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Bakgrund: HIV/AIDS är idag en sjukdom som varit känd för oss i snart tre decennier. Synen på människor som har HIV har förvisso ändrats. Trots förändringar upplever personer med HIV fortfarande negativa attityder, diskriminering och socialt utanförskap både ute i samhället och inom sjukvården. Vid en närmare granskning av litteraturen visar det sig att attityder och rädslor finns kvar mot personer med HIV även hos sjukvårdspersonal. Syfte: Att undersöka sjuksköterskestudenters attityder till personer med HIV. Med frågeställningarna: Hur ser sjuksköterskestudenternas avståndstagande attityder till personer med HIV ut? Hur ser sjuksköterskestudenternas empatiska attityder till personer med HIV ut? Och finns det en önskan att kunna avstå från att vårda personer med HIV. Metod: Studien är deskriptiv kvantitativ med ett frågeformulär baserat på Aids Attitude Scale AAS, ett instrument som mäter avståndstagande och empatiska attityder till personer med HIV. Respondenterna grupperades utifrån ålder, vårderfarenhet och erfarenhet av att vårda patienter med HIV och jämfördes med varandra. Kvalitativa inslag finns i mätinstrumentet i form av möjligheter för respondenten att lämna kommentarer till det sista påståendet om jag gavs valmöjlighet skulle jag avstå från att vårda patienter med HIV. Resultat: Resultatet visar att respondenterna överlag har positiva attityder till personer med HIV. Resultatet visar att respondenterna i de äldre åldersgrupperna, 26- 30 år och 31- 45 år och de som hade tidigare vårderfarenhet, samt de som hade tidigare erfarenhet av vård av personer med HIV uppvisade mindre avståndstagande attityder men också mindre empatiska attityder. Andelen respondenter som ställde sig bakom påståendet om jag gavs valmöjlighet skulle jag avstå från att vårda patienter med HIV, var högre i grupperna där åldern var lägre, gruppen 20- 25 år och hos de som inte hade vårderfarenhet eller erfarenhet av att vårda patienter med HIV. Kunskap och utbildning kan vara av betydelse för att attityderna mot personer med HIV ska kunna ändras. Konklusion: Erfarenhet av att vårda sjuka människor i allmänhet och att vårda sjuka människor med HIV i synnerhet kan leda till lägre avståndstagande attityder mot personer med HIV.

In dieser Arbeit wurden Einstellungen Leipziger Medizinstudierenden zum Erwerb ärztlicher Gesprächskompetenz mit der Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS) erfasst. Dazu wurde der englischsprachige Fragebogen ins Deutsche übertragen. Insgesamt fanden sich gering ausgeprägte negative Einstellungen und moderate Werte positiver Einstellungen. Im simulierten Längsschnitt fand sich kein Anhalt für eine Dehumanisierung. Die Einstellungswerte der Leipziger Kohorte sind geschlechtsspezifisch.

Background: The government in Taiwan has promoted breastfeeding in recent years yet, exclusive initiation rates and continuation of breastfeeding remain low. Maternal attitudes have been found to be better predictors of infant feeding method during the postpartum period than socio-demographic factors. Understanding maternal attitudes related to infant feeding in Taiwan will support the development of better targeted, more effective health promotion programs aimed at increasing breastfeeding rates. Objectives: To examine maternal attitudes toward breastfeeding and the relationship of these factors to breastfeeding duration at six weeks postpartum. The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) was translated into Chinese for this study; a secondary aim of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the translated tool. Design: A prospective longitudinal study. Setting: A public hospital in Taichung City, Taiwan. Participants: Using convenience sample. 140 in-hospital breastfeeding mothers were recruited in the hospital setting to complete the IIFAS. A total of 120 (86%) completed 3 week follow-up interview and of those who continued to breastfeed 102 women (100%) were contacted at 6 weeks and completed the study protocol. Methods: Following a systematic translation procedure, mothers completed IIFAS questionnaire in the hospital. Then, participating women were contacted by telephone at three weeks and six weeks postpartum to obtain information regarding infant feeding status and duration. Results: Maternal breastfeeding attitudes were the only predictive factor of the breastfeeding duration (p=0.05). The Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency was 0.73. In-hospital IIFAS scores significantly predicted infant feeding methods at six weeks postpartum. 72.9% (n=102) of the mothers were breastfeeding their infants, of which 37 mothers (26.4%) were exclusively breastfeeding, 65 mothers (46.4%) were partially breastfeeding at three weeks postpartum. These102 breastfeeding mothers were continued to be followed through six weeks postpartum. 62.1% (n=87) were still breastfeeding their infants, of which 34 mothers (24.3%) were exclusively breastfeeding and 53 mothers (37.9%) were partially breastfeeding at six weeks postpartum. Insufficient milk supply was the reason most often given for discontinuing breastfeeding. Conclusions: Maternal attitudes were related to breastfeeding duration. This study provides evidence that the translated version of the IIFAS is a valid and reliable tool to assess breastfeeding attitudes among Taiwanese mothers in the population tested. Breastfeeding rates showed that the low rates of exclusive breastfeeding. Health professionals might use this tool to identify mothers at increase risk for not continuing with exclusive breastfeeding and intervention strategies need to be developed to improve rates of successful exclusive breastfeeding.

The purpose of this study is to investigate 11th and 12th grade high school students&rsquo / attitudes towards philosophy course and to examine whether their attitudes show significant differences with respect to certain background variables such as gender, school type, grade level, GPA of previous semester, philosophy course grade from the previous semester, mother&rsquo / s and father&rsquo / s education level, number of books available at home, and numbers of books read in the previous year. The sample consisted of 1322 high school students from 11th and 12th grades from 11 public and private high schools in the Province of Ankara. Data were gathered from the participants via Philosophy Course Attitude Scale developed by the researcher. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. ANOVA was employed to investigate whether there were significant differences among students&rsquo / v attitude towards philosophy course with respect to certain background variables. Descriptive Statistics were used to analyze the background of information of the sample and attitudes of students towards philosophy course. The findings indicated that the students have moderate level of positive attitude towards philosophy course. The findings also showed that with the exception of the mother&rsquo / s education, each of the variables examined (gender, grade level, school type, GPA of previous semester, philosophy course grade from the previous semester, father&rsquo / s education, number of books available at home, number of books read in the previous year) created a significant difference in student attitudes towards the philosophy course.

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The problem with which this study is concerned was to analyze the reactions of faculty members and academic administrators toward the practices related to the improvement of instruction as they pertain to the role of department or division chairpersons. The hypotheses designed to serve the purposes of this study were related to supervision of instruction, methods and materials used for instruction, evaluation of the teaching performance of faculty members, participation of faculty members in administrative decisions, faculty members' professional development, and evaluation of the outcomes of instruction.

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Yes / Breastfeeding is important to infant health and survival in sub-Saharan Africa. To promote breastfeeding effectively, understanding of psychological factors associated with infant feeding choices is required. This study investigated breastfeeding attitudes and health locus of control (HLoC) in a Nigerian community sample. Men and women (N=400) (71% female; mean age 34.2 years/ range 18–86 years) were recruited through community groups in Nigeria. Self-report survey by questionnaire measured breastfeeding attitudes using the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) and health locus of control using the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLoCs). IIFAS scores (mean=57.7; sd=7.8) became less favourable with increasing age (p=0.02). Men had higher IIFAS scores (mean=58.6; sd=7.6) than women (mean=56.6; sd=8.0) indicating more favourable attitudes toward breastfeeding (p=0.02). Women scored higher than men on external chance HLoC (ECHLoC) (p=0.003) and external powerful others HLoC (EPHLoC) (p=0.02). Increasing age was associated with higher scores on ECHLoC (p<0.01) and EPHLoC (p<0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis was significant (p<0.001) and explained 7.8% of variance in breastfeeding attitude. Lower IIFAS scores, reflecting more negative attitudes to breastfeeding, were associated with higher ECHLoC (p<0.01) and EPOHLoC (p<0.05). Higher IIFAS scores, reflecting more positive attitudes to breastfeeding, were associated with greater IHLoC (p<0.01). Neither age nor gender were associated with IIFAS scores in the final model. This implies a need to explore health locus of control when promoting positive attitudes to breastfeeding and supporting families in breastfeeding advocacy.