[pt] Nesta tese investigamos os efeitos das interações elétron- elétron nas propriedades de transporte nanosistemas. Em particular, estudamos sistemas constituídos por dois pontos quânticos conectados a dois contatos, em diferentes topologias. O principal interesse é estudar os efeitos do regime Kondo e da fase eletrônica na condutância. Na configuração onde os dois pontos são inseridos em cada braço de um anel atravessado por um fluxo magnético, denotada por PPL, calculamos as fases das correntes que circulam através de cada braço do anel. Estas fases são determinadas pelo efeito Aharonov-Bohm combinado com a inflência da interação de muitos corpos das cargas nos pontos. Este sistema apresenta ressonância Kondo para um número par de elétrons em concordância com os resultados experimentais1. Outro aspecto interessante da configuração PPL é que, mesmo na ausência de fluxo magnético, pode existir circulação de corrente no anel, dependendo dos parâmetros escolhidos. Consideramos outras duas topologias que envolvem dois pontos quânticos acoplados através de interação de tunelamento. Em uma delas, denotada PAL, os dois pontos estão alinhados com os contatos, e na outra, a configuração PPD, um ponto está inserido nos contatos entanto que o outro interage só com o primeiro. No limite de acoplamento fraco, estas duas configurações apresentam características bem distintas, no só na dependência da condutância com o potencial de porta mas também na correlação de spin dos pontos quânticos. Ambas configurações apresentam ressonância Kondo para um número par de elétrons de diferente natureza. Quando cada ponto está carregado com um elétron, no caso da configuração PAL, os spins dos pontos quânticos estão descorrelacionados enquanto que, na configuração PPD, os spins estão correlacionados ferromagneticamente. No limite do acoplamento forte as propriedades de transporte das dois configurações são similares. Os sistemas discutidos acima são representados por o Hamiltoniano de Anderson de duas impurezas acopladas, o qual é resolvido diagonalizando exatamente um aglomerado que é embebido no resto do sistema. Desta forma obtemos as propriedades de transporte a T = 0. Para estudar a dependência com a temperatura utilizamos o método da equação de movimento (EOM) no limite da repulsão Coulombiana infinita. Aplicamos este método ao caso da topologia PPD, obteniendo resultados para baixas temperaturas consistente com os obtidos com o método do aglomerado. / [en] In this thesis we investigate the effects of the eletron- eletron interaction on the transport properties of nanosystems. In particular, we study systems constituted by two quantum dots conected to leads, in different topologies. Our main interest is to study the effects of the Kondo regime and the electronic phase on the conductance. In the configuration where the two dots are inserted in each arm of a ring threaded by a magnetic flux, denoted by PPL, we calculate the phases of the currents going along each arm of the ring. These phases are determined by the Aharonov-Bohm effect combined with the dots many body charging effects. This system presents the Kondo phenomenon for an even number (two) of electrons in the dots, in agreement with experimental results1. An interesting aspect of PPL configuration is that, even in the absence of magnetic flux there can be a circulating current around the ring, depending on the system parameters. In the two other topologies we consider the two quantum dots coupled through tunneling interaction. In one of them, denoted by PAL, the two dots are aligned with the leads, and in the other, the PPD configuration, one dot is inserted into the leads while the other interacts only with the first. In the weak coupling limit these two configurations present quite different features, not only on the dependence of the conductance on the gate potencials applied to the dots, but also on the dots spin correlation. Both configurations present Kondo resonance for an even number electrons. In the PAL configuration the spins of the charged dots are uncorrelated, while in the PPD configuration they are ferromagnetically correlated. In the strong tunneling coupling limit the transport properties of two interacting dot configurations are very similar. The systems discussed above are represented by an Anderson two- impurity first-neighbor tight-binding Hamiltonian, that is solved by exactly diagonalizing a cluster that is embebed into the rest of the system. In this way we obtain only the properties of the system at T = 0. In order to study temperature dependence phenomena we use the equation of motion method (EOM) in the limit of infinite Coulomb repulsion. We apply it to the dots in the PPD topology. The results for low temperatures are consistent with hose obtained with the cluster method.

Um novo procedimento para construir os estados coerentes (CS) e os estados semiclássicos (SS) no campo de um magnético-solenóide é proposto. A idéia principal é baseada sobre o fato de que o AB solenóide quebra a simetria translacional no plano-xy, isto apresenta um efeito topológico tal que surgem dois tipos de trajetórias, aquelas que circundam e aquelas que não circundam o solenóide. Devido a este fato, deve-se construir dois tipos diferentes dos CS/SS, os quais correspondem as referidas trajetórias no limite semiclássico. Seguindo esta idéia, construímos os CS em duas etapas, primeiro os CS instantâneos (ICS) e os CS/SS dependentes do tempo como uma evolução dos ICS. A construção é realizada para partículas não-relativísticas e relativísticas, de spin-zero e com spin ambas em (2 + 1)- e (3 + 1)- dimensões e gera um exemplo não-trivial de SS/CS para sistemas com uma Hamiltoniana não-quadrática. É enfatizado que os CS dependendo dos seus parâmetros (números quânticos), descrevem ambos os estados puramente quânticos e semiclássicos. Uma análise é representada de modo que classifica os parâmetros dos CS em tal relação. Tal classificação é usada para as decomposições semiclásicas de diversas quantidades físicas. / A new approach to constructing coherent states (CS) and semiclassical states (SS) in magnetic-solenoid field is proposed. The main idea is based on the fact that the AB solenoid breaks the translational symmetry in the xy-plane, this has a topological effect such that there appear two types of trajectories which embrace and do not embrace the solenoid. Due to this fact, one has to construct two different kinds of CS/SS, which correspond to such trajectories in the semiclassical limit. Following this idea, we construct CS in two steps, first the instantaneous CS (ICS) and the time dependent CS/SS as an evolution of the ICS. The construction is realized for nonrelativistic and relativistic, spinning and spinless particles both in (2 + 1)- and (3 + 1)- dimensions and gives a non-trivial example of SS/CS for systems with a nonquadratic Hamiltonian. It is stressed that CS depending on their parameters (quantum numbers) describe both pure quantum and semiclassical states. An analysis is presented that classifies parameters of the CS in such respect. Such a classification is used for the semiclassical decompositions of various physical quantities.

In this thesis, we investigate the quantum transport properties of disordered three dimensional topological insulator (3DTI) nanostructures of BiSe and BiTe in detail. Despite their intrinsic bulk conductivity, we show the possibility to study the specific transport properties of the topological surface states (TSS), either with or without quantum confinement. Importantly, we demonstrate that unusual transport properties not only come from the Dirac nature of the quasi-particles, but also from their spin texture. Without quantum confinement (wide ribbons), the transport properties of diffusive 2D spin-helical Dirac fermions are investigated. Using high magnetic fields allows us to measure and separate all contributions to charge transport. Band bending is investigated in BiSe nanostructures, revealing an inversion from upward to downward bending when decreasing the bulk doping. This result points out the need to control simultaneously both the bulk and surface residual doping in order to produce bulk-depleted nanostructures and to study TSS only. Moreover, Shubnikov-de-Haas oscillations and transconductance measurements are used to measure the ratio of the transport length to the electronic mean free path ltr/le. This ratio is measured to be close to one for bulk states, whereas it is close to 8 for TSS, which is a hallmark of the anisotropic scattering of spin-helical Dirac fermions. With transverse quantum confinement (narrow wires or ribbons), the ballistic transport of quasi-1D surface modes is evidenced by mesoscopic transport measurements, and specific properties due to their topological nature are revealed at very low temperatures. The metallic surface states are directly evidenced by the measure of periodic Aharonov-Bohm oscillations (ABO) in 3DTI nanowires. Their exponential temperature dependence gives an unusual power-law temperature dependence of the phase coherence length, which is interpreted in terms of quasi-ballistic transport and decoherence in the weak-coupling regime. This remarkable finding is a consequence of the enhanced transport length, which is comparable to the perimeter. Besides, the ballistic transport of quasi-1D surface modes is further evidenced by the observation of non-universal conductance fluctuations in a BiSe nanowire, despite the long-length limit (L > ltr) and a high metallicity (many modes). We show that such an unusual property for a mesoscopic conductor is related to the limited mixing of the transverse modes by disorder, as confirmed by numerical calculations. Importantly, a model based on the modes' transmissions allows us to describe our experimental results, including the full temperature dependence of the ABO amplitude.

No description available.

This thesis explores the links between different ways of modelling the physical world. Finite difference numerical simulations may be used to encode the behaviour of physical systems, allowing us to gain insight into their workings and even to predict their behaviour. Similarly, one can investigate the properties of gravitational black holes through the use of analogue black holes, physical systems which share at least some part of the physics of the astronomical objects. Concentrating on black hole analogues using Bose-Einstein condensates, I show how simulations of these systems may be greatly assisted through the use of a proper absorbing boundary condition, the Perfectly Matched Layer. Such a boundary condition allows the effcient truncation of the computational domain, both saving computational time and increasing accuracy. I then apply this technique to the simulation of the supersonic flow of a Bose-Einstein condensate through a Laval nozzle, a black hole analogue, showing that such a flow should be stable and observable in the laboratory. Moving to a related system, I investigate the optical analogue of the Iordanskii force - the friction resulting from interaction between excitations in a superfluid's normal component and a superfluid vortex - through the simulation of such a vortex in a Bose-Einstein condensate illuminated by slow light, which is light whose group velocity is on the order of metres per second. The interaction of the slow light with the vortex should produce a momentum transfer due to the optical Aharonov-Bohm effect, exerting a force on the vortex. The coupled system of equations describing the condensate-slow light system is simulated, giving some surprising results.

This work is about the properties of several low dimensional, small systems of interacting particles. We demonstrate that interaction between particles in the low dimensional small systems can lead to many unexpected effects. We considered electrons in a Luttinger liquid, in a superconducting state, and atoms in a magneto-optical trap. Using bosonization techniques we calculated the thermopower of a Luttinger liquid wire with an impurity. We predicted the appearance of a phase dependent force and resonant phase dependent magnetization in the nanoscopic superconductor - normal metal superconductor (or superconductor - two dimensional electron gas - superconductor) junction. We also considered plasma oscillations inside thin superconducting tubes and rings and predicted that the velocities of the plasmons in these systems are periodic functions of the magnetic flux. By considering neutral atoms in a harmonic trap we discovered that strongly repelling atoms do not form Bose-Einstein condensate at zero temperature but tend to occupy different orbitals with small mutual overlap, forming crystallite structures similar to Wigner molecules of electrons inside a quantum dot.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T17:40:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GILSON ACIOLE RODRIGUES – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2016.pdf: 1524954 bytes, checksum: 9054f2fa535b67f3184b1f692caa7c88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T17:40:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GILSON ACIOLE RODRIGUES – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2016.pdf: 1524954 bytes, checksum: 9054f2fa535b67f3184b1f692caa7c88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-28 / Capes / A influência dos deslocamentos parafuso em sistemas quânticos tem recebido considerável atenção nos últimos anos. Alguns trabalhos são baseados na teoria geométrica de defeitos em semicondutores e desenvolvidos por Katanaev Volovich. Nesta abordagem, o semicondutor com um deslocamento parafuso é descrito por uma variedade de Riemann-Cartan onde o deslocamento parafuso está associado ao vetor Burgers. Neste limite do contínuo, um deslocamento parafuso afeta um sistema quântico como um tubo de fluxo magnético isolado, causando fenômenos de interferência tipo Aharonov-Bohm (AB). O espectro de energia de elétrons em torno deste tipo de defeito mostra uma configuração semelhante a do sistema AB. Neste trabalho, investigamos a influência de um deslocamento parafuso sobre os níveis de energia e as funções de onda de um elétron confinado em um potencial pseudo-harmônico bidimensional (2D) sob a influência de um campo magnético externo para o ponto quântico e campo Aharonov-Bohm para um pseudo-ponto quântico. As soluções exatas para autovalores de energia e funções de onda são computadas em função do campo magnético uniforme, fluxo Aharonov-Bohm, número quântico magnético e do parâmetro que caracteriza o deslocamento parafuso, o vetor Burgers. Foram investigadas as modificações devido à deslocação parafuso no coeficiente de absorção de luz e na frequência de absorção limiar. Descobrimos que conforme o vetor Burgers aumenta, as curvas de frequência são impusionadas para cima em direção ao crescimento do mesmo. Um aspecto interessante que observamos é que o fluxo Aharonov-Bohm pode ser ajustado de forma a cancelar o efeito do deslocamento parafuso. / The influence of screw dislocations in quantum systems has received considerable attention in recent years. Some works are based on the geometric theory of defects in semiconductors and developed by Katanaev Volovich. In this approach the semiconductor with a screw dislocation is described by a variety of Riemann-Cartan where the screw dislocation is associated with the Burgers vector. This limit of the continuum, a screw displacement affects a quantum system as an isolated magnetic flux tube, causing phenomena of interference type Aharonov-Bohm (AB). The electron energy spectrum around this type of defect shows a configuration similar to the AB system. In this work, we investigated the influence of a screw dislocation on the energy levels and the wavefunctions of an electron confined in a two-dimensional pseudoharmonic quantum dot under the influence of an external magnetic field inside a dot and Aharonov-Bohm field inside a pseudodot. The exact solutions for energy eigenvalues and wavefunctions are computed as functions of applied uniform magnetic field strength, Aharonov-Bohm flux, magnetic quantum number and the parameter characterizing the screw dislocation, the Burgers vector. We investigate the modifications due to the screw dislocation on the light interband absorption coefficient and absorption threshold frequency. We found that as the Burgers vector increases, the curves of frequency are pushed up towards of the growth of it. One interesting aspect which we have observed is that the Aharonov-Bohm flux can be tuned in order to cancel the screw effect of the model.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-13T11:51:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 831966 bytes, checksum: a9f68724ebd2fdd53f6f561f0f45d42c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T11:51:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 831966 bytes, checksum: a9f68724ebd2fdd53f6f561f0f45d42c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Inertial effects, such as Coriolis’ and centrifuge forces play an interesting role on classical mechanics and currently has been largely used in quantum mechanics, including in analogies with the electromagnetic effects. However, these analogies between the inertial forces on the massives particules and the electromagnetic forces on charged particles is not new. They were explored by Aharonov and Carmi in 1970 and by Tsai and Nelson in 1988 in the context of a rotational quantum phase like an Aharonov-Bohm phase. Based in this analogy, Dattoli and Quattromini, introduced Coriolis’ analogue quantum states to Landau levels. In 1915, Barnett had already published a paper about magnetization due to rotation which recently had a renewed interest applyed to nanostructures. A rotational analogy of the classical Hall effect was proposed and rotational inertial forces were studied in spintronic. Energy spectra like Landau levels appear under the action of Coriolis forces when the centrifuge force acting on free electrons is compensated by a radial electric field. In this work, we will demonstrate effects caused by rotation and magnetic field in a spinning conductor disc. We will study both the electromagnetic and inertial interactions simultaneously. Some values to the relation between the magnetic field and the rotation will be chosen and this will result in Landau-like levels to a system with resultant force composed by Coriolis’ and magnetic forces. A similar behavior for the energy spectrum will be found without a magnetic force composing the resultant force. / Efeitos inerciais, tais como a força centrífuga e a de Coriolis, desempenham um papel importante na mecânica clássica e atualmente têm sido amplamente explorados na mecânica quântica, inclusive em analogias com efeitos eletromagnéticos. No entanto, essas analogias entre as forças inerciais sobre partículas massivas e as forças electromagnéticas sobre partículas carregadas não é nenhuma novidade. Elas foram exploradas por Aharonov e Carmi em 1970 e por Tsai e Neilson em 1988 no contexto de uma fase quântica rotacional similar à fase de Aharonov- Bohm. Baseados nessa mesma analogia, Dattoli e Quattromini introduziram estados quânticos de Coriolis análogos aos níveis de Landau. Em 1915, Barnett já havia publicado um artigo sobre magnetização devido à rotação o qual teve recentemente um interesse renovado aplicado a nanoestruturas. Um análogo rotacional do efeito Hall clássico foi proposto e os efeitos inerciais da rotação foram estudados em spintrônica. Espectros de energia tipo níveis de Landau aparecem sob a ação da força de Coriolis quando a força centrífuga agindo nos elétrons livres é compensada por um campo elétrico radial. Neste trabalho, vamos demonstrar efeitos devido à rotação e ao campo magnético em um disco condutor girante. Estudaremos as interações eletromagnéticas e inerciais simultaneamente. Alguns valores para a relação entre o campo magnético e a rotação serão escolhidos e resultarão em níveis tipo Landau para um sistema com força resultante composta pelas forças de Coriolis e magnética. Um mesmo comportamento para o espectro de energia será obtido sem força magnética compondo a força resultante.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 5046450 bytes, checksum: bd56c31f5c1b1739dfc96f350ac77b34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work we discuss the importance of the quantum phases using the Aharonov-Bohm Effect for charged particles and neutral particles with magnetic dipole moment(Aharonov- Casher Effect) and electric dipole moment(He-McKellar-Wilkens Effect) and atoms with electric quadrupole moment. It takes advantage of the initial study of such systems to show the emergence of Landau levels in the dynamics of a particle in two situations: when the particle is charged and when it is neutral. In the case of a neutral particle is considered that it possesses electric dipole moment. In addition it is the first time which is approached a neutral atom with electric quadrupole moment. / Neste trabalho discutimos a importância das fases quânticas usando o Efeito Aharonov-Bohm para partículas carregadas e partículas neutras com momento de dipolo magnético (Efeito Aharonov-Casher) e momento de dipolo elétrico (Efeito He-McKellar-Wilkens), e átomos com momento de quadrupolo elétrico. Tira-se vantagem do estudo inicial de tais sistemas para mostrar a emersão de níveis de Landau na dinâmica de uma partícula em duas situações: quando a partícula está carregada e quando ela é neutra. No caso de uma partícula neutra é considerado que esta possui momento de dipolo elétrico. Além disso é a primeira vez que é abordado um átomo neutro com momento de quadrupolo elétrico.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude expérimentale des propriétés magnéto-optiques intrinsèques des nanotubes de carbone mono-paroi par spectroscopie de photoluminescence résolue en temps.Un dispositif de microscopie optique confocale de grande ouverture numérique (NA = 0.95),incluant un cryostat magnétique, permet l’étude de nanotubes suspendus à l’échelle individuelle,à température cryogénique (jusqu’à 2 Kelvin) et sous champ magnétique (jusqu’à 7 Tesla). L’évolution des spectres et des déclins de photoluminescence avec le champ magnétique montre l’influence de l’effet Aharonov-Bohm sur les deux excitons singulets de plus basse énergie, c’est à-dire l’exciton fondamental qui est optiquement inactif (exciton noir) et un exciton d’énergie supérieure séparé de quelques milliélectronvolts qui est optiquement actif (exciton brillant). L’interprétation de ces résultats à partir d’un modèle d’équations de taux qui intègre le couplage Aharonov-Bohm entre ces deux excitons permet de déterminer séparément les durées de vie excitoniques et de fournir des informations quantitatives sur la relaxation de l’énergie depuis les niveaux supérieurs photo-excités. La relaxation de l’énergie suite à la photo-excitation de la transition S22 conduit à une efficacité de peuplement de l’état brillant quatre fois plus faible que celle de l’état noir, mais qui augmente significativement lorsque la relaxation se produit depuis les niveaux excitoniques KK’. D’autre part, le bon rapport signal à bruit obtenu dans les spectres de photoluminescence permet de révéler l’existence d’un couplage intrinsèque en champ nul entre l’exciton noir et l’exciton brillant ainsi que le maintien de la mobilité excitonique dans les nanotubes suspendus à la température de l’hélium liquide. / This thesis is dedicated to the experimental study of the intrinsic magneto-optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes through time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Measurements are performed on suspended nanotubes samples at the single-object level using a home-built confocal optical microscope with a large numerical aperture (NA = 0.95) operating at cryogenic temperature (down to 2K) and high magnetic field (up to 7T). The evolution of the photoluminescence spectra and decay signals with increasing magnetic fields shows the influence of the Aharonov-Bohm effect on the two lowest-energy singlet excitons, namely the ground exciton which is optically inactive (dark exciton) and an exciton lying a few millielectron volts higher in energy which is optically active (bright exciton). A model of these results based on rate equations and including the Aharonov-Bohm coupling between these two excitons enables to determine separately the excitons lifetimes and to derive quantitative information on the energy relaxation from the photo-excited higher levels. The energy relaxation following the photo-excitation of the S22 transition leads to a bright state population efficiency four times lower than that of the dark state, but it significantly increases when energy relaxation occurs from the KK’ excitonic levels. Thanks to a good signal to noise ratio, the photoluminescence spectra also reveal the presence of an intrinsic zero-field coupling between the dark and the brightexcitons, as well as an excitonic mobility preserved at liquid helium temperature in suspended nanotubes.