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RELAÇÃO ENTRE AS DEZ PRINCIPAIS BOLSAS DE VALORES DO MUNDO E SUAS CO-INTEGRAÇÕES / RELATION AMONG THE TOP TEN STOCK MARKETS IN THE WORLD AND THEIR CO-INTEGRATIONSWolff, Laion 09 August 2011 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Globalization provoked in financial markets by means stock exchanges an
interchange among the markets over the world. The aim of this study was to examine
the relationship of the ten major main economic index of the world represented in
New York (DJIA, S&P500 e Nasdaq), Tokyo (NIKKEI 225), London (FSTE 100), São
Paulo (IBOV), Shanghai (SSE180), Paris (CAC-40), Frankfurt (DAX-30) and Buenos
Aires (Merval) and looking for its co-integration, to demonstrate the behavior of these
indexes and the long run equilibrium, from January of 2010 to March of 2011. To
investigate the equilibrium and the long rum behavior the error correction model was
used jointly with co-integration test and impulse response based on Cholesky
decomposition. The results of this study show that the index of stock markets has
long term equilibrium, and American markets, Argentina and English showed a strong
influence over other markets. With this research we can infer that a relationship
exists between the stock markets under study, confirming that the economy in a
country can influence the others. In this sense, the contribution of this study, given
this range of discussions involving the interconnection of economies with respect to
trades made on the stock exchanges, was to show the relationships and influences in
the world. / A internacionalização somada à abertura dos mercados financeiros transformou as
economias antes fechadas em economias abertas, provocou um intercâmbio entre
as economias mundiais por meio das bolsas de valores. O objetivo deste estudo é
examinar a relação entre os dez principais índices econômicos do mundo, sendo
eles: Nova York (DJIA, S&P500 e Nasdaq), Tóquio (Nikkei 225), Londres (FSTE
100), São Paulo (IBOV), Shangai (SSE180), Paris (CAC), Frankfurt (DAX-30) e
Bueno Aires (Merval), por meio da análise de co-integrações para demonstrar o
comportamento desses índices e seus equilíbrios no período de janeiro de 2010 a
março de 2011. Para investigar e verificar o comportamento em longo prazo, foi
utilizado o modelo de correção de erros e teste de impulso-resposta baseado na
decomposição de Cholesky. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que existe
equilíbrio em longo prazo entre os índices do mercado de ações. Os mercados
americano, argentino e inglês mostraram forte influência sobre os demais mercados.
Com esta pesquisa, verifica-se que existe uma relação entre os mercados de ações
estudados, confirmando que a economia de um país influencia as demais. A
contribuição deste estudo é verificar a assertiva das discussões atuais sobre a
dependência das economias mundiais com as negociações por meio da bolsa de
valores.
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Analyse multi-échelle du comouvement entre les prix du quota carbone, du crédit carbone, et des produits énergétiques / Multi-scale analysis of comovement between the prices of carbon quota, carbon credit, and energetic productsNsouadi, Clarda 21 June 2016 (has links)
Notre thèse est une contribution à la compréhension de la structure du prix du quota carbone, à l’analyse de sa fluctuation, et aux interactions pouvant exister entre d’une part le système communautaire d’échange de quota d’émission (SCEQE) et le mécanisme pour le développement propre (MDP) et d’autre part entre le marché du quota carbone et ceux du secteur de l’énergie. Pour réaliser cet objectif, nous faisons appel à l’approche temps-fréquence (ondelettes) qui permet d’analyser le comportement local d’un signal, en isolant les composantes relatives aux fréquences de trading des agents. Cette méthode permet de décomposer la variance d’une série chronologique en différentes composantes fréquentielles dont on peut suivre les évolutions au cours du temps. Les horizons temporels de placement sont affectés à chaque bande de fréquences liés à un degré de risque du marché. Les bandes à haute fréquence obtenues par la décomposition en ondelettes renferment l’information relative à la structure de la série chronologique à court terme et non; celle à moyenne et à basse fréquence captent respectivement les structures de la série chronologique à moyen et long terme. Pour concrétiser notre apport nous proposons un développement de notre recherche en 3 chapitres. Le premier présente le marché carbone, sa création, son fonctionnement, et les différents acteurs qui l’animent. La formation du prix du CO2, son évolution et ses facteurs déterminants. Le deuxième développe une analyse multidimensionnelle du comouvement entre le prix du quota (SCEQE) et du crédit carbone (MDP) selon deux hypothèses : la première est l’homogénéité du comportement des agents. La relation de comouvement entre le prix du quota (SCEQE) et du crédit carbone (MDP) suppose que les intervenants sur le marché disposent d’une même stratégie d’investissement. On utilise dans ce cas les outils économétriques standards (Analyse de la Cointégration, de la causalité, modélisation vecteur Autorégressif). Nous mettons en évidence l’existence d’une causalité unidirectionnelle du CER vers l’EUA conforme aux faits observés de l’accélération du mécanisme pour le développement propre (MDP). En effet les industriels portent un grand intérêt sur le MDP, et cela a eu un impact direct sur le prix de l’EUA sur le marché européen du carbone. Nous observons aussi une dynamique d’interconnexion par l’intermédiaire du VAR(1) entre l’EUA et le CER. La deuxième hypothèse est celle de l’hétérogénéité du comportement des agents. Nous étudions la relation de comouvement entre le prix du quota (SCEQE) et celui crédit carbone (MDP) par une analyse multi-échelle dérivée de la théorie des ondelettes. Nous montrons que quels que soient les différents horizons d’investissement retenus (court, moyen et long terme), il existe une relation positive significative entre les deux séries de prix. De plus La causalité dynamique par ondelettes sur chaque paire de bandes de fréquence, confirme notre hypothèse d’une relation instable entre le EUA et le CER. Le troisième chapitre complète le précédent par l’analyse du comouvement multi-échelle entre le prix du quota carbone issu du SCEQE et ceux des marchés énergétiques (pétrole, le Charbon et le Gaz). La cohérence par ondelettes pierre angulaire de cette étude peut être interprétée comme une mesure de corrélation locale calculée de façon non-paramétrique. Cette première tentative de l’analyse multi-échelle de la relation de comouvement entre le marché du CO2, du pétrole, du Gaz et du Charbon fondée sur l’hypothèse d’hétérogénéité des agents montre qu’il est possible aux intervenants sur le marché carbone d’avoir une grande palette de choix de stratégies leurs permettant de mieux se prémunir contre les risques liés aux fortes volatilités du prix du carbone. / The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the carbon price quota structure, the analysis of its fluctuation, and the interactions that may exist between on the one hand the EU system of emission quota exchange (ETS) and the mechanism for clean development (CDM) and on the other hand between carbon quota market and the quota in the energy sector. For this study, we introduced the hypothesis of heterogeneity of agents' behavior on the carbon market where coexist multiple scales of investments.To achieve this, we used a time-frequency approach (wavelets) that can analyze the local behavior of a signal by isolating the components related to the agents’ trading frequency. This method allows variance decomposition of a time series into different frequency components. The time investment horizons are assigned to each frequency band associated with a degree of market risk. High frequency bands obtained by wavelet decomposition contain information pertaining to the short-term time series structure; the medium and the low frequencies respectively capture the structures of the time series in the medium and long term.To complete this project we proposed developing of our research in 3 chapters:The first chapter presents the carbon market, its creation, its operation, and the various actors who animate it. The formation of the CO2 price, its evolution and its determinants were also analyzed during this chapter.The second chapter develops a multi-scale analysis of the co-movement between price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM). This particular study was based on two assumptions:- The first assumption was the homogeneity of the various agents’ behaviors. The co-movement relationship between the price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM) assumes that market participants have the same investment strategy especially since all stakeholders agents invest in these markets on the same horizons. This relationship is studied using standard econometric tools such as Analysis of Co-integration of causality and Vector Autoregressive modeling.The main result of this specific part highlights the existence of a unidirectional causality from the ERC to the EUA with an observed acceleration of the mechanism for clean development (CDM). Manufacturers have a strong interest in the CDM which has had a direct impact on the price of EUAs on the European carbon market. We also observed a dynamic interconnection through the VAR (1) between EUA and CER.- The second assumption is the heterogeneity of agents' behavior. We highlighted the relationship of co-movement between price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM) to a multi-scale analysis derived from wavelet theory. We show that whatever the different investment horizons retained (short, medium and long term), there is a significant positive relationship between the two sets of prices. The more dynamic causal wavelet on each pair of frequency bands detects an unstable relationship between EUA and CER which confirms our working hypothesis.And finally, a third chapter that complements the previous analysis by the co-movement between multi-scale carbon allowance prices resulting from the ETS to those energy markets (oil, coal and gas). Using coherence wavelet, it examined the simultaneous dependence (co-movement) between two price series in time and frequency. It can be interpreted as a local measurement of correlation calculated non-parametrically. Overall, this study is the first attempt at a multi-scale analysis of the co-movement relationship between the CO2 market, Oil, Gas and Coal which is based on the hypothesis of heterogeneity of agents using a template from wavelet algorithm. The model used in this study will allow stakeholders agents on the carbon market to have a great range of choices for their strategies to be able to anticipate wisely because of the high volatility of carbon prices on their different investment horizons.
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報酬率、連續波動度與跳躍項之因果關係-美國與歐洲期貨市場之實證研究 / Causality Effect of Returns, Continuous Volatility and Jumps: Evidence from the U.S. and European Index Futures Markets廖志偉, Liao, Chih Wei Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討金融危機期間,美國與歐洲金融市場之日內報酬率、實質波動度、連續波動度與跳躍風險行為之日內因果關係,並採用美國三大指數期貨(S&P 500, Dow Jones, Nasdaq)及歐洲期數期貨(FTSE, DAX, CAC)之高頻資料,檢定是否具有顯著槓桿效果(Leverage Effect)與波動度回饋效果(Volatility Effect)、在報酬率與跳躍風險之間具有相互影響效果。探討在金融危機發生前、後期間其日內報酬率、實質波動度、連續波動度與跳躍項間在1分鐘、5分鐘及60分鐘之抽樣頻率下之日內行為。因此,實證研究包含金融市場之上升及下降趨勢,顯示在金融危機發生後,日內波動度與跳躍項之槓桿效果(Leverage Effect)與波動度回饋效果(Volatility Effect)受到叢聚(Clustering)現象影響且顯著增加。不同抽樣頻率下之因果關係效果在金融危機發生前、中、後期間,特別在5分鐘及60分鐘之抽樣頻率方式,跳躍風險受到波動度回饋效果影響呈顯著增加,此實證結果對政策制定者及投資人具有重要之意涵。 / This study examines the intraday causality between returns, volatility and jumps in the U.S. and European markets during the financial crisis. examine whether during the financial crisis, the S&P 500, Dow Jones, Nasdaq, FTSE, DAX and CAC index futures markets have a significant impact on the leverage and volatility feedback effects, as well as whether these interactions also occur between returns and jumps. The intraday behavior of 1-min, 5-min and 60-min sampling of returns, volatility and jumps is examined by employing data from the period between financial crisis. The study covers the major upward and downward trends in the market. Our empirical data indicate the main leverage and volatility feedback effects caused by intraday volatility and jump clustering significantly increased after the financial crisis. The causality effects with different sampling frequencies before, during and after the financial crisis show that jumps have increased the volatility feedback effect, especially when in a 5-min and 60-min sampling frequency is used. These findings have important implications for both policymakers and investors.
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La question du divin dans la philosophie aristotélicienne / The Question of the Divine in AristotleBaghdassarian, Fabienne 20 October 2011 (has links)
Poser la question du divin chez Aristote, c’est déterminer à quelle question la conception aristotélicienne du divin est censée répondre. L’examen méthodique de l’intégralité du corpus aristotelicum et, tout particulièrement, des trois textes dans lesquels Aristote place l’étude des réalités divines au centre de son enquête (Physique, VII-VIII ; De Cœlo, I-II, Métaphysique, Lambda) permet de formuler deux conclusions principales. En premier lieu, il apparaît clairement que la question du divin n’est pas, aux yeux d’Aristote, de nature théologique, mais archologique. Nulle part, en effet, l’étude du divin n’est menée pour elle-Même ; elle s’ancre, au contraire, dans un examen explicitement dédié aux principes premiers de la phusis ou des ousiai. La conception aristotélicienne du divin et des dieux est ainsi le produit d’un examen méthodique des êtres premiers et des principes, examen grâce auquel Aristote espère produire une détermination rigoureuse du mode d’être du principe en tant que tel et résoudre, par là même, certaines apories relatives à la question de l’archè. En second lieu, il convient de noter que les principaux textes dévolus à l’étude des êtres divins se distinguent les uns des autres par des nuances méthodologiques significatives. Selon que la question du divin prend naissance au sein de la science naturelle ou de la science des substances, selon qu’elle appartient à la physique ou à l’ousiologie, la preuve de l’existence des réalités divines, de même que la description de leur nature et de leurs fonctions, font l’objet de formulations diverses, toutes inféodées à la logique conceptuelle de la science qui les rend possibles. En somme, chaque examen des réalités divines se distingue par sa tournure singulière, qui n’est autre que le produit de la régionalisation des discours, c’est-À-Dire de leur adaptation méthodologique aux outils de la science qui les engendre. / Studying the question of the divine in Aristotle implies to determine to which problem the Aristotelian conception of the divine is supposed to answer. Two conclusions can be drawn from close examination of the corpus aristotelicum in its entirety, and particularly of these texts in which the study of divine realities is Aristotle’s major concern (Physics, VII-VIII; De Cœlo, I-II, Metaphysics, Lambda). In the first place, it clearly appears that, according to Aristotle, the question of the divine is not a theological question, but an archological one. Indeed, nowhere Aristotle studies the divine beings in order to explore deeply the nature of the gods, but rather with the intention of investigating the first principles of phusis and ousiai. The Aristotelian conception of the divine is thus the consequence of the detailed examination of the first principles, thanks to which Aristotle thinks he will be able to define precisely the nature of the principle qua principle and then to solve some aporia about the archè. In the second place, it is worth noting that each of the three main texts in which Aristotle develops his conception of the divine is characterized by slight but significant differences in method. Depending on whether the question of the divine belongs to the science of nature (physics) or to the science of ousia (ousiology), the demonstration of the existence of divine beings and the description of their nature and causality are expressed in different ways, in accordance with the concepts employed in each science. In short, each investigation about divine beings is characterized by its singular form, which is the product of the regionalization of each inquiry, i.e. of its methodical adaptation to the conceptual tools of the science to which it belongs.
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Etude de la causalité en pharmacovigilance et pharmaco-épidémiologie / Study of the causality in pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiologyTheophile, Hélène 19 December 2011 (has links)
L’analyse de la causalité, qui consiste à déterminer si la prise d’un médicament est la cause de la survenue d’un événement, est la problématique centrale de la pharmacovigilance et de la pharmaco-épidémiologie.La première partie de ce travail aborde l’étude de la causalité au plan individuel, au travers des méthodes d’imputabilité. Nous avons d’abord comparé une méthode d’imputabilité récemment développée, la méthode logistique, et la méthode d’imputabilité officiellement utilisée en France à un jugement consensuel d’experts pris comme référence. Les résultats montrent que la méthode française d’imputabilité tend à sous-coter la responsabilité du médicament (faible sensibilité) alors que la méthode logistique tend à la surestimer (faible spécificité). Par la suite, une nouvelle version de la méthode française d’imputabilité visant à améliorer sa sensibilité et son pouvoir discriminant a été proposée. Le travail de validation portant sur cette méthode réactualisée montre une amélioration de sa sensibilité et des résultats se rapprochant plus du jugement consensuel d’experts. Pour la méthode logistique, les critères d’imputabilité et leurs poids ont été réévalués sur un échantillon plus important d’observations que celui ayant servi à la pondération initiale. La validité de cette nouvelle version et celle de l’un des algorithmes les plus couramment utilisés en pharmacovigilance, la méthode Naranjo, ont été comparées à un jugement consensuel d’experts. Les résultats concernant la validité interne et les qualités prédictives de la méthode Naranjo ne sont pas satisfaisants alors que la méthode logistique présente une spécificité améliorée ainsi qu’une bonne sensibilité et valeurs prédictives. Cette dernière méthode présente donc des caractéristiques qui devraient améliorer l’évaluation de la responsabilité des médicaments dans la survenue des événements indésirables. La mise en place de méthode d’imputabilité spécifique à une classe thérapeutique et/ou à un type d’événement indésirable pourrait aussi améliorer l’évaluation des événements indésirables. Nous proposons une grille d’imputabilité adaptée aux accidents hémorragiques sous antithrombotique. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, l’analyse épidémiologique de la causalité est abordée en proposant deux méthodes : l’analyse populationnelle des cas individuels, en particulier leur délai de survenue après exposition médicamenteuse, et l’approche cas-population. Bien que beaucoup moins robustes que les méthodes classiques, elles sont testées sur des problématiques réelles de pharmacovigilance et les résultats montrent qu’elles peuvent être utiles pour une première exploration d’une association causale potentielle. En conclusion, ce travail méthodologique pourrait aider à mieux évaluer la responsabilité des médicaments dans la survenue d’événements indésirables après leurs autorisations de mise sur le marché. / The analysis of causality, which consists of determining if drug intake is the cause of the event occurrence, is the central issue of pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiology. The first part of this work deals with the study of causality assessment methods at the level of individual cases. We first compared the recently developed logistic causality assessment method and the method officially used in France, to consensusual expert judgement taking as a reference. The results showed that the French causality assessment method tended to underestimate the responsibility of the drug (low sensitivity) whereas the logistic method tended to overestimate it (low specificity). Subsequently a new version of the French causality assessment method aiming to improve its sensitivity and discriminating power was proposed. The validation phase of this updated method showed improved sensitivity and a performance closer to consensual expert judgement. For the logistic method, the criteria of causality assessment and their weights were re-evaluated on a larger sample of drug-event pairs that had been used in the initial weighting. The validity of this method and that of one of the most commonly used algorithms in pharmacovigilance, the Naranjo method, were compared to consensual expert judgement. Results concerning the internal validity and the predictive qualities of the Naranjo method were not satisfactory while the logistic method presented an improved specificity and good sensitivity and predictive values. The logistic method now presents characteristics that should improve the assessment of drug responsibility in the occurrence of adverse events. The implementation of causality assessment method specific to a therapeutic class and / or to a type of adverse event could also improve the assessment of adverse events. We proposed a scale adapted to hemorrhages with antithrombotics and derived from the French causality assessment method. In the second part of this thesis, the epidemiological analysis of causality was tackled by proposing two methods: the populational analysis of individual cases, in particular their time to onset after drug exposure, and the case-population approach. Although less robust than the conventional methods, these were tested on real problems of pharmacovigilance and the results indicate that they may be useful for an initial exploration of a potential causal association. In conclusion, this methodological work could help to better assess drug causality in the occurrence of adverse event in post maketing surveillance.
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Spekulační aktivita na trhu s ropou a její vliv na cenu komodity / Speculation on oil markets and its impact on commodity's priceMelcher, Ota January 2011 (has links)
This study aims to analyse the precrisis period on the oil markets with a primary objective of assessing the role of speculation in the commodity's price development and its volatility. First it depicts the rapidly increasing speculative activity on the futures market together with the parallel oil price surge. The speculation is initially proxied by non-commercial traders' positions and subsequently quantified by Working's T-index. The paper then uses speculative traders' positions and both spot and futures prices to test for Granger causality within the framework of VAR models. For the sake of consistency it also evaluates causal links between speculation and inventories level. Further the study investigates the speculation impact on volatility of oil prices by employing various approaches in volatility quantification including GARCH models. Contrary to expectations we find that the speculatio's impact on both prices and their volatility is rather insignificant. In the last chapter we therefore seek for an explanation of the oil price developments by examining the market fundamentals. The interaction of supply and demand finally gives substantial evidence for understanding the price developments in the precrisis period.
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Rodinný stav jako diferencující faktor demografického chování / Marital status as a differentiating factor in demographic behaviorNedomová, Radka January 2014 (has links)
Diploma thesis explores the diversity of demographic behavior depending on marital status and is aimed at summarizing the effect of marital status on demographic behavior as a whole. The first phase deals with the concepts of impact of marital status on demographic behavior, explains the theory of selection and causality and outlines the historical development of nuptiality and divorce by using basic indicators. The practical part is based on the results of Population and Housing Censuses during the period 1961-2011 and compares the changes in the structure of the Czech population by sex, age and marital status between censuses. Emphasis is placed on the period after 1990. Furthermore, in separate chapters is mapped out how marital status affects demographic processes of fertility, abortion, nuptiality and mortality. In the case of fertility exploration is emphasized increasing extramarital fertility, as more and more children are born outside marriage, especially to single mothers. By using age-specific and standardized rates are analyzed changes in the development of individual demographic processes between censuses for all categories of marital status. Standardization of mortality for the years 1961, 1970 and 1980 is made on the basis of the formation of shortened life tables and the subsequent modeling of mortality at higher ages. In connection of changing structure of the population by marital status, as the proportion of unmarried and divorced people is growing and the share of people living in a marriage is decreasing, is judged attitude of the Czech public toward marriage and family according to surveys results available.
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Calculating control variables with age at onset data to adjust for conditions prior to exposureHöfler, Michael, Brueck, Tanja, Lieb, Roselind, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich January 2005 (has links)
Background: When assessing the association between a factor X and a subsequent outcome Y in observational studies, the question that arises is what are the variables to adjust for to reduce bias due to confounding for causal inference on the effect of X on Y. Disregarding such factors is often a source of overestimation because these variables may affect both X and Y. On the other hand, adjustment for such variables can also be a source of underestimation because such variables may be the causal consequence of X and part of the mechanism that leads from X to Y.
Methods: In this paper, we present a simple method to compute control variables in the presence of age at onset data on both X and a set of other variables. Using these age at onset data, control variables are computed that adjust only for conditions that occur prior to X. This strategy can be used in prospective as well as in survival analysis. Our method is motivated by an argument based on the counterfactual model of a causal effect.
Results: The procedure is exemplified by examining of the relation between panic attack and the subsequent incidence of MDD.
Conclusions: The results reveal that the adjustment for all other variables, irrespective of their temporal relation to X, can yield a false negative result (despite unconsidered confounders and other sources of bias).
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Filosofie Louise Althussera v "teoreticistním" období / Philosophy of Louis Althusser in his ‚theoreticist' periodKužel, Petr January 2014 (has links)
TITLE: The Philosophy of Louis Althusser in his ‚theoreticist' period AUTHOR: Petr Kužel DEPARTMENT: Social Sciences and Philosophy, Department SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Michael Hauser Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The thesis focuses on a philosophy of Louis Althusser in his "teoreticist" period, i.e. 1960-1967. The work is divided to four essentials sections: epistemology, ontology, psychoanalyse and ideology. We put accent on epistemological problematic, which is in this period of a development of Althusser's philosophy unequivocally dominant. In introduction of this text is explained historical and political context, in which Althusser realized his "theoretical intervention". The thesis treat on Althusser's conviction, that inadequate theory leads to deformed political practice and that Marxist theory exists till now in his "applied form", notably in The Capital. According to Althusser this Marxist theory wasn't adequately theoretically formed. Our work characterises Althusser's tentative to create and theoretically formulate this theory. This Althusser's tentative is connected with an effort to draw a "line of demarcation" between the Marxism and the pre-Marxist idealist notions, which are foreign to authentic Marxism. Althusser's critique focuses on Stalinism, "theoretical humanism", empiricism and Hegelianism. In present...
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Импликације промене наставног програма у основној школи на образовно постигнуће ученика у настави техничког образовања / Implikacije promene nastavnog programa u osnovnoj školi na obrazovno postignuće učenika u nastavi tehničkog obrazovanja / Implications of teaching program changes in elementary schools on educational achievement of elementary school pupils at technical education teachingŠiljak Mara 17 May 2012 (has links)
<p>Васпитно-образовни школски систем у једној уређеној друштвеној заједници,<br />подразумева основну школу, као неалтернативну институцију, намењену<br />почетном системском васпитању и образовању полазника, одређене старосне<br />доби, који су истовремено и будући носиоци одрживости предметне друштвене<br />заједнице.<br />Од појаве првих облика спонтаног инстинктивног радног самоваспитавања<br />субјеката, преко установљења свести о потреби истовременог и васпитавања и<br />образовања субјеката, те бројних преображаја друштвене заједнице, узрокованих<br />политичким, културним и/или индустријским револуцијама, а по протеку дугог<br />временског периода, настале су прве школе.<br />На простору Европе, у другој половини XVII века, од стране великог чешког<br />педагога и реформатора Јана Амоса Коменског, понуђен је оригинални идејни<br />концепт „опште основне наставе“, засноване на предмeтно-разредно-часовном<br />систему, а наведени концепт несумњиво је послужио у стварању нове школе.<br />Историја је забележила, да се развој основне школе на простору Србије, одвијао<br />врло споро, неуједначено, и са бројним потешкоћама. У Кнежевини Србији,<br />године 1863. на законити начин, први пут је установљена основна школа, као<br />васпитно-образовна институцијa, а у Краљевини Србији, 1898.године, на законит<br />начин, први пут je уведен нови наставни предмет, под називом Ручни рад, у<br />четворогогишњу основну школу, за мушку и женску децу, од првог до четвртог<br />разред, да би тек 1959.године, била заснована јединствена обавезна осмогодишња<br />школа, за сву децу одређене старосне доби. У Србији, наставним планoм и<br />програмoм за основну школу, из 1959.године, уместо наставног предмета под<br />називом Ручни рад, био је заступљен од IV до VIII разреда, наставни предмет под<br />називом Основи општетехничког образовања. Надаље, вршене су бројне измене и<br />допуне наставног плана и програм за основну школу, а тим променама био је<br />обухваћен и наставни предмет Основи општетехничког образовања, коме је<br />мењан назив (Општетехничко образовање, Основи технике, Техничко<br />образовање, и Техничко и информатичко образовање), мењана затупљеност по<br />разредима (од IV до VIII разреда; од V до VIII разреда), мењан фонд часова и<br />мењан наставни програм.<br />Потенцијалне могућности и значајност наставног предмета Техничко обрaзовање,<br />односно, Техничко и информатичко образовање, у процесу основношколског<br />васпитања и образовања, којима се омогућава ученицима стицање квантитативних<br />и квалитативних комлексних васпитно-образовних школских постигнућа, те<br />вишегодишње праћење наставе из наведеног наставног предмета, активно и<br />непосредно учешће у реализацији наставе, преузимање искустава других,<br />објективно изучавање грађе са стручних и научих скупова, те лични допринос<br />афирмацији наведеног наставног предмета, допринели су да се спроведе<br />предметно педагошко експериментално истраживање, а све ради доприноса<br />унапређењу наставе и увећању исходних ученичких васпитно-образовних<br />постигнућа.<br />У периоду од 1996/1997 па закључно до 2010/2011 године, у основној школи,<br />спроведено је предметно педагошко експериментално истраживање, а за<br />карактеристичне школске године истражен је утицај промена наставног програма<br />7<br />за наставни предмет Техничко образовање, односно, Техничко и информатичко<br />образовање, на образовна постигнућа ученика осмог разреда, мерена скором на<br />тесту знања ТО (кумулативно градиво од петог до осмог разреда), и истражен је<br />утицај наведене промене наставног програма на мотивацију ученика за наведени<br />наставни предмет, мерену скором на скали мотивације за наставни предмет МНП.<br />Налази предметног педагошког експериметналног истраживања потврдили су<br />постављене хипотезе, односно, утврђена је узрочно-последична веза између<br />промена наставног програма и образовнoг постигнућа ученика осмог разреда и<br />њихове мотивисаности за наведени наставни предмет.<br />Неспорно је, да је предметно педагошко истраживање актуелно у времену и<br />простору, да због своје оригиналности, побуђује заинтересованост стручне и<br />научне педагошке јавности, и за очекиват је, да добијени резултати, допринесу<br />развоју основношколског образовања, корекцијама и иновирањима будућих<br />реформских захвата у домену наставних планова и програма, и тиме унапредe<br />наставу из наведеног наставног предмета. Имплементацијом добијених резултата<br />а кроз унапређење наставе из наведеног наставног предмета, допринеће се и<br />формирању функционалних знања, умећа и вештина код ученика, чиме ће се и<br />побољшaти примењивост њихових стечених знања, умећа и вештина у даљем<br />школовању и у животној и радној „школи“.</p> / <p>Vaspitno-obrazovni školski sistem u jednoj uređenoj društvenoj zajednici,<br />podrazumeva osnovnu školu, kao nealternativnu instituciju, namenjenu<br />početnom sistemskom vaspitanju i obrazovanju polaznika, određene starosne<br />dobi, koji su istovremeno i budući nosioci održivosti predmetne društvene<br />zajednice.<br />Od pojave prvih oblika spontanog instinktivnog radnog samovaspitavanja<br />subjekata, preko ustanovljenja svesti o potrebi istovremenog i vaspitavanja i<br />obrazovanja subjekata, te brojnih preobražaja društvene zajednice, uzrokovanih<br />političkim, kulturnim i/ili industrijskim revolucijama, a po proteku dugog<br />vremenskog perioda, nastale su prve škole.<br />Na prostoru Evrope, u drugoj polovini XVII veka, od strane velikog češkog<br />pedagoga i reformatora Jana Amosa Komenskog, ponuđen je originalni idejni<br />koncept „opšte osnovne nastave“, zasnovane na predmetno-razredno-časovnom<br />sistemu, a navedeni koncept nesumnjivo je poslužio u stvaranju nove škole.<br />Istorija je zabeležila, da se razvoj osnovne škole na prostoru Srbije, odvijao<br />vrlo sporo, neujednačeno, i sa brojnim poteškoćama. U Kneževini Srbiji,<br />godine 1863. na zakoniti način, prvi put je ustanovljena osnovna škola, kao<br />vaspitno-obrazovna institucija, a u Kraljevini Srbiji, 1898.godine, na zakonit<br />način, prvi put je uveden novi nastavni predmet, pod nazivom Ručni rad, u<br />četvorogogišnju osnovnu školu, za mušku i žensku decu, od prvog do četvrtog<br />razred, da bi tek 1959.godine, bila zasnovana jedinstvena obavezna osmogodišnja<br />škola, za svu decu određene starosne dobi. U Srbiji, nastavnim planom i<br />programom za osnovnu školu, iz 1959.godine, umesto nastavnog predmeta pod<br />nazivom Ručni rad, bio je zastupljen od IV do VIII razreda, nastavni predmet pod<br />nazivom Osnovi opštetehničkog obrazovanja. Nadalje, vršene su brojne izmene i<br />dopune nastavnog plana i program za osnovnu školu, a tim promenama bio je<br />obuhvaćen i nastavni predmet Osnovi opštetehničkog obrazovanja, kome je<br />menjan naziv (Opštetehničko obrazovanje, Osnovi tehnike, Tehničko<br />obrazovanje, i Tehničko i informatičko obrazovanje), menjana zatupljenost po<br />razredima (od IV do VIII razreda; od V do VIII razreda), menjan fond časova i<br />menjan nastavni program.<br />Potencijalne mogućnosti i značajnost nastavnog predmeta Tehničko obrazovanje,<br />odnosno, Tehničko i informatičko obrazovanje, u procesu osnovnoškolskog<br />vaspitanja i obrazovanja, kojima se omogućava učenicima sticanje kvantitativnih<br />i kvalitativnih komleksnih vaspitno-obrazovnih školskih postignuća, te<br />višegodišnje praćenje nastave iz navedenog nastavnog predmeta, aktivno i<br />neposredno učešće u realizaciji nastave, preuzimanje iskustava drugih,<br />objektivno izučavanje građe sa stručnih i naučih skupova, te lični doprinos<br />afirmaciji navedenog nastavnog predmeta, doprineli su da se sprovede<br />predmetno pedagoško eksperimentalno istraživanje, a sve radi doprinosa<br />unapređenju nastave i uvećanju ishodnih učeničkih vaspitno-obrazovnih<br />postignuća.<br />U periodu od 1996/1997 pa zaključno do 2010/2011 godine, u osnovnoj školi,<br />sprovedeno je predmetno pedagoško eksperimentalno istraživanje, a za<br />karakteristične školske godine istražen je uticaj promena nastavnog programa<br />7<br />za nastavni predmet Tehničko obrazovanje, odnosno, Tehničko i informatičko<br />obrazovanje, na obrazovna postignuća učenika osmog razreda, merena skorom na<br />testu znanja TO (kumulativno gradivo od petog do osmog razreda), i istražen je<br />uticaj navedene promene nastavnog programa na motivaciju učenika za navedeni<br />nastavni predmet, merenu skorom na skali motivacije za nastavni predmet MNP.<br />Nalazi predmetnog pedagoškog eksperimetnalnog istraživanja potvrdili su<br />postavljene hipoteze, odnosno, utvrđena je uzročno-posledična veza između<br />promena nastavnog programa i obrazovnog postignuća učenika osmog razreda i<br />njihove motivisanosti za navedeni nastavni predmet.<br />Nesporno je, da je predmetno pedagoško istraživanje aktuelno u vremenu i<br />prostoru, da zbog svoje originalnosti, pobuđuje zainteresovanost stručne i<br />naučne pedagoške javnosti, i za očekivat je, da dobijeni rezultati, doprinesu<br />razvoju osnovnoškolskog obrazovanja, korekcijama i inoviranjima budućih<br />reformskih zahvata u domenu nastavnih planova i programa, i time unaprede<br />nastavu iz navedenog nastavnog predmeta. Implementacijom dobijenih rezultata<br />a kroz unapređenje nastave iz navedenog nastavnog predmeta, doprineće se i<br />formiranju funkcionalnih znanja, umeća i veština kod učenika, čime će se i<br />poboljšati primenjivost njihovih stečenih znanja, umeća i veština u daljem<br />školovanju i u životnoj i radnoj „školi“.</p>
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