[pt] Este estudo buscou identificar como mulheres de baixa renda, das gerações Baby Boomers e Millennials, interpretam e reagem à mudança do papel feminino nos contos de Disney e a sua influência na percepção da marca. Foram conduzidas dezesseis entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres, moradoras do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A partir de lembranças e experiências vividas das entrevistadas em relação a marca e aos filmes, e empregando também dois filmes previamente selecionados que marcaram as duas gerações, Cinderela (1950) e Frozen (2014), foram obtidos resultados que apresentaram evidências de diferentes reações e identificações, provocadas pelas princesas nos filmes, denotando papéis sociais femininos dentro da sociedade. A geração a que pertencem e o nível socioeconômico das entrevistadas parece influenciar em suas reações. / [en] This study aimed to identify how low-income women, representatives of the Baby Boomers and Millennials generations interpret and react to the changing role of women in Disney tales and their influence on brand perception. Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted with women from Rio de Janeiro State. From the memories and lived experiences of the interviewees regarding the brand and the films, and also employing two previously selected films that marked the two generations, Cinderela (1950) and Frozen (2014), results were obtained that showed evidence of different reactions and identifications provoked by the princesses in the movies, denoting female social roles within society. The generation to which they belong and the socioeconomic level of the interviewees seem to influence their reactions.

In previous studies research has shown that generation y experience resistance from older generations represented in the labor market in USA. The resistance is due to differences between the generations. On the other hand some studies say that differences are more likely to come from other factors such as gender and which stage in life the individual is in. The purpose of this study is to describe how (women in) generation y is experiencing the cooperation with colleagues from other generations and if they considers that differences due to generations exist. The study will also try to determine if the respondents are aware of each generation’s characteristics. To fulfill the purpose of the study a qualitative method was chosen in the shape of a focus group. To be able to answer the purpose an interview guide was developed from previous studies. The guide was divided in three sections; scenarios, exercises and finally questions. The focus group resulted in a two-hour discussion between four individuals belonging to generation y. The result of the study showed that generation y in Falun, Sweden did identify some of the characteristics each generation had. Further did the respondents conform that resistance due to generational differences was a problem. To answer the purpose of the study generation y felt underestimated by the older generations and expressed a certain degree of hopelessness. / Inom forskningen råder oenighet kring generationer och dess betydelse. Ena sidan menar att varje generation präglas av gemensamma värderingar och att detta i sin tur kan bidra till att konflikter uppstår på arbetsplatser där flera generationer är representerade. Den andra sidan av forskningen menar däremot att det finns faktorer som är viktigare än vilken generation individen tillhör, exempelvis kön eller vilken fas i livet personen befinner sig i. Det är en spännande kamp forskare emellan och oavsett vilken sida som har bäst odds infann sig intresset av att undersöka saken närmare. I en amerikansk studie framkom det att generation y, födda 1980-1995, upplevde ett motstånd från äldre generationer i sitt arbete. Utifrån detta skapades tre frågor som skulle svara upp på syftet som var att beskriva hur (kvinnor i) generation y upplever samarbetet med kollegor från andra generationer och om de anser att generationsskillnader existerar. De frågor som ställdes var; Vilka svårigheter upplever generation y inom arbetslivet och går dessa att koppla till generationsskillnaderna? Vad kan generation y bidra med i ett arbetslag, vilka styrkor har de? Vad kan generationsskillnader på en arbetsplats bidra med och vilka lösningar finns på de potentiella konflikter som kan uppstå orsakade utav dessa? Fyra personer tillhörande generation y bjöds in till en fokusgrupp för att, utifrån en intervjuguide, diskutera dessa frågor. Under två timmar blandades skratt med ilska och sorg när respondenterna fick beskriva de olika generationerna, hur de upplevt motstånd och vad de såg för lösningar på de problem som presenterades. Efteråt kunde det konstateras att generationer är ett komplext ämne och att det väcker känslor. Resultatet av studien bekräftade tidigare studier gällande generationsskillnaders existens. Likväl som generationsskillnader bekräftades framkom även andra faktorer som påverkar hur individer är. Precis som de amerikanska respondenterna upplevde även de svenska respondenterna ett motstånd från äldre generationer som grundade sig i en känsla av att aldrig duga. Sammanfattningsvis behövs mer forskning kring ämnet som inte bara väcker starka känslor utan också påverkar hur organisationer fungerar.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Thesis advisor: Matthew S. Rutledge / In the past several decades, saving for retirement has significantly changed, with the large replacement of Defined Contribution for Defined Benefit plans, as well as the unreliability of Social Security given the aging population. This paper analyzes retirement wealth across three generational cohorts—Baby Boomers (1946-1964), Gen Xers (1965-1980), and Millennials (1981-2000)—in order to compare preparedness and determine whether or not younger cohorts have compensated for the future unreliability of other traditional retirement income sources. The results suggest that levels of retirement wealth do not significantly differ across cohorts at all age profiles. Therefore, younger generational cohorts have not increased the amount of personal saving in order to maintain their pre-retirement standards of living throughout retirement. These results indicate that a change in saving structure and policy may be necessary to ensure that younger cohorts retire out of poverty. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Arts and Sciences Honors Program. / Discipline: Economics.

Sammanfattning Titel: Val av intern kommunikationskanal - En generationsfråga?   Nivå: C-uppsats, examensarbete i ämnet företagsekonomi   Författare: Filip Åberg och Robin Rodestrand   Handledare: Agneta Sundström och Kristina Mickelsson   Datum: 2019 - januari   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att ökad förståelsen för hur ledares val av interna kommunikationskanaler kan anpassas efter medarbetares generationstillhörighet och hur den kan bidra till en effektivare kommunikation mellan ledare och medarbetare.   Metod: Studien grundar sig i en hermeneutisk forskningsansats där en kvalitativ forskningsdesign har använts vid insamling av empiri genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med medarbetare inom en specifik organisation. En tematisk analys genomfördes av empirin, genom vilken vi sammanställde teman utifrån respondenternas perspektiv. En typologisk analys användes för att visa skillnader och likheter mellan olika generationers preferenser i val av kommunikationskanal.       Resultat och bidrag: Studiens bidrag är att det föreligger fler likheter än skillnader mellan baby boomers, generation Ys och generation Xs preferenser av interna kommunikationskanaler. De enda skillnader som studien belyser är att generation X värderar epost högre än övriga generationer, samt att generation Y värderar kommunikation genom chattfunktioner högre än de andra två generationerna. Studien fastställer även att andra aspekter såsom relation, kontext och informationsöverflöd, är betydande inom ledares val av intern kommunikationskanal.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Denna studie ger som förslag att undersöka hur generationer skiljer sig åt i preferenser av interna kommunikationskanaler inom andra kontexter än den som undersökts i denna studie. Ett annat förslag till fortsatt forskning är att djupare undersöka generation Xs användning av epost och generation Ys användning av chattfunktioner. Vidare kan framtida forskning undersöka hur relationen mellan ledare och medarbetare samt informationsöverflöd påverkar ledares val av interna kommunikationskanaler.   Nyckelord: Intern kommunikation, interna kommunikationskanaler, baby boomers, generation X, generation Y. / Abstract Title: The choice of internal communication channel - A generation issue?   Level: Final assignment for bachelor degree in business administration.   Author: Filip Åberg and Robin Rodestrand   Supervisor: Agneta Sundström and Kristina Mickelsson   Date: 2019 - januari   Aim: The aim of the study is to increase understanding of how managers choice of internal communication channels can be adapted to employee’s generation and how it can contribute to more effective communication between managers and employees.   Method: The study is based on a hermeneutic research tradition in which a qualitative research design was used to gather empirical work through semi-structured interviews with employees in a specific organization. Thereafter a thematic analysis was conducted, through which we compiled themes based on the respondent’s perspective. A typological analysis was used to show differences and similarities between different generation preferences in the choice of communication channel.                                                                                Conclusion and contribution: The study's contribution is that there are more similarities than differences between baby boomers, generation Y's and generation X's preferences of internal communication channels. The only differences that the study illustrates is that generation X values ​​e-mail higher than other generations. And that generation Y values ​​communication through chat features higher than the other two generations. The study also states that other aspects such as relationship, context and information overflow are significant in the leaders choice of internal communication channel.   Suggestions for future research: This study proposes to investigate how generations differ in their preferences of internal communication channels in other contexts than those studied in this study. Another suggestion for further research is to deeper investigate the generation Y's use of e-mail and generation X's use of chat features. Furthermore, future research can investigate how the relationship between leaders and employees, as well as information overflow, affect leaders' choice of internal communication channels                                                                                Keywords: Internal communication, internal communication channels, baby boomers, generation X, Generation Y.

The impact of population ageing on the social budgets of the future is a phenomenon confronting many of the world's wealthiest and most advanced nations. The impending retirement of the 'baby boomers' has raised concerns about the inadequacy of budgetary frameworks (both conceptual and real) to fulfil the financial commitments of demographically sensitive programs, namely old age pensions. Pension schemes represent, by far, the largest social welfare commitment of first world nations. Old age pensions are also demographically sensitive. Furthermore, pension systems play a crucial role in alleviating poverty, in recognising the previous contribution of an individual and in maintaining of the social and economic wellbeing of democratic polities. The financial stability of pension schemes and the ability of governments to meet future commitments will become significant issues of public policy as the pressures from population ageing intensify. Yet, committing resources, or budgeting, for longer-term pressures is an inherently problematic exercise both from an intellectual and a practical perspective. For long-term resourcing to be successful it requires perfect foresight and a level of political commitment that typically eludes most politicians and governments. Longer or medium-term budgetary pressures are often ignored or avoided until they impact on the immediate chances of either fiscal or electoral success. As such, societies face the prospect of looming financial burdens, but only have a box of short-term tools at their disposal and a limited body of scholarship to guide them through this ticking political 'time bomb'. This research tackles a significant omission in the existing literature on budgeting, public policy and social welfare, by proposing a conceptual framework for the anticipation, conceptualisation and analysis of future budget pressures. In doing so, it brings together analytical frameworks of government budgeting and social policy from a number of disciplinary areas and weaves them into a conceptual framework that allows for diagnostic and prescriptive analysis of budgetary pressures within a particular policy/spending area. The framework is also compatible with existing budgetary frameworks and decision-making processes. Through the analysis of the old age pension systems in Australia, Canada and Sweden this thesis makes an important contribution to the understanding of how demographic transition will impact on the future stability of pension schemes. The thesis contends that ageing populations will place significant pressure on each pillar of the pension system to meet its future financial commitments. This pressure will, in turn, have important implications for national budgetary processes and old age pension policy over the coming decades. In particular, governments will be required to implement a range of techniques that sit both within and beyond the traditional bounds of most budget processes. It will be imperative for researchers to explore the complexities and political possibilities of budget reform and to search for ways in which the longer-term needs of society can be adequately satisfied through the budget process.

Canadian society is facing a marked demographic shift as the baby boom generation ages. By 2031 almost 25 percent of Canadians will be over sixty-five; many of those will be north of eighty and the oldest boomers will be turning eighty-five. One person in four will be a senior. The lack of acceptable intermediate solutions between independence and institutionalization has been pointed out as one of the significant problems facing elderly persons; traditional ‘institutional’ care which keeps older people apart and medicalizes old age, is no longer desirable. Likewise, the ‘golden ghettoes’ model may be appealing to those who can afford it but does not contribute to producing diverse, inclusive urban places. This thesis is an exploration of an alternative strategy. It investigates how architecture can provide a platform for social connection in a residential environment that allows in equal measure both independence without isolation, and informal community with safety and security. The design proposal establishes five architectural strategies which address the fundamental spatial implications of encouraging aging-in-place. This exploration is supplemented with a cohousing strategy, providing a formal organizational tactic that encourages groups of residents to mutually support each other, strengthening social inclusion and reducing the use of formal care and support only where absolutely necessary. The methodology employed examines the mutually dependent and interactive scales of City, Neighbourhood, Building, and Dwelling in conceiving of housing for an aging population that becomes a catalyst of urban integration and community regeneration.

Canadian society is facing a marked demographic shift as the baby boom generation ages. By 2031 almost 25 percent of Canadians will be over sixty-five; many of those will be north of eighty and the oldest boomers will be turning eighty-five. One person in four will be a senior. The lack of acceptable intermediate solutions between independence and institutionalization has been pointed out as one of the significant problems facing elderly persons; traditional ‘institutional’ care which keeps older people apart and medicalizes old age, is no longer desirable. Likewise, the ‘golden ghettoes’ model may be appealing to those who can afford it but does not contribute to producing diverse, inclusive urban places. This thesis is an exploration of an alternative strategy. It investigates how architecture can provide a platform for social connection in a residential environment that allows in equal measure both independence without isolation, and informal community with safety and security. The design proposal establishes five architectural strategies which address the fundamental spatial implications of encouraging aging-in-place. This exploration is supplemented with a cohousing strategy, providing a formal organizational tactic that encourages groups of residents to mutually support each other, strengthening social inclusion and reducing the use of formal care and support only where absolutely necessary. The methodology employed examines the mutually dependent and interactive scales of City, Neighbourhood, Building, and Dwelling in conceiving of housing for an aging population that becomes a catalyst of urban integration and community regeneration.

Det nya arbetslivet’ är ett koncept utvecklat för de kommande medarbetarna från Generation Y som efterfrågar ett arbetssätt med möjlighet till balans mellan arbete och fritid. Arbetssättet ska ge ökad flexibilitet genom digitala hjälpmedel och även bidra till reducerade kontorsytor inom företaget, vilket innebär minskade utgifter. Övergången till arbetssättet kan dock upplevas som en svårighet för dagens medarbetare som främst består av den äldre generationen; Baby boomers och Generation X. Forskning visar att generationer har olika synsätt och värderingar som präglats av deras samtid. Detta medför att de har olika behov, exempelvis finns det skillnader i hur generationerna ser på arbete, förändringar eller preferenser i att arbeta självständigt eller i grupp. Idag är konceptet implementerat hos Microsoft som till störst del består av den äldre generationen. Vi vill därför studera dessa åldersgrupper och se hur de upplever konceptet då det i grunden är utvecklat för Generation Y. Studien är en fallstudie hos företaget Microsoft Sverige som infört ’Det nya arbetslivet’. Vi kommer att studera vilka hinder och möjligheter generationerna Baby boomers och Generation X upplever i ’Det nya arbetslivet’ utifrån de valda faktorerna; tillhörighet, förtroende och handledning. Arbetet har en deduktiv ansats, vilket innebär att faktorerna ligger som underlag för den empiriska studien. Empirin har vi därefter samlat in genom kvalitativa intervjuer hos medarbetarna på Microsoft Sverige. Slutsatserna från studien visar bland annat att Generation X såg fler möjligheter med ‘Det nya arbetslivet’ i jämförelse med Baby boomers som upplevde det svårare. Störst hinder var den minskade tillhörigheten till de närmsta kollegorna på grund av öppna kontorsytor. Respondenterna såg även tillhörighet som en utmaning för de nyanställda eftersom risken var stor att de kunde känna sig vilsna i ’Det nya arbetslivet’. Respondenterna ansåg att det fanns möjligheter för faktorerna; handledning och förtroende och största anledningen till det, var användningen av Microsofts målstyrning. Målstyrningen bidrog till att förtroendet var lättare att skapa och underhålla mellan medarbetarna. Den regelbundna handledningen gjorde även att medarbetarnas målsättning alltid var tydlig. Vidare upptäckte vi att många respondenter uppskattade det flexibla arbetssättet men de hade svårigheter att finna balansen mellan arbete och fritid.

Purpose: To examine the relationship between social engagement (SE) and health care use (HCU) in baby-boomers (age 45-64) and older adults (65+). Methods: Data from the Wellness Institute Services Evaluation Research III was used. SE was assessed using measures of formal, informal, and civic activities. HCU was assessed using administrative health care records (hospital use and length of stay, overall general and family physician use). Results: Higher formal SE indicated higher contact with physicians in general, higher hospital visits, and longer lengths of stay in hospital. Higher informal SE indicated shorter lengths of stay. Results were found while controlling for demographic variables, chronic conditions, and self-rated health. Older adults had higher HCU overall, compared to baby-boomers. Conclusion: While further research is necessary, this study has implications in determining the impact that certain types of SE can have on the health care system for different age groups.