Hydrated cement paste (HCP), which is present in various cement-based materials, includes a number of constituents with distinct nano-structures. The elastic properties of the HCP crystals are calculated using molecular dynamics (MD) methods. The accuracy of estimated values is verified by comparing them with the results from experimental tests and other atomistic simulation methods. The outcome of MD simulations is then extended to predict the elastic properties of the C-S-H gel by rescaling the values calculated for the individual crystals. To take into account the contribution of porosity, a detailed microporomechanics study is conducted on low- and high-density types of C-S-H. The obtained results are verified by comparing the rescaled values with the predictions from nanoindentation tests. Moreover, the mechanical behavior of the HCP crystals is examined under uniaxial tensile strains. From the stress-strain curves obtained in the three orthogonal directions, elastic and plastic responses of the HCP crystals are investigated. A comprehensive chemical bond and structural damage analysis is also performed to characterize the failure mechanisms of the HCP crystals under high tensile strains. The outcome of this study provides detailed information about the nonlinear behavior, plastic deformation, and structural failure of the HCP phases and similar atomic structures.

Limestone is one of the main components of cement production. Limestone has been quarried in Skövde, Sweden, since the end of 19th century and Cementa AB has been operating the quarry since 1973. Aside from limestone, there are also Alum shale of Cambrian age, mudstones as well as bentonite layers of Ordovician age present in the quarry.  The production of cement evidently is important for Sweden’s infrastructure, and the quarry in Skövde is one of few known locations in the country with limestone with the right composition. Therefore, it is important to increase the knowledge regarding the character of the limestone to make accurate predictions for the future regarding the cement production. The geological knowledge of the area is already extensive; however, the aim of this thesis is to expand this knowledge further by constructing a 3D geological model. The data which has been used to construct the model are field observations, drill core data, chemical data, high-resolution pictures (photogrammetry) and resistivity measurements (field and samples). The resistivity measurements were done using the multiple gradient array, and apparent resistivity was inverted using Res2Dinv. The geological modelling was done using Leapfrog geo (© Seequent Systems, Incorporated). Two models have been proposed as a result of this project; one where high-grade limestone of lesser quality and whitestone has been regrouped with two other units (A) and one including all units (B). In the most recent drilling campaign, the nomenclature used to distinguish the units has been modified and does not differentiate high-grade limestone of lesser quality and whitestone from the rest. This affects coherence of the model and for this reason two models have been built. Both models show roughly flat lying units in the area of interest. Both low-grade limestone and lower waste stone units have consistent thickness in both models. The major difference between the models is how the high-grade limestone unit is modelled as a consequence of the additional units in model B. The result from the resistivity measurements shows unexpectedly low values, when compared to values from the literature as well as the measurements on hand samples from the quarry. The reason for these low values is still unclear, and therefore resistivity data has been used with caution. Considering this, it appears that resistivity measurements is not a suitable technique to characterize the subsurface in this particular area.  The models produced in this project provides information regarding thickness and extent of the units and overlying soil. As such, the new knowledge can be used to plan future prospecting campaigns, make projections, and estimates within current mining permits and evaluate how future mining can be conducted. / Kalksten är huvudkomponenten när det kommer till cementproduktion, vilken också behöver ha en specifik kemi för att vara lämplig att tillverka cement av. Kalksten av denna specifika kvalité har brutits i Skövde, Sverige, sedan slutet av 1800-talet. Cementproduktionen startade dock 1924 och Cementa köpte upp gruvan och fabriken 1973. I brottet finns förutom kalksten även alunskiffer, slamsten och bentonitlager. Vidare finns det två olika kvalitéer på kalkstenen, en med högt kalciumoxidvärde och en med lägre kalciumoxidvärde. Totalt representerar de formationer som finns i gruvan en 50 miljoner år lång historia av sedimentation. Cement utgör en grundläggande del för Sveriges infrastruktur, och brottet i Skövde är en av få platser i landet med en kalksten som har rätt kemi. Därmed är det viktigt att utöka kunskapen gällande karaktären på kalkstenslagren i och vid brottet för att kunna göra mer korrekta uppskattningar om Sveriges framtida cementproduktion. I dagsläget är kunskapen om geologin i och kring gruvan omfattande tack vare bland annat tidigare prospekteringskampanjer. Syftet med detta arbete är utöka den geologiska kunskapen ytterligare genom att konstruera en geologisk 3D modell. Denna geologiska 3D modell har skapats av data såsom borrhålsdata, resistivitetsmätningar samt drönarbilder för att bättre karakterisera de olika geologiska formationerna. På grund av att indelningen av de geologiska enheterna har varit olika mellan de tidigare prospekteringskampanjerna har två 3D modeller med olika upplösning skapats i stället för en. Modelleringen har fokuserats på ett område nordväst om nuvarande brytområde. Båda modellerna har sub-horisontella geologiska enheter inom intresseområdet. Vidare har modellerna liknande tjocklek och utbredning på enheterna i sin övre del, men skiljer sig åt längre ner. Detta på grund av att den ena modeller har flera enheter, vilket således även påverkar närliggande enheter. Dessa två modeller har utökat den geologiska kunskapen om området, till exempel de geologiska enheternas mäktighet och utbredning, samt hur mäktigt jordtäcket i området är. Denna nya kunskap kan användas för att planera och estimera hur brytning kan ske i framtiden. Det är dock viktigt att poängtera att det är modeller som skapats, vilka är antaganden av verkligheten.

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<p>The study focused on examining the effects of using nanoadditives (nano-TiO2 and colloidal silica) on the hydration kinetics, microstructure, mechanical properties, and durability of concretes, especially those containing fly ash and slag and cured at low (4°C) temperature. </p> <p>The results of the Vicat and isothermal calorimetery (IC) tests suggest that the addition of nano-TiO2 accelerates the hydration process of pastes. In addition, the results of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the addition of nano-TiO2 increased the amount of hydration products in the pastes, with more notable increases observed in fly ash pastes. Moreover, X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the addition of nano-TiO2 reduced the mean size of calcium hydroxide (CH) crystals.  </p> <p>The interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of concretes with nano-TiO2 was found to be less cracked and less porous when compared to that of concrete without nano-TiO2. Furthermore, the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses of the outer hydration products around partially hydrated cement particles in fly ash concretes with nano-TiO2 revealed reduction in the values of Ca/Si atomic ratios when compared to the reference fly ash concrete. The image analysis results of the concrete air void system indicated slightly reduced air content, increased specific surface area (SSA), and decreased spacing factor (SF) in concretes with added nano-TiO2. </p> <p>The addition of nano-TiO2 was also found to enhance the compressive and flexural strengths of mortars and concretes. Nano-TiO2 also improved the resistivity and formation factor values of concretes containing fly ash. Moreover, the total volume of pores, as well as the values of water absorption, were also reduced as a result of addition of nano-TiO2. This was true for all types of concretes (i.e., with or without SCMs). Finally, the use of nano-TiO2 seemed to be more beneficial with respect to improving the scaling and freeze-thaw resistance of fly ash concretes compared to cement-only and slag concretes. </p> <p>Concretes with added nanosilica (colloidal silica) also developed higher compressive and flexural strengths when compared to reference concrete. Moreover, the total pores and permeability of concretes decreased due to the addition of nanosilica while the improvement in scaling resistance of these concretes was only slight. Furthermore, concretes with nanosilica were found to have higher percentage of finer air voids compared to reference concretes. Finally, the ITZ of concretes with nanosilica was found to have fewer defects and cracks compared to the reference concrete. </p> <p>In summary, this dissertation presents the results of a study on the multi-scale behavior of nanomodified concretes with and without SCMs cured at both room and low temperatures. Knowledge gained from this study would be helpful in developing concretes with denser and less porous microstructure, a more refined and better-distributed air void system, improved strength, reduced permeability, and enhanced scaling and freeze-thaw resistance, especially in cases when involving the use of SCMs and exposure to low early-age temperatures.</p>

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo do comportamento mecânico e de interface de compósitos cimentícios reforçados com tecido unidirecional de fibra de curauá. Os compósitos foram produzidos com matrizes constituídas de adições minerais pozolânicas distintas: sílica da casca de arroz, cinza do bagaço de cana e metacaulim. Realizou-se o tratamento superficial da fibra com impregnação de dois materiais abrasivos em adesivo époxi: óxido de alumínio e areia. As propriedades reológicas e mecânicas das matrizes, foram obtidas através de ensaios de consistência Flow table e resistência à compressão, respectivamente. Para a análise da reatividade das adições, realizaram-se ensaios de índice de atividade pozolânica, balizados em princípios químicos e mecânicos. A avaliação do desempenho mecânico e micro-estrutural dos compósitos foi feita por meio de ensaios de tração direta e flexão a quatro pontos. A morfologia e comportamento mecânico da fibra, mecanismos de interação fibra-matriz e características da zona de transição interfacial (ITZ) foram verificados mediante imagens de microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV), ensaios de pull-out e de tração direta do filamento e do tecido. Os resultados indicaram que é possível a produção de compósitos de alto desempenho com reforço de fibra natural. Em específico, o metacaulim viabilizou compósitos com as melhores performances mecânicas e características de interface, sendo a matriz selecionada para o reforço com as fibras tratadas. O tratamento da superfície mostrou-se eficaz no aumento da rigidez da fibra e, por consequência, do tecido. Além de melhorar a aderência fibra-matriz e torná-la hidrofóbica. No entanto, a alta aderência atingida conferiu aos compósitos a redução da ductilidade e tenacidade, juntamente com a melhoria da resistência à flexão. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se apresentar alternativas de tecnologias renováveis, de baixo custo e impacto ambiental, fatores chaves no desenvolvimento de materiais de construção civil, através do aprofundamento do estudo do reforço de fibra de curauá, e do desempenho de diferentes resíduos agroindustriais empregados na matriz, juntamente com os respectivos tratamentos superficiais na fibra. / [en] The present work presents a study on the mechanical and interfacial behavior of cementitious composites reinforced with unidirectional curauá fabric. The composites were produced with matrices made of distinct pozzolanic mineral additions: rice husk silica, sugarcane bagasse ash and metakaolin. The surface treatment of the fiber was carried out with impregnation of two abrasive materials in epoxy adhesive: aluminum oxide and sand. The rheological and mechanical properties of the matrices were obtained through tests of consistency, flow table, and compressive strength, respectively. For the reactivity’s analysis of the additions, pozzolanic activity index tests were performed, based on chemical and mechanical principles. The evaluation of the mechanical and microstructural performance of the composites was done by means of direct tensile tests and four-point bending. The morphology and mechanical behavior of the fiber, fiber-matrix interaction and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) characteristics were verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, pull-out and direct tensile tests of the filament and fabric. The results indicated that it is possible to produce high performance composites with natural fiber reinforcement. Specifically, the use of metakaolin resulted in composites with the best mechanical performances and interface characteristics, and the matrix was selected for the reinforcement with the treated fibers. The surface treatment proved to be effective in increasing fiber stiffness and, consequently, the fabric, in addition to improving fiber-matrix bond, rendered it a hydrophobic behavior. However, the high bond achieved gave the composites the reduction of ductility and toughness, along with the improvement of flexural strength. The objective of this study was to present alternatives to renewable technologies, low cost and environmental impact, key factors in the development of civil construction materials, through the deepening of the study of fiber reinforcement of curauá, and the performance of different agroindustrial residues used in together with the respective surface treatments on the fiber.

The Deep Mixing Method (DMM) is a widely used, in-situ ground improvement technique that modifies and improves the engineering properties of soil by blending the soil with a cementitious binder. Laboratory specimens were prepared to represent soil improved by the wet method of deep mixing, in which the binder is delivered in the form of a cement-water slurry. To study the influence of curing temperature on the strength of the treated soil, specimens were cured in temperature-controlled water baths for the desired curing time. After curing, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on the specimens. To investigate the optimum mix design for the wet method of deep mixing, UCS tests were performed to measure the strength of cured specimens, and laboratory miniature vane shear tests were conducted on uncured specimens to measure the undrained shear strength (su), which is used to represent the consistency of the mixture right after mixing. The consistency is important for field mixing because a softer mixture is easier to mix thoroughly. Based on the UCS test results, an equation that can provide a good fit to the strength data of the cured binder-treated soil is proposed. When the curing temperature was changed during curing, the UCS of the specimen cured at a low temperature and then cured at a high temperature was greater than the UCS of the specimen cured at a high temperature first. This seems to be due to different effects of elevated curing temperatures at early and late curing times on the cement reaction rates, such that elevating the curing temperature later produces a more constant reaction rate, which contributes to the reaction efficiency. An optimum mix design that minimizes the amount of binder while satisfying both a target strength of the cured mixture and a target consistency of the uncured mixture can be established by using the fitted equations for UCS and su. The amount of binder required for the optimum mix design increases as the plasticity of the base soil increases and the water content of the base soil (wbase soil) decreases. / Master of Science / The Deep Mixing Method (DMM) is a ground improvement technique widely used to improve the strength and stiffness of loose sands, soft clays, and organic soils. The DMM is useful for both inland and coastal construction. There are two types of deep mixing. The dry method of deep mixing involves adding the binder in the form of dry powder, and the wet method of deep mixing involves mixing binder-water slurry with the soil. The strength of the cured mixture is significantly influenced by the amount of added cement and water, the curing time, and the curing temperature. This research evaluates the influence of curing temperature on the strength of cured cement-treated soil mixture. Mixture proportions and curing conditions also influence the consistency of the mixture right after mixing, which is important because it affects the amount of mixing energy necessary to thoroughly mix the binder slurry with the soil. This research developed and evaluated fitting equations that correlate the cured mixture strength and the uncured mixture consistency with mixture proportions and curing conditions. These fitting equations can then be used to select an economical and practical mix design method that minimizes the amount of binder needed to achieve both the desired cured strength and uncured consistency. The amount of binder required for the optimum mix design increases as the plasticity of the base soil increases and the water content of the base soil (wbase soil) decreases.

In view of the challenges of decarbonisation of the cement industry, the use of low-clinker ternary cements especially with calcined clays is becoming increasingly important. The combination of Portland cement clinker (K), ground granulated blast furnace slag (S) and calcined clay (Q) in ternary cements is very promising in terms of cement and concrete properties. In this study the CO2 footprint of such cements as well as the energy required for their production was determined over a wide range of cement compositions systematically for the first time. The results were related to the strength development of the cements and the mineralogical com-position as well as the moisture of the used clays. Compared to an OPC (CEM I 42.5), both the CO2 and energy saving potentials for the production of ternary KSQ cements are between 25 and 55 % respectively, depending on the cement composition.

[pt] A interação entre o cimento e outros constituintes desempenha um papel importante em várias aplicações de Engenharia, como nas indústrias de construçãocivil e de óleo e gás (OeG). Na indústria da construção, os compósitos cimentícios reforçados com fibras (CRF) ganharam grande destaque por suas excelentes propriedades mecânicas. As fibras podem aumentar a resistência crítica à fissuração do compósito, melhorando a durabilidade do concreto convencional e controlando a propagação de fissuras na matriz cimentícia. Além disso, as fibras desenvolvem um mecanismo de ponte de transferência de tensões na interface, alterando o comportamento pós-pico do compósito. Por outro lado, na indústria de OeG, cimento e aço são elementos estruturais essenciais que devem garantir a integridade de poços e fornecer isolamento para a passagem de fluidos, especialmente em cenários de abandono. Esse mecanismo na interface é considerado crítico, uma vez que uma interação não eficaz pode permitir a formação de caminhos de vazamento no microanular ao longo da interface cimento-aço, gerando a formação de fissuras. Neste sentido, um estudo abrangente dos mecanismos de dano desenvolvidos na interface do cimento é essencial em ambas as aplicações para entender o comportamento mecânico do material. Portanto, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de modelos de elementos finitos que considerem os mecanismos de pullout (descolamento, adesão e atrito) e os parâmetros de interface que governam o comportamento mecânico local do cimento. Embora existam numerosos estudos experimentais e modelos numéricos na literatura, o estado-da-arte atual carece de formulações que investiguem os mecanismos de mapeamento de dano e as interações de transferência de tensão na interface do cimento, especialmente considerando diferentes tipos de matriz de cimento e geometrias de fibra de aço.Esta tese aborda uma lacuna crítica na literatura ao propor a modelagem numérica do descolamento interfacial e mecanismos de evolução de dano para materiais cimentícios avançados e em aplicações de integridade de poços. Modelos de elementos finitos elastoplásticos, incorporando formulações coesivas baseadas em superfícies de contato, são empregados para simular o comportamento da interface do cimento. Além disso, ensaios experimentais de caracterização mecânica e análises de microtomografia são realizados para validar e apoiar os resultados do modelo numérico, avaliando a resistência ao cisalhamento e a propagação de dano na interface do cimento. Assim sendo, esta pesquisa pode oferecer contribuições para engenheiros de diferentes áreas aprimorarem o desempenho mecânico e prototipar novos materiais avançados por meio da investigação da evolução do dano. Os modelos de elementos finitos desenvolvidos emergem como ferramentas valiosas para avaliações de desempenho do cimento de maneira eficaz, simulando confiavelmente o comportamento de pullout/pushout. / [en] The interaction between cement and other constituents plays an important role in several engineering applications, such as in the construction and oil and gas (OandG) industries. In the construction industry, fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRC) have gained wide prominence for their excellent mechanical properties. Fibers can increase the post-cracking strength of the composite, improving concrete durability and controlling crack propagation in the cement matrix. Moreover, they perform a bridging mechanism at the interface, changing the material post-peak behavior. On the other hand, in the OandG industry, cement and steel are essential structural elements that should ensure well integrity and provide zonal isolation. This interaction is considered critical since a strong bond may prevent the generation of microannulus leakage paths along the cement and steel interface, which also can lead to crack propagation. In this sense, a comprehensive study of the damage mechanisms developed at the cement interface is essential in both applications to understand the material mechanical behavior. Therefore, it is possible to develop finite element models that consider the pullout mechanisms (debonding, adhesion, and friction) and the interface parameters that govern the local mechanical behavior of cement. While numerous experimental studies and numerical models exist, the current state-of-the-art lacks formulations investigating damage mapping and stress transfer interactions at the cement interface, particularly considering different cement matrix types and steel fiber geometries. This thesis addresses a critical gap in the literature by proposing the numerical modeling of interfacial debonding and damage evolution mechanisms for cement advanced materials and well integrity applications. Elastoplastic finite element models, incorporating surface-based cohesive formulations with contact, are employed to simulate cement interface behavior. Additionally, mechanical characterization tests and microCT analyses are conducted to validate and support the numerical model results, assessing shear strength and damage propagation at the cement interface. Therefore, this research can offer insights for engineers across disciplines to enhance mechanical performance and prototype new advanced materials by damage evolution investigation. The developed finite element models emerge as valuable tools for cost-effective evaluations of cement performance through reliably simulating pullout/pushout behavior.

Deep soil mixing to construct stiff columns is one of the methods used today to improve performance of loose ground and remediate liquefaction problems. This research adopts a numerical approach to study seismic performance of soil-cement columnar reinforcements in loose sandy profiles. Different constitutive models were investigated in order to find a model that can properly predict soil behavior during seismic excitations. These models included NorSand, Dafalias-Manzari, Plasticity Model for Sands (PM4Sand) and Pressure-Dependent-Multi-Yield-02 (PDMY02) model. They were employed to predict behavior of soils with different relative densities and under different confining pressures during monotonic and cyclic loading. PDMY02 was identified as the most suitable model to represent soil seismic behavior for the system studied herein. The numerical aspects of the finite element approach were investigated to minimize the unintended numerical miscalculations. The focus was put on convergence tolerance, solver time-step, constraint definition, and, integration, material and Rayleigh damping. This resulted in forming a robust numerical configuration for 3-D nonlinear models that were later used for studying behavior of the reinforced grounds. Nonlinear finite element models were developed to capture the seismic response of columnar reinforced ground during dynamic centrifuge testing. The models were calibrated with results from tests with unreinforced profiles. Thereafter, they were implemented to predict the response of two reinforced profiles during seismic excitations with different intensities and liquefaction triggering. Model predictions were compared with recordings and the possible effects from the reinforcements were discussed. Finally, parametric studies were performed to further evaluate the efficiency of the reinforcements with different extension depths and area replacement ratios. The results collectively showed that the stiff elements, if constructed appropriately, can withstand seismic excitations with different intensities, and provide a firm base for overlying structures. However, the presence of the stiff elements within the loose ground resulted in stronger seismic intensities on the soil surface. The columns were not able to considerably reduce pore water pressure generation, nor prevent liquefaction triggering. The reinforced profiles, comparing to the free-field profiles, had larger settlements on the soil surface but smaller settlements on the columns. The results concluded that utilization of the columnar reinforcements requires great attention as these reinforcements may result in larger seismic intensities at the ground surface, while not considerably reducing the ground deformations. / Ph. D. / The mitigation of seismic damage potential of soft soil sites remains one of the leading challenges in geotechnical earthquake engineering. It is well-established that structures located on these sites generally experience more damage due to excessive ground deformation during earthquakes. Ground reinforcements are often required to improve these sites for support of overlying structures. A remediating approach is to construct stiff columns within these sites by mechanically mixing soil with cementitious materials. Cemented soil has higher strength, and thereby, undergoes less deformations. Moreover, stiff columns can provide resistance against movement of their surrounding soil providing a firm base for possible above foundations. The primary focus of this research is to evaluate the effect of stiff column reinforcements on seismic behavior of loose ground. For this purpose, a numerical model was developed for the reinforced ground, and it was validated with results from experiments. The model was then used to study the performance of the reinforced ground during earthquake excitations with different intensities. The observed behavior was discussed and compared with findings from previous studies in literature. Finally, the numerical model was employed to evaluate efficiency of the reinforcements with different extension depths and occupied area. The results collectively showed that stiff columns, if constructed appropriately, can withstand different shaking levels, and provide a firm support for overlying structures. However, they were not efficient in reducing deformation of the surrounding soils. The presence of the stiff elements within the loose ground resulted in stronger seismic intensities on the soil surface. The study concluded that utilization of stiff columns requires great attention and understanding of the reinforcing mechanism. These columns might increase seismic intensity below foundations, while not considerably reducing the ground deformations.

Syfte: Byggindustrin kommer framförallt att påverkas av hållbarhetsutvecklingens framfart. FN har satt hållbarhetsmål presenterade i Agenda 2030 och för att möta dessa mål måste hållbarhet stå i fokus för både yrkesverksamma och intressenter. Betong är ett material som består av ballast, vatten och cement som hårdnar över tiden och används världen över inom byggindustrin. År 2014 uppskattades betongproduktionen stå för hela fem procent av alla antropogena koldioxidutsläpp. Syftet med studien är att undersöka miljöpåverkan från olika betongkvaliteter mätt i koldioxidekvivalenter och använda resultatet för att påvisa om konstruktörer kan göra någon skillnad via sina kravspecifikationer på betong. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes inledningsvis för att säkerställa studiens relevans samt skapa kunskap kring området. LCA och dokumentanalys av EPD möjliggjorde jämförelse av klimatpåverkan och data kunde sammanställas. Resultat: Sammanställd och jämförd data från LCA och dokumentanalys tyder på att konstruktörer kan minska klimatpåverkan genom att föreskriva högre vct och lägre exponeringsklass. Detta möjliggör att en större andel cement kan bytas ut mot tillsatsmaterial. Litteraturstudie tyder på att konstruktörens arbete för att minska klimatpåverkan från betong kan direkt kopplas till mål 13 i Agenda 2030. Mål 13 verkar bland annat för att Sverige inte skall ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser 2045. Konsekvenser: Om konstruktörer i den mån det är möjligt föreskriver högre vct och lägre exponeringsklasser tyder studien på att de kan minska klimatpåverkan från betong. Att föreskriva högre vct och lägre exponeringsklasser är dock inte alltid möjligt med hänsyn till hållfasthet och omgivning. Studien bidrar till att skapa förståelse för hur stora skillnader gällande klimatpåverkan som kan uppstå beroende på betongkvalitet. Begränsningar: Betong erhåller många egenskaper och en uppsjö av parametrar som påverkar dessa egenskaper. Genom att avgränsa studien och bortse från en del parametrar finns risk för orättvisa resultat. Data som används är publicerad data samt data som betongleverantören vill tillge vilket ger ett bristande verklighetsperspektiv. Majoriteten av betongkvaliteterna som analyserades är av en klimatförbättrad betong och har därmed en lägre klimatpåverkan än vad som vanligen används på plats om inte krav finns. På grund av omgivning och andra förhållanden är det inte alltid möjligt för konstruktören att föreskriva högre vct och lägre exponeringsklass. Studiens fokus ligger på klimatpåverkan vilket begränsar möjligheten att koppla resultatet till flera miljömål. / Purpose: The construction industry will be fundamentally impacted by sustainable development progression. The United Nations have set goals outlined in the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. To meet this desired progression, these goals must stand in focus for construction professionals and industry stakeholders. Concrete is a composite material made from aggregates, fluids and cement which hardens over time and is widely used in the construction industry. In 2014 it was estimated to account for more than five percent of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the climate impact of various concrete mixtures measured as carbon dioxide equivalents and use this to inform whether construction designers can make a difference through the specifications of concrete mixtures. Method: A literature review was conducted to ensure relevance of the study and establish a knowledge base regarding the subject. LCA and a document analysis of EPDs made it possible to compare climate impacts and data could be compiled. Findings: Data from LCA and document analysis indicates that construction designers can reduce the climate impact through their specifications by subscribing higher w/c ratios and lower exposure classes. This enable a bigger amount of the cement to be traded by additives. A literature study indicates that reducing the climate impact of concrete can directly be related to goal 13 in Agenda 2030. In Sweden, goal 13 is to reach no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2045. Implications: If construction designers specify higher w/c ratio and lower exposure classes, they can reduce the climate impact from concrete. To specify higher w/c ratio and lower exposure class is not always possible depending on the structural requirements. The study adds to an understanding of the climate impact depending on concrete mixtures. Limitations: Concrete obtains many characteristics which is affected by multiple parameters. Limiting the study data and ignoring some parameters increases the risk of deceptive results. Publicly available concrete certifications and data from concrete professionals is combined in this study. Most of the concrete mixtures selected for analysis are climate friendly types and therefore the results would differ if regular concrete was used. Because of structural requirements and other conditions, it is not always possible for the construction designer to specify higher w/c ratio and lower exposure class. This study focuses on climate impacts which limits the possibility to make connections to multiple sustainable development goals.