Depuis leurs indépendances, l’Algérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie ont suivi diverses politiques agricoles mais n’ont pas réussi à garantir la sécurité alimentaire. En Algérie, une politique agricole à travers le plan national de développement agricole(PNDA) fut mise en oeuvre a partir de l’année 2000 afin d’essayer d’inverser la tendance. Plusieurs investissements ont été alors réalisés par les agriculteurs et les différents agents économiques algériens dans les différentes filières agricoles stratégiques. Afin de connaître les résultats, nous avons réalisé trois enquêtes sur le terrain avec les agriculteurs afin de pouvoir analyser l’impact des investissements agricoles dans le cadre du PNDA sur l’évolution des techniques agricoles dans les productions laitières au niveau des communes rattachées à la subdivision agricole de Freha, céréalières au niveau des communes rattachées à la subdivision agricole de Draa EL Mizan et oléicoles au niveau des communes rattachées à la subdivision agricole d’Irdjen. Les résultats de la première enquête ont mis en évidence que les bénéficiaires du PNDA ont vu le rendement laitier moyen/vache/jour augmenter de manière significative de 12,75 litres durant la période 19996-1999 à 17,33 litres durant la période 2000-2006. Cela semble être en majeure partie attribuable au choix des races étrangères à haut rendement au détriment des races locales, à l’amélioration génétique des races laitières par l’insémination artificielle qui a évolué significativement, à l’augmentation significative de l’age moyen des génisses à la première saillie qui est passé de 16 à 18 mois et à l’age moyen des génisses au premier vêlage qui est passé de 25 à 27 mois. Les résultats de la deuxième enquête ont montrés que les investissements réalisés dans le cadre du PNDA n’ont pas permis une augmentation significative du rendement en blé dur. En effet, le rendement des cultures de blé dur était de 15 qx/ha durant la période 1996-1999 et de 15,73 qx/ha durant la période 2000-2006. Cela est du aux carences dans l’application des techniques de productions. En effet le choix des semences, la mécanisation, la fertilisation et l’irrigation n’ont pas évolués positivement après le PNDA. Les résultats de la troisième enquête ont montrés également que les investissements réalisés dans le cadre du PNDA n’ont pas permis une augmentation significative du rendement en olives. En effet, le rendement des cultures de l'olivier était de 25,33 kg/arbre durant la période 1996-1999 et de 24,33 kg/arbre durant la période 2000-2006. Cela est du aussi aux carences dans l’application des techniques de productions. En effet le choix des variétés cultivées, la mécanisation, la pratique des différentes tailles, la fertilisation, l’irrigation l’utilisation de pesticides contre les maladies et ravageurs de l’olivier n’ont pas augmentés significativement après le PNDA. / Since their independence, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia have followed various agricultural policies but failed to ensure food security. In Algeria, an agricultural policy through the National Agricultural Development Plan (NADP) was implemented from 2000 in an attempt to reverse the trend. Several investments were then made by farmers and various Algerian economic operators in the various strategic agricultural sectors To know the results, we completed three field surveys with farmers in order to analyze the impact of agricultural investment in the NADP on the evolution of agricultural techniques in dairy production in the communes attached to the Farm subdivision Freha, cereal in the municipalities related to agricultural Draa El Mizan subdivision and olive in the communes attached to the subdivision of agricultural Irdjen. The results of the first survey showed that NADP beneficiaries have seen the average milk yield / cow / day significantly increase of 12.75 liters during the period 19996-1999 17.33 liters during the period 2000- 2006. This seems to be largely attributable to the choice of foreign breeds high efficiency at the expense of local breeds, genetic improvement of dairy breeds through artificial insemination has evolved significantly, with the significant increase in the average age of heifers at first breeding, which went from 16 to 18 months and the average age at first calving heifers is increased from 25 to 27 months. The results of the second survey have shown that investments in the NADP did not allow a significant increase in the yield of durum wheat. Indeed, the performance of hard wheat was 15 quintals / ha during the period 1996-1999 and 15.73 quintals / ha in 2000-2006. This is due to deficiencies in the application of production techniques. Indeed the choice of seeds, mechanization, fertilization and irrigation have not evolved positively after the NADP. The results of the third survey also showed that investments in the NADP did not allow a significant increase in the yield of olives. Indeed, the performance of the olive crop was 25.33 kg / tree during the period 1996-1999 and 24.33 kg / tree in 2000-2006. This is due also to deficiencies in the application of production techniques. Indeed the choice of crop varieties, mechanization, the practice of different sizes, fertilization, irrigation, pesticide use against diseases and pests of the olive tree have not significantly increased after the NADP.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc Agric (Pasture Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

The aim of this master thesis is to analyse the current trends in production , consumption and trade in cereals and oilseeds. Furthermore, the work seeks to highlight the ever growing importance of these two groups of crop production. It also addresses the issue of declining growth in global agricultural production in relation to the growing population and the factors that affect the price of agricultural commodities. The entire work is conceived in three main chapters. The first provides a particular theoretical framework and includes definitions, localisation factors and many other basic data. The second chapter focuses on crop production in the world and its trends, paying particular attention to the group of cereals and oilseeds. Finally, the last chapter analyzes the world trade in cereals and oilseeds. It also examines the factors affecting prices of agricultural commodities and concludes prediction of the future development of the cereals and oilseeds sectors.

The main goal of this diploma thesis is to make a complex analysis of breakfast cereals market in the Czech Republic in retail. The goal is accomplished by using combination of retail audit data and primary data from own research in retail. Theoretical part provides information about retail market and helps with understanding of its significant area and research methods. Research part starts with evaluation of the situation on the Czech retail market. Then the analysis is focused on breakfast cereals market where it starts on the macro level with analysing main specifics of the market such as its evolution in last years, its seasonality, evaluating the main segments, competitors and private labels. Then the analysis is aimed at the most important attributes of the market.

This study involves a measure of the variability of descendants from a cross between Ustilago hordei race 7 and race 11, on two varieties of barley, Trebi and Odessa. Components of variability were defined, statistically described and compared. Biometrical analyses uncovered the action of significant additive and non-additive genetic effects. Differential interactions between treatments and varieties revealed the existence of at least one virulence gene. Specific polygenes and the virulence gene were found to produce significant interactions with different environmental conditions. Homogeneity of variance of the genetic components of the F2 from three randomly chosen F1 dikaryotic lines demonstrated the highly homozygous condition of the parental teliospores. Covariance - variance regression analysis was used to study the dominance and epistatic differences between treatment dikaryons. There is evidence for ambidirectional dominance. The number of effective factors operating against the varieties, Trebi and Odessa, were estimated to be between 4-6 and 1-2 respectively. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Conditions are predicted to become more favorable for protein-rich crops in Northern Europe, which bring opportunities for cultivation of protein-rich crops in Sweden. This study assessed the current suitability for cultivation of protein-rich crops in Sweden based on biophysical conditions. This study defined suitability indicators with suitability conditions for each crop regarding (i) soil texture, (ii) soil pH value, (iii) vegetation period length, (iv) and soil temperatures were created, and overlayed to create suitable areas for protein-rich crops. Suitable areas and distributions were found for: common bean, faba bean, field pea, lentil, narrow-leafed lupin, quinoa, and soybean. A present and future risk analysis with wet and dry periods was carried out to find suitable areas for the crops under the risk of wet and dry periods. The study found that Sweden have the possibility to cultivate protein-rich crops to a greater extent which is shown by the distribution of suitable areas for protein-rich crop. Quinoa was found suitable to be cultivated in nearly all arable land in Sweden. In the future, there is an increase in suitable areas for protein-rich crops that are not exposed to drought. A decrease was seen in suitable areas for protein-rich crops that are not exposed to flooding.

Raw material of high quality and in sufficient quantities is of great importance to manufacturing companies. However, the availability of such raw material is often uncertain. One such important raw material is cereals because the consumption of food products containing cereals is very common. The company in this case study is a manufacturing company in the food industry that purchases cereals from external suppliers. The suppliers are required to deliver cereals that meet posed quality standards and also to deliver cereals in sufficient quantities at the right time in order not to affect the product quality during the manufacturing phase and in order not to cause unnecessary production delays. However, under the current purchasing strategy, the company encounters difficulties in meeting production demand due to shortages of the supplied cereals. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate and map the reasons for such shortcoming of the current purchasing strategy. Furthermore, since suppliers are essential for the success of an organisation, the need to develop and apply a serious vendor rating strategy, particularly with respect to the ability to deliver cereals of the right quality and quantity, has arisen. The objectives of the master thesis are to investigate why the cereal supplies do not meet the production demand under the current purchasing strategies and also to achieve mitigation of the effects that cereal supply variations have on the production process. Thus, to meet these objectives, the following two research questions are examined in this master thesis: “Why do not the cereal supplies meet production demand under the current purchasing strategies?” “Which vendor rating strategies can companies use to mitigate the effects of cereal supply variations?” The master thesis is delimited to the cereals buckwheat flour, corn flour, rice flour, sorghum flour and teff flour. Furthermore, the master thesis includes the stage vendor rating and follow up in the purchasing process of cereals. A literature review, an examination of historical data, interviews, and a focus group with employees included in the purchasing process of cereal are conducted. The purchasing process of cereals at the case study company includes the stages specification, supplier selection, contract agreement, ordering, delivery expediting, arrival control, monitoring of best before date, vendor rating, and follow up. The found reasons why the cereal supplies could not meet production demand under the current purchasing strategies are: Variations in supply and demand. The production demand fluctuates and can therefore be difficult to meet depending on the available cereal supplies.  The available choice of suppliers. The case study company face difficulties in finding suppliers that can meet the requirements.  Supplier problems. The supplier problems include late deliveries, and also that received orders do not meet the specification. The flow of information. The suppliers do not inform the company about problems with orders, making it more difficult for the company to prevent supply disruptions. The accuracy of the forecasts sent to the suppliers is low, making it difficult for the suppliers to prepare sufficient quantities of cereals.  Transportation issues. The transportation companies deliver orders too late, which cause production delays.  The vendor rating strategies that companies can use to mitigate the effects of cereal supply variations are based on a three-stage model for vendor rating, including the design, implementation and use of the vendor rating system. Companies need to adjust the vendor rating system to suit their specific business. The recommendations to the case study company consist of the additional activities that the case study company should conduct in order to follow the three-stage model for vendor rating.

The aim of the diploma thesis is study of glucans production in selected species of yeasts, algae and plants. Cultivation conditions for yeast strains were performed to gain increased production of glucans under different temperature conditions and in media of different composition. Into the set of tested yeasts species strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CCY 6646), Sporidiobolus pararoseus (CCY 19-9-6), Phaffia rhodozyma (CCY 77-1), Rhodotorula glutinis (CCY 20-78-26) and Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum (CCY 17-18-4) were enrolled. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultivated as a control strain because of its verified production of -glucans. -glucans were determinated by the enzyme kit K-YBGL Megazyme. For comparison, algal strain Euglena gracilis (CCALA 349), some species of mushrooms (shiitake, oyster mushroom, garden champignon and Jew’s ear) and cereals (wheat, rye, oats, rice and barley) were analysed too. Further, fatty acid content in the yeast cells was determined by the GC/FID. The best producer of yeast -glucans was R. glutinis CCY 20-7-26, which showed the highest biomass production (12-14 g/l) and also a relatively high amount of -glucans (25-30 %), in cultivation at 15 °C in a medium containing yeast extract in combination with ammonium sulphate. The presence of -glucans has been demonstrated in the microalgae, Euglena gracilis CCALA 349, as well as in samples of higher fungi and cereals.

Presented diploma thesis was focused on study of biologically active compounds, especially some sugars in cereal products. In experimental part the total of 29 different cereal materials, food industry waste products and natural complex matrixes (microbial polysaccharide, honey, beer) were used. As a part of this work optimization of analytical methods suitable for analysis of simple sugars, oligo- and polysaccharides was done. In cereal samples reduced and neutral sugars were analyzed spectrophotometrically and individual sugars were detected by chromatography. For HPLC/RI analysis optimal mobile phase composition and chromatography conditions were proposed. For mono- a oligosaccharides C18-NH2 sorbent, mixture acetonitril:water 75:25 as mobile phase and flow 1 ml/min were verified as suitable separation parameters. Thin layer chromatography of mono- and oligosaccharides was optimized too. Introduced chromatography and spectrophotometry methods were then applied to analysis of cereal samples. As a model sugar natural microbial polysaccharide pullulan was used to analytical method testing. In cereal products and food matrixes total neutral and reduced sugars as well as products of their acid and enzyme hydrolysis were measured. Detailed analysis of some glycoside composition was tested too. As the most usable method for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of cereal sugars HPLC/RI method was found. To detailed identification of malto-oligosacharides tandem LC/MS/MS technique using derivatization by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolon was tested too.

Presented diploma thesis was focused on study of phenolic substances in various cereal products. Flours, brans and germs from various cereals, flakes and extruded cereals were chosen as samples. Phenolic substances were analyzed by spectrophotometry, RP-HPLC/UV-VIS and RP-HPLC/PDA/ESI-MS. Studies of saccharide content which were analyzed by spectrophotometry and HPLC/RI was incorporated to this thesis. Differences in the content of phenolic substances released from glycosides after acid hydrolysis of samples and differences in saccharide content determined after acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of samples were investigated. Simple sensory analysis of extruded cereal products of different flavour (cocoa, honey, chocolate) was carried out too. In analyzed samples the highest content of total phenolics and total flavonoids was measured in wheat germs. Especially in wheat germs and also in buckwheat and oat flakes, maize brans and cereals products Teddy (cereal balls with cocoa) and Ferda (cereal grains with honey) high levels of individual catechins, phenolic acids and flavonoids were determined too. The quantity of phenolic substances increased for several times in samples processed by acid hydrolysis in comparison to non-hydrolyzed samples. The high content of total saccharides, reduced saccharides and individual mono- and disaccharides was found mainly in extruded products. Concentration of monosaccharides increased in acid hydrolyzed samples in spite of disaccharides concentration that was higher only in some of hydrolyzed samples. In several cases final disaccharide concentrations were lower in hydrolyzed samples than in non-hydrolyzed ones.