3 pp. / REPLACES 182: MAKING THE BEST YOUTH BETTER: PIECING TOGETHER THE 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF POSITIVE YOUTH / Youth development is the continual growth process in which all youth are invested in meeting their basic personal and social needs to feel safe, well cared for, valued, useful, and emotionally grounded. Scientists have long studied what youth need to be successful and contributing adults. The purpose of this set of fact sheets is to provide research based information to youth development professionals, volunteers and youth on the four essential elements of positive youth development.

3 pp. / REPLACES 182: MAKING THE BEST YOUTH BETTER: PIECING TOGETHER THE 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF POSITIVE YOUTH / Youth development is the continual growth process in which all youth are invested in meeting their basic personal and social needs to feel safe, well cared for, valued, useful, and emotionally grounded. Scientists have long studied what youth need to be successful and contributing adults. The purpose of this set of fact sheets is to provide research based information to youth development professionals, volunteers and youth on the four essential elements of positive youth development.

3 pp. / REPLACES 182: MAKING THE BEST YOUTH BETTER: PIECING TOGETHER THE 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF POSITIVE YOUTH / Youth development is the continual growth process in which all youth are invested in meeting their basic personal and social needs to feel safe, well cared for, valued, useful, and emotionally grounded. Scientists have long studied what youth need to be successful and contributing adults. The purpose of this set of fact sheets is to provide research based information to youth development professionals, volunteers and youth on the four essential elements of positive youth development.

This thesis explores the complex identities of the Hindu community of Lusaka, Zambia. It argues that current theories in migration and diaspora studies are not sufficient for understanding such groups in post-colonial Africa. The thesis proposes that we should revisit ‘forgotten’ literature, on immigrants as ‘stranger’ communities, that originates from Georg Simmel’s 1908 essay, ‘The Stranger’. Such work, which this thesis terms ‘stranger theory’, usefully contributes to more contemporary approaches by enabling a comprehensive assessment of a community’s position and how that position changes over time. Stranger theory is used in this thesis to situate Lusaka’s Hindus (and Zambian Hindus more generally) as ‘organic’ members of the nation, whose relationships with wider society are characterised by both ‘nearness’ and ‘remoteness’. The thesis first describes the emergence of a Zambian Hindu ethnic identity during colonial and immediate postcolonial (post-1964) periods focussing on migration and settlement patterns, immigrant networks and the emergence of cultural associations. A theme running throughout the thesis is that the ‘plural society’ of the colonial era (a society consisting of separate, racially-categorised groups with limited interaction) has persisted in Zambia in a postcolonial form, and that this is a useful way of understanding the position of the Hindu community in Zambia today. Following the historical discussion is an analysis of how the contemporary city of Lusaka is experienced by its Hindu residents, through mapping out spaces, social structures and practices that remain unique to Lusaka’s Hindus. Lusaka’s Hindu community is presented as both cohesive and fragmented; the thesis goes on to analyse the ways in which community identity itself is frequently broken down and reconfigured by its members. Zambia’s Hindus comprise diverse sets and subgroups of immigrants with uneven and ‘flexible’ approaches to, and experiences of, migration, citizenship and belonging, rather than embodying a single, quantifiable ‘diaspora’ entity. Yet, in local terms, Hindus in Lusaka are often treated as part of a general ‘Indian’ group; indeed, the thesis shows how Hindus’ relationships with other groups in Zambia emphasise the ‘stranger’ dimension of the community’s position in society. Finally, the thesis asserts that Zambian Hindu ‘twice migrants’—those who migrate onwards to new destinations—reinforce the existence and identities of the ‘home’ community in Zambia. Indeed, these twice migrants must be considered as African and Zambian transnational migrants as well as part of a South Asian ‘diaspora’. Methodologically, the thesis is driven by situational analysis, and brings two separate versions of this approach (from Sociology and Anthropology) together, drawing on data collected in Zambia between 2006 and 2008.

Migration is a continuous process in an increasingly globalized world and African migrants have for a long time migrated to Europe mostly for economic reasons. Due to biased reporting of life in Europe by both western and African media as well as half-truths by Africans living in Europe who seldom tell the whole story of their lives abroad; a lot of African migrants arrive in Europe with a very idealistic image. African migrants thereby risk a lot in pursuit of a better life in Europe. When they finally arrive, a lot of their idealistic expectations are not met, forcing them to be filled with regret and the wish that they had known the full truth before migrating. This study examines an online platform (Surprising Europe’s website), that connects African migrants by inviting them to share stories about their migration experiences in an effort to better inform those intending to migrate. The use of interviews of the producers to better understand the project as well as their intentions, and a narrative analysis of all the 30 articles on the website are analysed. The results indicate that the danger of telling one sided stories contribute to the existing narrative of a western idealistic image of “gold lying on the streets”; as well as an illustration of the authors exhibiting a transformation from people who were formerly Surprising Europe’s audience, now constructing narratives in a collaborative way with the producers. The website therefore demonstrates how an online platform for mediated communication can be used to offer fragmented identities as well as a sense of belonging, offering a voice to the previously voiceless despite their migration status.

This study was based on three interviews with three internationally adopted young adults. The aim of the study was to explore how international adopted young adults have experienced their identity development in a retrospective perspective in relation to family and friends. To answer the research-questions semi-structured qualitative inter­views have been performed. A narrative method was chosen to explore how the parti­cipants' described their experiences. Topics that appeared in the result where topics such as family relationships, the society’s influence on the participants and connections to other adoptees. The conclusions of this study were that com­muni­cation and connections to family was an essential factor in the subjects' identity develop­ment. The informants feeling of belonging was affected by society´s influence on appearances and it was important for the participants to have someone in their life that they could talk to and get support from.

A obra contística de José Rodrigues Miguéis, construída toda ela sob o signo do exílio, traz a marca da ambivalência nas cinco coletâneas publicadas uma a cada década de sua vida literária: Onde a Noite se Acaba (1946), Léah e Outras Histórias (1958), Gente da Terceira Classe (1962), Comércio com o Inimigo (1973) e Pass(ç)os Confusos (1982, póstuma). O tempo convulso e o espaço de desfazimentos que permeiam a diegese projetam, à luz da teoria de Bakhtin desenvolvida em Questões de Literatura e de Estética (A Teoria do Romance), configurações cronotópicas capazes de suscitar a imagem do estrangeiro em busca de um lugar de realização. É pela porta dos cronotopos que se vê o ciclo desventurado do sujeito migueisiano, cuja sina marcada pela viagem-desencontro-agonia irmana-se à dinâmica do exílio social-psicológico-metafísico. Em uma época de tantas guerras e tiranias, onde a realidade do não-lugar contrapõe-se ao sonho da reintegração, ao emigrante desterrado de si mesmo e do mundo resta a memória forte ou a arte para recuperar aquilo que perdeu. Nesse cenário de incertezas o estigma do despertencimento ultrapassa a contingência pessoal dos narradores ou personagens centrais para se tornar um elemento simbólico da condição humana. / The tales of José Rodrigues Miguéis, constructed under the sign of exile, bear the mark of ambivalence in the five collections published once every decade of his literary life: Onde a Noite se Acaba (1946), Léah e Outras Histórias (1958 ), Gente da Terceira Classe (1962), Comércio com o Inimigo (1973) and Pass(ç)os Confusos (1982, posthumous). The convulsive time and space of breakdowns that permeate diegese project, in the light of Bakhtin\'s theory developed in Questões de Literatura e de Estética (A Teoria do Romance), chronotopic configurations capable of eliciting the image of the foreigner in search of a place of achievement. It is through the door of the chronotopes that one sees the unfortunate cycle of the Miguéisian subject, whose fate marked by the trip-disconcert-agony joins the dynamics of social-psychological-metaphysical exile. In a time of so many wars and tyrannies, where the reality of non-place is opposed to the dream of reintegration, fort the emigrant exiled from himself and from the world remains strong memory or art to recover what he lost. In this scenario of uncertainties, the stigma of non-belonging goes beyond the personal contingency of narrators or central characters to become a symbolic element of the human condition.

A obra contística de José Rodrigues Miguéis, construída toda ela sob o signo do exílio, traz a marca da ambivalência nas cinco coletâneas publicadas uma a cada década de sua vida literária: Onde a Noite se Acaba (1946), Léah e Outras Histórias (1958), Gente da Terceira Classe (1962), Comércio com o Inimigo (1973) e Pass(ç)os Confusos (1982, póstuma). O tempo convulso e o espaço de desfazimentos que permeiam a diegese projetam, à luz da teoria de Bakhtin desenvolvida em Questões de Literatura e de Estética (A Teoria do Romance), configurações cronotópicas capazes de suscitar a imagem do estrangeiro em busca de um lugar de realização. É pela porta dos cronotopos que se vê o ciclo desventurado do sujeito migueisiano, cuja sina marcada pela viagem-desencontro-agonia irmana-se à dinâmica do exílio social-psicológico-metafísico. Em uma época de tantas guerras e tiranias, onde a realidade do não-lugar contrapõe-se ao sonho da reintegração, ao emigrante desterrado de si mesmo e do mundo resta a memória forte ou a arte para recuperar aquilo que perdeu. Nesse cenário de incertezas o estigma do despertencimento ultrapassa a contingência pessoal dos narradores ou personagens centrais para se tornar um elemento simbólico da condição humana. / The tales of José Rodrigues Miguéis, constructed under the sign of exile, bear the mark of ambivalence in the five collections published once every decade of his literary life: Onde a Noite se Acaba (1946), Léah e Outras Histórias (1958 ), Gente da Terceira Classe (1962), Comércio com o Inimigo (1973) and Pass(ç)os Confusos (1982, posthumous). The convulsive time and space of breakdowns that permeate diegese project, in the light of Bakhtin\'s theory developed in Questões de Literatura e de Estética (A Teoria do Romance), chronotopic configurations capable of eliciting the image of the foreigner in search of a place of achievement. It is through the door of the chronotopes that one sees the unfortunate cycle of the Miguéisian subject, whose fate marked by the trip-disconcert-agony joins the dynamics of social-psychological-metaphysical exile. In a time of so many wars and tyrannies, where the reality of non-place is opposed to the dream of reintegration, fort the emigrant exiled from himself and from the world remains strong memory or art to recover what he lost. In this scenario of uncertainties, the stigma of non-belonging goes beyond the personal contingency of narrators or central characters to become a symbolic element of the human condition.

This research study explores the ways in which articulations of belonging are expressed by a small number of second year education undergraduates in a post-1992 university in the UK. Issues of student engagement and belonging in Higher Education (HE) have been the subject of research within recent years as a way to enhance rates of student retention and success, as the Widening Participation agenda has realised a changing demographic within the traditional student body. This study focuses on the First Generation Student (FGS), as reflective of the non-traditional student, who is subject to a negative framing within the educational literary discourse. The research adopts a metaphorical lens to locate the FGS as migrant within the HE landscape and to consider HE institutional efforts to foster a sense of belonging, as a strategic tool for success, as a colonising process. Working within an ecological framing of the topic, the study focuses on the differing contexts within which the research participants operate and considers the impact these have upon student engagement with the university. As a way to foreground respectful working with research participants, a person-centred approach has been employed, using a narrative inquiry methodological framework. Voices of the participants, as narrators, are privileged within this study in order to afford them the opportunity to add to the ongoing conversation on belonging. Creative strategies, based upon photo- and metaphor-elicitation, have been employed to facilitate discussion of the abstract and intangible concept of belonging and to provide a participatory nature to this research study. Findings signal a strong resolve by these narrators to overcome obstacles in their path to success within what is often an unfamiliar terrain within HE. The potentiality of the individual is privileged, showing strengths that are brought to the world of study which are often unrecognised by university practices. The affective dimension of belonging is emphasised within the research and metaphors of belonging, articulated by the narrators, offer alternative conceptual structurings which privilege aspects to do with security and adventure. Such insights afford opportunities to view belonging from differing perspectives, to re-figure ways in which students see themselves within HE processes, and to alert staff and personnel to new ways in which they might view the non-traditional student. Aspects of valuing the diversity of students and of a person-centred approach to working are viewed as key to creating the possibilities for belonging.

This thesis provides an ethnographic account of post-industrial life in East Manchester, a locality which has undergone repeated waves of regeneration. The neighbourhoods of Beswick and Openshaw were once located at the heart of manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution but have since undergone deep social and economic change in the twentieth century which has resulted in widespread unemployment and perceived ‘social deprivation’. In 2000, New Labour introduced a regeneration plan to create ‘New East Manchester’ with the hope that material transformation would bring about economic growth and social change by creating a cohesive community and a productive and profitable space in the post-industrial city. This research, however, demonstrates that for long-standing residents, the relationship between redevelopment and change is more complex than this simple formula may suggest. Despite millions of pounds of investment and radical physical transformation, long-standing residents argue that East Manchester is dislocated and characterised by an overwhelming sense of uncertainty about the future. The thesis draws on twelve months of residential, ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 2010. It focuses on a group of older, female, long-standing residents and explores the issues which are important to them which include neighbourhood risk, memories of the past, gift exchange, housing and political alienation. For these residents, change is understood in terms of unpredictability and inequality. Images of a stable past are drawn upon in order to articulate anger and frustration against mainstream politics and feelings of social exclusion. On the surface, it appears that social life has declined and community has fractured due to the pressures of economic and social change but, on further examination, it is clear that intense social relations and attachments to East Manchester continue to exist. In order to understand the apparent contradiction between narratives of community decline and observations of social relations which are evident in East Manchester, this thesis argues that it is necessary to re-examine concepts of community, belonging and class which are presented in the anthropology of Britain literature.