Beacons are small devices that can broadcast messages using Bluetooth and other communication technologies using low power consumption. Beacons technology started to emerge lately and many companies has started to see opportunities. One usage of beacons is improving online advertising by using localized information. The most common way to consume beacons today, is by using a native application. This solution is viable in many cases, but not for online advertising. The reason for this is that users do not want to download a native application only for advertising. In this study, solutions for online advertising using beacons, are examined. The study is focused around a case study on implementing a plugin for Android applications. The plugin consists of a background service that listens for beacon messages, converts the beacon messages to geographic information and gathers user information. All that information is sent to a web service to later perform retargeting. This improves online advertisement, since localized advertisement can be displayed to the user. The results of the case study showed that the plugin is a viable solution for online advertising using beacons. The plugin could be integrated and launched from different Android applications in a simple way. Measurements of the RAM usage and battery consumption indicates that the plugin can run with no huge impact on the performance or battery of the phone. The purpose of the study is to present different ways of using beacons for online advertising. / Beacons är små enheter som kan sända ut meddelanden genom att använda Bluetooth eller andra kommunikationstekniker med låg energiförbrukning. Teknologin bakom Beacons började framträda nyligen och många företag har redan sett de möjligheter som finns med teknologin. Beacons kan bland annat användas till att förbättra digital reklam genom att använda lokaliserad information. Det vanligaste sättet att konsumera beacons är att använda en lokal applikation. Det sättet är användbart i många fall, men inte för digital reklam. Anledningen till det är att användare tenderar att inte vilja ladda ner applikationer endast för att få reklam. I den här studien undersöks lösningar för att använda beacons för digital reklam. Studien fokuserar kring en fallstudie om ett insticksprogram till applikationer för Android. Insticksprogrammet består av en bakgrundstjänst som lyssnar efter meddelande från beacons, konverterar meddelandet till geografisk information, samlar information om användaren och skickar informationen till en web service, som senare använder informationen för att ge användare anpassad reklam. Detta förbättrar reklamen, eftersom användarens position kan användas för att ge bättre anpassad reklam. Resultaten från fallstudien visar att insticksprogrammet är en genomförbar lösning för att använda beacons för digital reklam. Insticksprogrammet kan integreras och startas från en applikation i Android på ett enkelt sätt. Mätningar av insticksprogrammets RAM-användning och batterianvändning visar på att det kan köras utan att märkbart påverka telefonens prestanda eller batteri. Syftet med den här studien är att visa olika sätt som beacons kan användas för digital reklam.

Wireless technology is used daily across the globe. A very common wireless technology is Bluetooth. The Bluetooth technology exists everywhere, from cars to mobile phones and even kitchen appliances. Recently, Bluetooth Low Energy has added support for another physical layer, LE 2M PHY. This physical layer is supposed to be faster and more energy efficient than its predecessor, LE 1M PHY, with a decrease in range. Because of this new physical layer, Bluetooth Low Energy can now compete with Bluetooth Classic during data transmission, in both speed and energy efficiency. This thesis aims to find the breaking point where Bluetooth Low Energy becomes less energy efficient than Bluetooth Classic, in relation to bit rate speed and total amount of bytes sent. Before experiments were conducted, multiple iterations of an artifact had to be done to end up with an artifact that provides valid and reliable data. The experiments were then conducted by changing the bit rate speed and sending different amounts of bytes. The results from the experiments show that Bluetooth Classic is practically both faster and more energy efficient with its fastest modulation than Bluetooth Low Energy is with LE 2M PHY enabled, even though this should not be the case theoretically. Bluetooth Classic is overall more energy efficient than Bluetooth Low Energy and thus the conclusion of this study is that no breaking points between the two technologies exist.

A smartwatch is a device used to track personal data related to health, training, sleep, and diet. The smartwatch industry has seen a steady growth in recent years and is expected to continue to grow. Today many people see the use of their smartwatch as an essential part of their daily routine. Thus, more data is being collected by the smartwatch which raises concerns regarding security and privacy regarding the data collected and distributed by smartwatches. In a worst case scenario, an adversary could perform attacks that would allow them to access personal health records, track the owner, or cause the smartwatch to malfunction either temporarily or permanently. This thesis assesses the security and privacy aspects of the Garmin Vivoactive 4 smartwatch, primarily focusing on the Bluetooth protocol. This was done by first studying research done on security and privacy vulnerabilities of the Bluetooth protocol followed by performing penetration tests targeting the vulnerabilities of the smartwatch. The results of the penetration tests shows that while the Garmin Vivoactive 4 is mostly protected against security flaws, it has multiple vulnerabilities in regards to privacy. / En smartklocka är en enhet som används för att monitorera personlig data relaterad till hälsa, träning, sömn och diet. Smartklocks-branschen har de senaste åren sätt en stadig ökning och förväntas fortsätta öka. I dagsläget är det många som ser användningen av sin smartklocka som en viktig del av deras dagliga rutin. Det leder till att mer och mer data sparas och hanteras av dessa smartklockor vilket i sig leder till oro gällande säkerhet och integritet i dessa klockor. I ett värsta fall skulle en attack genomföras vilket leder till att personlig data kan kommas åt av oanhöriga, alternativt andra problem som att spåra smartklockans användare eller att få smartklocka att temporärt eller permanent sluta fungera. Målet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera säkerheten och integriteten i en Garmin Vivoactive 4 smartklocka med primärt fokus på Bluetooth protokollet. Detta görs genom att först studera forskning angående penetrationstester mot Bluetooth protokollet i smartklockor och att sedan utföra egna tester specifikt på Vivoactive 4. Resultatet visar att samtidigt som den inte har några större säkerhetsbrister finns det brist när det kommer till integriteten.

Real-time control delay estimation is an important performance measure for any intersection to improve the signal timing plans dynamically in real-time and hence improve the overall system performance. Control delay estimates helps to determine the level-of-service (LOS) characteristics of various approaches at an intersection and takes into account deceleration delay, stopped delay and acceleration delay. All kinds of traffic delay calculation especially control delay calculation has always been complicated and laborious as there never existed a low-cost direct method to find them in real-time from the field. A recent validated technology called Bluetooth Median Access Control (MAC) ID matching traffic data collection technology seems to hold promise for continuous and cost-effective traffic data collection. Bluetooth traffic data synchronized with vehicle trajectory plot generated from GPS probe vehicle runs has been used to develop control delay models which has a potential to predict the control delays in real-time based on Bluetooth detection error parameters in field. Incorporating control delay estimates in real-time traffic control management would result in significant improvement in overall system performance. / Master of Science

This thesis investigates the possibilities of Software-defined radios as a surveillance system by monitoring the electromagnetic spectrum. The surveillance system monitors the Bluetooth bandwidth with a multi-channel receiver that passively listens to Bluetooth packets. Furthermore, this thesis investigates the possibility of implementing an automatic k-means clustering algorithm to count unique devices in the vicinity. The Background explains the fundamental technologies used in Bluetooth and explains how devices communicate with each other. The Background also explains the proposed receiver architecture and its technologies. Section Related work and similar products investigate different approaches to detecting mobile devices and the effectiveness of the k-means algorithm. The Method explains how the receiver is modeled, how the Python script identifies Bluetooth packets in the bit stream, and how the physical imperfections are collected for the automatic k-means algorithm. Lastly, the Method explains how the labs were conducted. The Result section shows the performance of the receiver and the k-means algorithm. The Discussion section analyzes the results and discusses some design flaws and how to fix them potentially. Lastly, the Conclusion section compares the goals with the results and presents future work for further development.

In recent years, wireless audio devices have become a staple of our everyday lives. The growing demands for low-latency and multi-speaker wireless audio streaming have led to the adoption of various technologies such as Wi-Fi and a combination of Bluetooth and other proprietary radio links. Since Bluetooth has a fairly limited range and a peer-to-peer topology, it is unsuitable for streaming audio directly to multiple devices. This is where Wi-Fi based systems gained popularity, owing to their high bandwidth and flexible architecture to support audio streaming to multiple devices over larger distances. This however, comes at the cost of high power consumption and non-deterministic packet latency. With the advent of Bluetooth LE Audio, we now have a framework for broadcast audio streaming over the power efficient Bluetooth LE standard. This thesis explores the performance characteristics of Bluetooth LE Audio systems and draws a comparison with the current landscape of Wi-Fi based audio solutions. This performance data is further used to develop a proof-of-concept LE Audio repeater system, which could help solve the range limitation that has plagued Bluetooth devices in the past. For the specific system developed, a power consumption of around 14 mA was obtained, which is a fraction of the power required by equivalent Wi-Fi based systems. We also obtained a deterministic and relatively low latency of 34 ms and were able to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing repeater nodes using Bluetooth LE Audio. / Under de senaste åren har trådlösa ljudenheter blivit en stapelvara i vår vardag. De växande kraven på trådlöst strömmande ljud med låg tidsfördröjning och flera högtalare har resulterat i olika tekniker såsom WiFi och en kombination av Bluetooth och tillverkarspecifika radiolösningar. Eftersom Bluetooth har begränsningar både i räckvidd och topologi, är den olämplig för direktströmmande ljud till flera enheter. Därför har WiFi-baserade system blivit populära, med sin högre bandbredd och flexibla arkitektur som stöder strömmande ljud till flera enheter över större avstånd. Detta kommer dock på bekostnad av hög strömförbrukning och icke-deterministisk tidsfördröjning. Med tillkomsten av Bluetooth LE Audio, har vi nu ett ramverk för att strömma ljud över den strömsnåla Bluetooth LE-standarden. Denna avhandling utforskar prestandaegenskaper hos Bluetooth LE Audio-system och gör en jämförelse med nuvarande typer av WiFi-baserade ljudlösningar. Resultatet används vidare för att utveckla en prototyp till repeater-system för LE Audio, som kan hjälpa till att öka räckvidden som har hittills har varit en begränsande faktor hos Bluetooth-enheter. För den utvecklade prototypen erhölls en strömförbrukning på ca 14 mA, vilket är en bråkdel av den effekt som krävs av motsvarande WiFi-baserade system. Vi fick också en deterministisk och relativt låg fördröjning på 34 ms och kunde därmed visa att det är genomförbart att implementera repeater-noder för Bluetooth LE Audio.

The Bluetooth technology is still in an early stage of development. Much more research can and will be done before the performance of Bluetooth reaches its peak. During the recent years, ideas to integrate Bluetooth units in larger networks have arose, with the Bluetooth unit in the role as access point to the network. This behavior opens up for new possibilities but also increases the requirements on performance. In this thesis the main topic is improvement of piconet performance. The piconet, with the Master unit as access point, is studied from a teletraffic engineering point of view. Different performance attributes and behaviors have been found and investigated. With the outcome of these investigations in mind, new and more efficient policies and algorithms are proposed for both data and voice. A policy increasing the utilization of available bandwidth in a piconet is presented. Furthermore, a proposal is presented where multiple Bluetooth units are used in an efficient manner to support voice calls. The proposed solution does also enable creation of simple teletraffic models to be used for dimensioning. / Phone: +46709138850

I dagens samhälle används Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) alltmer, särskilt inom IoT-enheter (Internet of Things). Detta ökar behovet av säker kommunikation och att identifiera samt åtgärda potentiella sårbarheter. Problemet som denna studie adresserar är risken för passiv avlyssning och säkerhetsbrister i BLE-kommunikation, vilket kan leda till datamissbruk och integritetsintrång. Detta arbete fokuserar på att undersöka säkerheten inom BLE-signalering och presenterar även en praktisk laboration för att öka kunskapsnivån inom analys och hantering av blåtandstrafik. Säkerhetsbrister utvärderas genom att analysera trafiken mellan BLE-enheter, med specifik fokus på passiv avlyssning och de potentiella riskerna med detta. Genom praktiska experiment med tre olika blåtandsenheter, inklusive smarta LED-lister och ett smart hopprep, undersöktes hur signaleringsdata kan extraheras och missbrukas. Resultaten visar att även om nyare versioner av blåtand tillhandahåller förbättrade säkerhetsmekanismer, utnyttjas dessa inte alltid korrekt i produkter med lägre säkerhetskrav. Arbetet ger insikter i hur befintliga säkerhetsmekanismer kan förbättras och betonar vikten av kontinuerliga säkerhetsuppdateringar från tillverkare. / Today, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is increasingly used, particularly in IoT devices (Internet of Things). This increase raises the need for secure communication and identifying as well as addressing potential vulnerabilities. The problem addressed by this study is the risk of passive eavesdropping and security flaws in BLE communication, which can lead to data misuse and privacy breaches. This work focuses on examining the security of BLE signaling and also presents a practical lab to enhance knowledge in analyzing and managing Bluetooth traffic. Security vulnerabilities are evaluated by analyzing the traffic between BLE devices, with a specific focus on passive eavesdropping and its potential risks. Through practical experiments with three different Bluetooth devices, including smart LED strips and a smart jump rope, the study investigated how signaling data can be extracted and misused. The results show that although newer versions of Bluetooth provide improved security mechanisms, these are not always correctly implemented in products with lower security requirements. The study provides insights into how existing security mechanisms can be improved and emphasizes the importance of continuous security updates from manufacturers.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Adding an instrumentation / telemetry system to a test vehicle has historically required an intrusive installation for wiring and powering all elements of the system from the sensor to the telemetry transmitter. In some applications there is need for a flexible and modular instrumentation and telemetry system that can be installed with minimal intrusiveness on an aircraft without the need for permanent modifications. Such an application may benefit from the use of a miniaturized, inexpensive network of wireless sensors. This network will communicate its data to a central unit installed within the aircraft. This paper describes recent efforts associated with the Advanced Subminiature Telemetry System (ASMT) Initial Test Capability Project. It discusses the challenges in developing a wireless sensor network system for use in an airborne environment. These include selection of frequencies, COTS wireless devices, batteries, system synchronization, data bandwidth calculations, and mechanical structure for external installation. The paper will also describe the wireless network architecture as well as the architecture of the wireless sensor and the central control unit.

<p>Mobile communication systems are experiencing a huge growth. While traditional communication paradigms deal with fixed networks, mobility raises a new set of questions, techniques, and solutions. This work focuses on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) where each node is a mobile device. The main objectives of this thesis have been to develop algorithms and protocols enabling WSNs with a special interest in overcoming mobility support limitations of standards such as Bluetooth and Zigbee. The contributions of this work may be divided in four major parts related to mobility support. The first part describes the implementation of local positioning services in Bluetooth since local positioning is not supported in Bluetooth v1.1. The obtained results are used in later implemented handover algorithms in terms of deciding when to perform the handover. Moreover local positioning information may be used in further developed routing protocols. The second part deals with handover as a solution to overcome the getting out of range problem. Algorithms for handover have been implemented enabling mobility in Bluetooth infrastructure networks. The principal achievement in this part is the significant reduction of handover latency since sensor cost and quality of service are directly affected by this parameter. The third part solves the routing problems originated with handovers. The main contribution of this part is the impact of the Bluetooth scatternet formation and routing protocols, for multi-hop data transmissions, in the system quality of service. The final part is a comparison between Bluetooth and Zigbee in terms of mobility support. The main outcome of this comparison resides on the conclusions, which can be used as a technology election guide.</p><p>The main scientific contribution relies on the implementation of a mobile WSN with Bluetooth v1.1 inside the scope of the ”Multi Monitoring Medical Chip (M3C) for Homecare Applications” European Union project (Sixth Framework Program (FP6) Reference: 508291) offering multi-hop routing support and improvements in handover latencies with aid of local positioning services.</p>