ADS-B) sistema pakeisianti įprastinę oro erdvės stebėjimo radarų sistemą. Darbe išnagrinėti pagrindiniai sistemos veikimo principai, jos pritaikymas ir sudėtinės dalys, kartu su signalų formavimo ypatybėmis. Atliktas tyrimas sudarytas iš 9 atskirų bandymų apimančių sistemos kokybės patikros, signalo sudėties ir patikimumo įvertinimą. Tyrimas atliktas naudojant atsakiklių tyrimų stendą, kuris atitinka antžeminį ADS-B sistemos segmentą ir orlaivyje įmontuotą atsakiklį, kuris atitinką vartotojo segmentą. Tyrimo metu išnagrinėjamos ADS-B sistemos komunikacijos segmento savybės juos lyginant su naujausia literatūra ir techniniais sistemos įgyvendinimo sprendimais. Išnagrinėjus gautus rezultatus ir literatūrą pateikiamos sistemos tobulinimo rekomendacijos ir tolesnio tyrimo metodikos patobulinimai ir siūlymai. Darbą sudaro 10 dalių: įvadas, literatūros apžvalga, analitinė dalis, bandymų metodika, tyrimo aprašymas, darbo apžvalga, išvestiniai duomenys, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 71 p. teksto be priedų, 47 pav., 7 lent., 30 bibliografinių šaltinių. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / This master‘s thesis explores automatic dependant surveillance – broadcast system (ADS-B) which will replace conventional radar based surveillance system in aviation air control management. Thesis consists of general overview of the system operation, its applicability, integration and structure with signal formatting possibilities. Field analysis was made which consists of 9 tests including system quality parameters, signal structure and reliability tests. Analysis was made by transponder interrogation device, referring to ground segment of ADS-B system, and transponder device mounted in aircraft, referring to ADS-B system users. Analysis includes ADS-B system communication segment features, literature analysis together with system implementation decisions. There is listed the conclusions of tests data together with suggestions for further system analysis and recommendations for system implementation possibilities. Thesis consist of: 71 p. text without appendixes, 47 pictures, 7 tables, 30 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

The Swedish consumers are concerned of their online privacy, while companies increasingly gather personal information with business intelligence (BI) technologies in order to customize online banner ads, among the favoured marketing techniques. Meanwhile, marketers treasure the opportunity to target individuals. The purpose of this research is to generate insights of Swedes’ experiences of intrusion of their privacy online, and their behavioural response to personalised banner advertisements. The research will also observe if there are differences depending on the consumers’ ages. Mediating factors will be regarded how they influence the online users perceived intrusiveness and usefulness of personalised ads. The study is exploratory and aims to provide extensive awareness and beliefs around a complex phenomena. It will have a qualitative approach where data collection is conducted through semi-structured, in-depth, interviews with Swedish consumers from two age groups, complemented by three expert interviews. The results show that, in comparison, elderly consumers have less knowledge of personalised advertising, as well as BI-technology, leading to higher privacy concern and perceived intrusiveness when exposed to these ads. Members of the generation Y comprehend the phenomena to a greater extent, and more easily see the usefulness presented, but are overall ambiguous. Attitudes are likely to be formed based on the experienced intrusiveness contra usefulness, but are not clearly influencing trust, loyalty of future purchasing behaviours. Generally, marketers and consumers’ views show incongruence, as marketers remain very positive to using personal information to customize ads, while consumers do not always perceive it similarly. A balance can be difficult to achieve, but a unanimous belief demand high accuracy of content and placement of the personalised ads to be perceived as useful.

O trabalho teve como objetivo a investigação de Metodologias de Cálculo dos Reatores Subcríticos acionados por fonte externa de nêutrons, tais como, \"Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactor\" (ADSR) e \"Fusion Driven Subcritical Reator\" (FDSR) , que são reatores nucleares subcríticos com uma fonte externa de nêutrons. Tais nêutrons são produzidos, no caso do ADSR, através da interação de partículas aceleradas (prótons, deutério) com um alvo (Pb, Bi, etc) ou através das reações de fusão, no caso do FDSR. Este conceito de reator vem sendo objeto de intensa pesquisa, sobretudo pela possibilidade de ser utilizado para transmutar o enorme inventario de rejeitos nucleares, principalmente os transurânicos (TRU) e os produtos de fissão de meia-vida longa (LLFP). Neste trabalho enfatiza os seguintes aspectos: (i) complementar e aprimorar a metodologia de cálculos neutrônicos com queima e transmutação e implementá-la computacionalmente; (ii) e utilizando esta metodologia, participar dos Projetos Coordenados de Pesquisa (CRP) da Agência Internacional de energia Atômica \"Analytical and Experimental Benchmark Analysis of ADS\" e \"Collaborative work on use of LEU in ADS\", principalmente na reprodução dos resultados experimentais da instalação subcrítica Yalina Booster e também no cálculo de um núcleo subcrítico do reator IPEN/MB-01, (iii) analisar comparativamente diferentes bibliotecas de dados nucleares, no cálculo de parâmetros integrais (keff), diferenciais (espectro, fluxo) e de queima e transmutação (inventário ao final do ciclo) e (iv) aplicar a metodologia desenvolvida em um estudo que possa ajudar na escolha futura de um sistema transmutador dedicado. Foram utilizados para tanto os seguintes códigos: MCNP (Transporte de partículas por Monte Carlo), MCB (acoplamento do MCNP com código de transmutação) e o sistema NJOY para o processamento dos arquivos de dados nucleares avaliados. / This works had as goal to investigate calculational methodologies on subcritical source driven reactor, such as Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactor (ADSR) and Fusion Driven Subcritical Reactor (FDSR). Intense R&D has been done about these subcritical concepts, mainly due to Minor Actinides(MA) and Long Lived Fission Products(LLFP) transmutation possibilities. In this work, particular emphasis has been given to: (i ) complement and improve calculation methodology with neutronic transmutation and decay capabilities and implement it computationally, (ii ) utilization of this methodology in the Coordinated Research Project (CRP) of the International Atomic Energy Agency Analytical and Experimental Benchmark Analysis of ADS and in the Collaborative Work on Use of Low Enriched Uranium in ADS, especially in the reproduction of the experimental results of the Yalina Booster subcritical assembly and study of a subcritical core of IPEN/MB-01 reactor, (iii ) to compare dierent nuclear data libraries calculation of integral parameters,such as keff and ksrc, and dierential distributions, such as spectrum and ux, and nuclides inventories and (iv ) apply the developed methodology in a study that may help future choices about dedicated transmutation system. The following tools have been used in this work: MCNP (Monte Carlo N particle transport code), MCB (enhanced version of MCNP that allows burnup calculation) and NJOY to process nuclear data from evaluated nuclear data files.

Este é um trabalho de revisão. Os principais formalismos no desenvolvimento da teoria de cordas são introduzidos e discutidos: a corda bosônica e as supercordas no formalismo de Ramond-Neveu-Schwarz e no formalismo de Green-Schwarz. São introduzidas também as açôes efetivas no limite de baixas energias das D-branas (ação DBI) e das teorias de supergravidade (D=10,11). Por fim, são analisados alguns aspectos da correspondência AdS/CFT, enunciando a conjectura e introduzindo algumas das entradas do dicionário. Os apêndices contêm tópicos de grande relevância para o texto e podem ajudar a esclarecer vários raciocínios e passagens ao longo do mesmo. / This is a review work. The main formalisms on the development of string theory are introduced and discussed: the bosonic string and the superstrings formalisms of Ramond-Never-Schwarz and Green-Schwarz. The effective actions in the low energy limit of the D-branes (DBI action) and supergravity theories (D=10,11) are introduced as well. Finally, some aspects of the AdS/CFT correspondence are analised, enunciating the conjecture and introducing some entries of the dictionary. The appendices contains some topics that are highly relevant for the whole text and may help clarify several ideas and arguments through it.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da Física dos Sistemas dirigidos por Fontes Externas (ADS). É apresentada a definição de alguns parâmetros estáticos e cinéticos da Física do reator que são importantes na avaliação e definição destes sistemas. O objetivo é demonstrar que há diferenças nestes parâmetros quando o sistema está no nível crítico ou subcrítico. Além disso, o trabalho mostra as diferenças observadas nos parâmetros para diferentes modelos de cálculo. São mostradas nesta dissertação duas metodologias de cálculo: Gandini&Salvatores e Dulla e são calculados alguns destes parâmetros utilizando as duas metodologias. O código determinístico de transporte ANISN é utilizado no cálculo destes parâmetros. Numa configuração subcrítica do Reator IPEN/MB-01 dirigido por uma fonte externa de nêutrons são calculados alguns parâmetros físicos. No final do trabalho são apresentadas as conclusões obtidas através destes cálculos. / This work presents the Physics of Source Driven Systems (ADS). It shows some statics and kinetics parameters of the reactor Physics and when it is sub critical, that are important in evaluation and definition of these systems. The objective is to demonstrate that there are differences in parameters when the reactor is critical. Moreover, the work shows the differences observed in the parameters for different calculation models. Two calculation methodologies are shown in this dissertation: Gandini&Salvatores and Dulla, and some parameters are calculated. The ANISN deterministic transport code is used in calculation in order to compare these parameters. In a sub critical configuration of IPEN/MB-01 Reactor driven by an external source some parameters are calculated. The conclusions about calculation realized are presented in end of work.