This study is called When the ice of the Arctic melts is the world defrosting? and written by Rebecca Fröling. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the concept ‘security’ is used in the Swedish arctic strategy and why the concept is described in that way. The debate of the concept ‘security’ has been going on for years, but the debate is still present today. What we put in to the concept is operative for how we regard and discuss security and security politics. To analyze the strategy I used two theories, one with a traditional approach and one with a critical approach to security: Realism and Copenhagen School. The method that has been applied to the study is qualitative content analysis, to be able to analyze the text on the depth. To complement the analysis I interviewed three scientists in the field of security and Arctic politics. The analysis pointed out that the strategy still has a traditional point of view in the way of observing the object of security. But the traditional idea is starting to disintegrate and the critical perspective has been taking its place. The scientists have a more critical perspective, even thou it does not show in the strategy.

The Department of Defense (DoD) has acknowledged climate change as a risk national security. Ongoing impacts include the loss of training and operational sites to climate hazards. Operationally, conflict and natural disasters around the world have been exacerbated by increasing heat, desertification, and flooding. Increasing average temperatures, the flagship issue of climate change, is a significant contributor to heat-illness in military personnel. This project explores the relationship between climate change and the U.S. military, ongoing efforts to evaluate and address the risk, and the overall impacts on training readiness. Measuring climate related vulnerability is a complex process. For the DoD to apply a common framework across a vast network of fundamentally different sites is an especially wicked problem. I recommend a tiered approach to iteratively narrow the focus and resources allocated to the most mission critical and at-risk sites. The process begins with a screening survey, continues to in-depth site-specific impact assessments, and ends with implementation of technical and institutional adaptations. Recent efforts by the DoD have not fully executed this process and resulting reports are resultingly insufficient. I identify a lack of consideration for heat stress on servicemembers. Using historical site data and projections, I determine that the risk of heat-illness and lost training time will increase. Leaders can use this data to plan risk mitigation efforts through changing training locations, timing, or control measures. The military must continue to adapt and overcome challenges of the coming century by using available scientific information to reduce risk during the planning process.

Climate change is increasingly recognised as a threat to security by having implications on national defence and human wellbeing. Due to the transnational nature of climate change and its security implications, intergovernmental organisations (IGO:s) have become prominent actors in addressing such risks. However, little is known about the practical management of climate security implications within IGO:s and in particular to what extent policymakers fromdifferent organisations partake in integrated governance. Thus, to contribute to this research gap, my study aims to assess the potential for integrated governance. More specifically, the integration across the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) is examined, as these are key actors within the international community which have established an agenda addressing climate security risks. The study is a content analysis of policy documents from each IGO. I investigated the potential for integrated governance by using an analytical scheme that examines preconditions, targets of policy actions and efforts of cross community interactions. The results indicate that there is potential for integrated governance between NATO and the EU and that policy makers from these IGO:s acknowledge the importance of one another in the management of climate security risks. Taken together, these results contribute to new insights on climate security governance by examining the current relevance of integration and by identifying areas for further cooperation.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:22:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Sandra Maria Galliza do Amaral Marinho.pdf: 1643151 bytes, checksum: 74fc9b5cbef2a8a248eefb65cbce256b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the last two decades, the global temperatures rise has become one of the most prominent environmental concern, albeit exists controversy regarding its causes, its intensity and its impacts on civilization. The possibility of this problem to endanger human existence and the standards of living and development achieved motivated the European Union in 2008 to recognize it as an existential threat, providing the issue with a security dimension. This dissertation aimed at understanding the European process of elevating climate change to the security realm, which Copenhagen School defines as securitization, in order to discuss the potential and limitations of this approach when applied to the environmental sector. To accomplish this goal, the European case was mapped in comparison with the historical and political context and the theory of International Relations through his speeches and relevant documentation, including media production. The starting point was the establishment of a parallel between the traditional and the widener approach of security, from which the study sought to identify the reasons and circumstances that led the European Union to securitize climate change, the guiding principles of its rhetoric and the implications of the process. The analysis of this set of factors subsidizes the reflection on the best rationality to deal with the issue: if the ordinary politics that prioritizes precautionary and cooperative practices or the security approach based on urgent and exceptional measures. / Nas duas últimas décadas, a elevação das temperaturas globais se tornou uma das mais proeminentes temáticas ambientais, ainda que entremeada por controvérsias quanto a suas causas, intensidade e impactos sobre a civilização. A possibilidade de tal problema colocar em risco a existência humana e os níveis de desenvolvimento alcançados motivou a União Europeia, em 2008, a reconhecê-lo como uma ameaça existencial, conferindo-lhe uma dimensão securitária. O presente estudo analisa esse processo, que a Escola de Copenhague define como securitização, com o objetivo de discutir os potenciais e limites de tal tratamento quando aplicado ao setor ambiental. Para tanto, o caso europeu foi mapeado, em cotejo com o contexto histórico-político e a teoria de Relações Internacionais, através de seus discursos e da documentação pertinentes, inclusive da produção midiática. Tendo como ponto de partida o estabelecimento de um paralelo entre a perspectiva tradicional e a ampliada de segurança, buscou-se identificar as razões e condições que levaram o consórcio estatal europeu a securitizar as mudanças climáticas; os eixos norteadores de sua retórica e as implicações que daí derivaram. A análise desse conjunto de fatores subsidia a reflexão sobre a melhor racionalidade para lidar com a questão: se a política ordinária que prioriza práticas voltadas para a prevenção e cooperação ou se a abordagem de segurança fundamentada em medidas urgentes e excepcionais.

[pt] A dissertação reconstrói o plano social formado em torno do debate público sobre os impactos de segurança das mudanças climáticas. Emprega para tanto o método de mapeamento de controvérsias desenvolvido por Pierre Bourdieu, que consiste no posicionamento dos agentes envolvidos no debate em um plano cartesiano, simbolizando as distâncias sociais entre os mesmos. Neste plano se cruzam um eixo horizontal, no qual os agentes são posicionados em função da caracterização que oferecem da ameaça climática (ênfase em segurança humana x ênfase em segurança geopolítica e militar), e um eixo vertical, no qual as coordenadas dos agentes são definidas a partir do tipo de medidas que advogam para o enfrentamento dos impactos de segurança do fenômeno (adaptação preventiva x adaptação reativa). Cruzando as tomadas de posição dos agentes nestes dois eixos, a pesquisa se propõe a avaliar a compatibilidade entre os resultados encontrados e os argumentos de Ulrich Beck, Didier Bigo, Jef Huysmans, Claudia Aradau e Rens Van Munster acerca dos impactos políticos do novo tipo de risco incomensurável que o fenômeno representa. Discute-se, em específico, a tese que associa a securitização das mudanças climáticas à transição de um modelo comunitarista de organização do sistema internacional rumo a um modelo centrado em um senso de pertencimento global. A dissertação tem como ambição, portanto, analisar os efeitos que as diferentes concepções de segurança climática vêm exercendo sobre a compreensão espaço-temporal moderna. Como conclusão, captura uma inclinação do debate em favor de uma concepção do global entendida como troca entre unidades particulares e uma predileção dos agentes por práticas de gerenciamento de risco. / [en] The dissertation maps the social space created around the public discussion concerning the security impacts of climate change. Pierre Bourdieu’s method of controversy mapping was applied, which consisted in positioning the agents involved in the debate on a Cartesian plane, symbolizing the social distances between them. The social map is formed by the intersection of two axes: first, the horizontal axis, in which actors are positioned according to how they frame the climate threat (emphasis on human security x emphasis on geopolitical and military security). Second, a vertical axis, in which agents are located according to the type of measures they advocate to deal with the security impacts of the phenomenon (preventive adaptation x reactive adaptation). By crossing agents’ positions in these two axes, the research tried to evaluate the consistency between its results and the arguments of Ulrich Beck, Didier Bigo, Jef Huysmans, Claudia Aradau and Rens van Munster concerning the political impacts of the new kind of unmanageable risk climate change represents. The dissertation evaluates, in particular, the hypothesis linking the securitization of climate change with the transcendence move from a communitarian international system towards a model based on a global sense of belonging. The research aimed, therefore, to analyze the effects that the different conceptions of climate security are having upon the modern understanding of space and time. As a conclusion, the dissertation identified an inclination among the analyzed agents towards a conception of the global understood as an exchange between well delineated particulars and a propensity towards practices of risk management.

Climate security is a subject that focuses on the relationship between climate change and security. Climate security is a subject that supports the notion that climate change is amplifying existing security threats as climate change is having negative impacts on societies, the natural environment, and development which worsen the situation, especially in regions that already experiencing major challenges. Climate security suggests that climate change causes insecurity by having the capacity to amplify and exacerbate existing tensions or creating new ones which ultimately may lead to armed conflict. This provides the importance to study the subject of climate security since most of the states that are predicted to be most affected by climate change are states that can be classified as volatile and prone to conflict. The thesis focuses on Sudan because the country is experiencing repeated armed conflicts within its borders while also being affected by climate change. This provides the main reason to study Sudan as more research is needed on how climate change is a threat amplifier. As climate change can be a source of insecurity in Sudan, the thesis also focuses on how the UN respond to climate insecurity to mitigate the negative consequences climate change imposes on Sudan. The thesis therefore aims to strengthen the research on how the UN as a multilateral organization responds to climate security. Qualitative method was used to interview four staff members from the UNDP, UNEP, and DPPA-DPO that are stationed both in New York and in Khartoum, Sudan. The results provided the conclusion that Sudan is experiencing internal armed conflicts between groups as an indirect consequence of climate change. The indirect pathways can be summarized as being connected to worsened socioeconomic standards and increased competition between different religious and ethnic groups over decreased natural resources. One main driver of the armed conflicts is also political instability and large amounts of armed groups through the country. This explains repeated and long conflicts that have affected the Sudanese people and hindered development in the country. The results from the interviews concluded that the UN acknowledge that climate change is a source of insecurity in Sudan and that the UN is prioritizing the topic of climate security. The work that the UN is implementing in Sudan have been focusing on climate adaptation to decrease the affects climate change has on Sudan. The interviews resulted in exposing the fact that the UN has experienced challenges to cohesively work with climate security in Sudan, as it has been challenging to work together with multiple UN organizations. Solutions to this challenge have among other things been the Climate Security Mechanism (CSM) which has increased cooperation internally. Other prioritized goals the UN has in Sudan is aiding in the establishment of a democratically elected government. The respondents highlighted that the work with climate security has paused since the military takeover in Sudan in 2021. This finding indicates indicates that the UN is having challenges with working in countries that are experiencing repeated political instability.

Le rapprochement entre dégradation environnementale et défis de sécurité s’est effectué très progressivement, même si de nombreuses divergences subsistent, en particulier sur les causes et enjeux sous-jacents de ce rapprochement. Les effets de plus en plus notables du changement climatique dans nos sociétés ont, pourtant, indirectement permis à ces questions d’opérer une percée dans l’agenda politique international. L’Union européenne, elle-même née d’un exercice réussi de prévention des conflits et leader de la protection internationale de l’environnement est-elle en mesure de contribuer à cet objectif ? Au-delà de l’urgence écologique, la sécurité environnementale porte en son sein des éléments qui pourraient en faire l’un des moteurs de la politique étrangère de l’Union européenne en contribuant à une meilleure appréhension des causes profondes et multiples des conflits, pouvant à la fois soutenir la stabilité internationale et renforcer le rôle de l’UE en tant qu’acteur global. / The link between environmental problems and risks to security is progressively gaining ground, even though diverging opinions still prevail as to the exact nature and challenges of this interaction. The increasingly visible impacts of climate change have indirectly strengthened the prominence of this issue on the international agenda. Can the European Union, born itself from a successful approach to conflict prevention and international leader for environmental protection contribute to this aim ? Beyond the immediate urgency of environmental problems, environmental security carries several elements which could turn it into a driving force for the European Union's foreign policy by an improved understanding of the actual roots and multifaceted nature of numerous conflicts. This would allow the EU to support global stability and to strengthen its role on the international scene.