The novel Agaat by Marlene van Niekerk is a highly complex text. One of the most compelling aspects of the novel is the way in which the author constructs an underlying metaphorical grid which determines the composition of the novel. The motives in the novel cannot be regarded merely as motives because specific prominent and powerful metaphors are continually exploited by variation and extension. The complicated relationship between narrative and metaphor on different levels is of great importance in the interpretation of the novel. Due to the complexity of the text, the dominant metaphors cannot be analyzed in the traditional manner. In this study I want to demonstrate that conceptual blending theory, which can be regarded as a branch of conceptual metaphor theory, offers a theoretical framework that can be used to understand the underlying cognitive functioning of the interaction between author, text and reader. This dissertation will examine the processes of blending shaped from the mottos posted at the beginning of the novel. The three mottos, the music motto, the embroidery motto and the farming motto, act throughout the novel as a backdrop against which events in the novel can be interpreted. The blending formed from these mottos merge with other metaphors in the novel in order to generate meaning. The three mottos were taken from the introductions of the FAKVolksangbundel, the embroidery book Borduur so and the Hulpboek vir boere in Suid-Afrika. The three books are used by Milla to educate and teach Agaat. She uses the books to "create" Agaat and to mould her into the person that Milla wants her to be. The mottos stress the uplifting of the people and the creation of a true Afrikaner identity. Agaat accomplishes everything that the books require of her, she becomes an expert in the areas that determine the Afrikaner identity. However, as a brown woman, she is still not considered a member of community or as a fully acceptable civilized woman. The meanings of the other important metaphor in the novel, the mirror metaphor, are also investigated extensively. The mirror plays an important role in the relationship between Milla and Agaat. The mirror is also important in Milla's confrontation with herself, especially in her experience of her illness and her acceptance of her imminent death. The mirror is also used in the depiction of the relationship between characters and the experience of each other as the "Other". The blending of the mirror metaphor and the link that can be established with the theories of Lacan are part of one of the main blendings formed from the mirror metaphor. This metaphor also interacts with the embroidery metaphor. The mirror reflects images to the characters and via the characters to the readers which enforce moral judgments about perceptions and practices. The final part of the dissertation analyses how the dominant metaphors, namely music, embroidery, farming and the mirror, blend in multiple ways in the text to create new domains of meaning. The four main metaphors also blend with secondary metaphors in the novel in order to generate meaning. One of the important secondary metaphors is the "waterhondjies". The "waterhondjies" blend with Guido Gezelle's poem "Het Schrijverke". There is also emphasis on the relationship between writing and the "waterhondjies". The blending of the caeser butterfly plays an important role in the novel as well. In the final chapter the statement is made that the metaphors and symbols in Agaat cannot merely be regarded and interpreted as traditional motives, but rather as examples of cognitive blending. The types of blending in the novel require the cooperation of the reader in all cases. The reader must, in some cases, as with the mirror metaphor and the metaphor of the "waterhondjies", identify and activate the second domain of the blend. In the case of the mottos the different domains of the blend are activated by the author and the reader only needs to provide an interpretation. At the end of the dissertation the conclusion is made that the blending theory offers a suitable method and terminology to analyze the complex processes of generating meaning in the novel. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010

Several theorists (amongst whom Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004:175) have stated that the verb (or the verbal group) is the core element in clauses and is largely responsible for the grammatical structure of language. In spite of this pivotal role that verbs fulfil in clauses, lexical specificity is rarely investigated in this class. Instead researchers prefer to investigate lexical specificity in the noun class. It is against this background that the main purpose of this study is to investigate specificity in the lexical verbs of first language (L1) English users and Black South African English (BSAE) users. In order to achieve this aim the secondary aims of the study are: to develop a framework for the analysis of lexical specificity in the lexical verb word class (ii) to compare specificity with regard to lexical verbs in L1 English and BSAE by using corpora, which allows one to firstly test the analysis framework on corpus data and secondly to determine whether or not lexical verbs in BSAE are less specific than lexical verbs in L1 English (iii) to establish the reasons for the differences in lexical specificity with regard to lexical verbs between L1 English and BSAE English. In order to achieve these aims, two corpora were used: the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (also known as LOCNESS) that consists of texts written by a subpopulation of L1 English users and the Tswana Learner English Corpus (also known as the TLE) that consists of texts written by a subpopulation of BSAE users. The results obtained in this study were interpreted from both a systemic functional perspective and a cognitive perspective. The initial quantitative results indicated that even though the BSAE users use lexical verbs (tokens) more frequently than L1 English users do, the BSAE users have fewer lexical verb lemmas (types) at their disposal than the L1 English users. Statistical tests determined that the mean type/token ratio between the two independent corpora is not only significant, but that the degree to which there is more specificity in the lexical verbs of the L1 English users than in the lexical verbs of the BSAE users is large. Due to space constraints, the qualitative part of the study focused only on the communication verbs in LOCNESS and the TLE. In order to provide an in-depth overview of the communication verbs, the communication verbs were divided into five semantic subcategories (using frequency counts and semantic considerations). They are: (i) to say something in a particular manner] (ii) to say something in order to express one’s feelings] (iii) to say something in order to convey information] (iv) to say something to someone in order to elicit a certain response] (v) to say something in response to something already said] Each of these semantic categories in turn was divided into semantic subcategories to present a detailed insight into the communication verbs employed in both LOCNESS and the TLE. In the study it was determined that there is overall more specificity in the lexical verbs of the L1 English users than in the lexical verbs of the L2 English users. It was also determined that there is overall more lexical diversity within the lexical verbs of the L1 English users. The following factors influenced the lexical specificity and lexical diversity in the corpora: (i) In cases where more general communication verbs are elaborated by verbs containing manner elaborations, the BSAE users tend not to use the more specific verbs. (ii) Communication verbs that usually play an important role in academic literacy (such as summarise and argue) are used to a lesser extent by the BSAE users than the L1 English users. (iii) In cases where a communication verb could possibly belong to another semantic category (as is the case with the verbs stress and maintain) the BSAE users tend to avoid using the verbs as communication verbs. (iv) Some communication verbs (such as demand and beg) acquired additional meanings in BSAE. (v) Some essay topics in both LOCNESS and the TLE influenced the frequencies of some communication verbs in the respective corpora. Considering the factors above, it was found that being a L2 English user means that English will not always function in the same contexts for the BSAE users as it would for the L1 English users. Therefore the vocabulary of the BSAE users will only be specific and diversified in those semantic categories needed to function in certain contexts. Consequently, the findings of this study can be used to contribute to the development of pedagogical material in academic literacy courses being presented to BSAE users to create an awareness of the variation in English and all the contexts in which it can function. The findings can also be of value to researchers in the fields of lexicography and computational linguistics. / Thesis (M.A. (English))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

Several theorists (amongst whom Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004:175) have stated that the verb (or the verbal group) is the core element in clauses and is largely responsible for the grammatical structure of language. In spite of this pivotal role that verbs fulfil in clauses, lexical specificity is rarely investigated in this class. Instead researchers prefer to investigate lexical specificity in the noun class. It is against this background that the main purpose of this study is to investigate specificity in the lexical verbs of first language (L1) English users and Black South African English (BSAE) users. In order to achieve this aim the secondary aims of the study are: to develop a framework for the analysis of lexical specificity in the lexical verb word class (ii) to compare specificity with regard to lexical verbs in L1 English and BSAE by using corpora, which allows one to firstly test the analysis framework on corpus data and secondly to determine whether or not lexical verbs in BSAE are less specific than lexical verbs in L1 English (iii) to establish the reasons for the differences in lexical specificity with regard to lexical verbs between L1 English and BSAE English. In order to achieve these aims, two corpora were used: the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (also known as LOCNESS) that consists of texts written by a subpopulation of L1 English users and the Tswana Learner English Corpus (also known as the TLE) that consists of texts written by a subpopulation of BSAE users. The results obtained in this study were interpreted from both a systemic functional perspective and a cognitive perspective. The initial quantitative results indicated that even though the BSAE users use lexical verbs (tokens) more frequently than L1 English users do, the BSAE users have fewer lexical verb lemmas (types) at their disposal than the L1 English users. Statistical tests determined that the mean type/token ratio between the two independent corpora is not only significant, but that the degree to which there is more specificity in the lexical verbs of the L1 English users than in the lexical verbs of the BSAE users is large. Due to space constraints, the qualitative part of the study focused only on the communication verbs in LOCNESS and the TLE. In order to provide an in-depth overview of the communication verbs, the communication verbs were divided into five semantic subcategories (using frequency counts and semantic considerations). They are: (i) to say something in a particular manner] (ii) to say something in order to express one’s feelings] (iii) to say something in order to convey information] (iv) to say something to someone in order to elicit a certain response] (v) to say something in response to something already said] Each of these semantic categories in turn was divided into semantic subcategories to present a detailed insight into the communication verbs employed in both LOCNESS and the TLE. In the study it was determined that there is overall more specificity in the lexical verbs of the L1 English users than in the lexical verbs of the L2 English users. It was also determined that there is overall more lexical diversity within the lexical verbs of the L1 English users. The following factors influenced the lexical specificity and lexical diversity in the corpora: (i) In cases where more general communication verbs are elaborated by verbs containing manner elaborations, the BSAE users tend not to use the more specific verbs. (ii) Communication verbs that usually play an important role in academic literacy (such as summarise and argue) are used to a lesser extent by the BSAE users than the L1 English users. (iii) In cases where a communication verb could possibly belong to another semantic category (as is the case with the verbs stress and maintain) the BSAE users tend to avoid using the verbs as communication verbs. (iv) Some communication verbs (such as demand and beg) acquired additional meanings in BSAE. (v) Some essay topics in both LOCNESS and the TLE influenced the frequencies of some communication verbs in the respective corpora. Considering the factors above, it was found that being a L2 English user means that English will not always function in the same contexts for the BSAE users as it would for the L1 English users. Therefore the vocabulary of the BSAE users will only be specific and diversified in those semantic categories needed to function in certain contexts. Consequently, the findings of this study can be used to contribute to the development of pedagogical material in academic literacy courses being presented to BSAE users to create an awareness of the variation in English and all the contexts in which it can function. The findings can also be of value to researchers in the fields of lexicography and computational linguistics. / Thesis (M.A. (English))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

This diploma thesis deals with so-called conceptual metaphors' use in the Czech advertising discourse. The first section of the theoretical part is devoted to advertising and characteristic features of advertising. The second section concentrates on theory of metaphor and introduces readers to cognitive linguistics and one of its objects of interest, conceptual metaphor. In the practical part of the thesis are presented results of analysis concentrating on distribution of conceptual metaphors in advertising texts promoting among others drinks, food, dry goods, fashion, cars and financial products.

Submitted by ALEXANDRE BUENO SANTA MARIA null (prof.alesantamaria@gmail.com) on 2017-10-17T07:16:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTA MARIA A. B. - Dissertação - Versão Final PDF.pdf: 1175339 bytes, checksum: e6056b07d15debeeb7d390c6f06337dc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-18T19:34:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santamaria_ab_me_arafcl.pdf: 1175339 bytes, checksum: e6056b07d15debeeb7d390c6f06337dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T19:34:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santamaria_ab_me_arafcl.pdf: 1175339 bytes, checksum: e6056b07d15debeeb7d390c6f06337dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / O presente trabalho estuda uso de anglicismos no domínio discursivo da Administração de Empresas. A investigação conduzida tem seu foco no fato de que alguns termos em inglês têm traduções consolidadas e bem aceitas pelos falantes brasileiros, e outros, simplesmente, são utilizados em sua forma nativa, com ortografia, sentido e, muitas vezes, pronúncia originais. A escolha do tema foi motivada pela experiência do autor como discente no curso de MBA em Gestão Empresarial. Nesse contexto, tanto nas interações em sala de aula com professores e colegas, quanto em contato com a bibliografia da área, constatou-se que há grande influência da cultura norte-americana nas práticas gerenciais atuais e, consequentemente, da língua inglesa na literatura correlata. Ademais, em levantamento bibliográfico acerca do tema desta dissertação, foram encontrados artigos de periódicos, dissertações de mestrado e teses de doutorado, na área da Linguística, que contemplavam os domínios discursivos de Jornalismo, Informática e Economia, entre outros, mas foi constatada a uma lacuna no que se refere à Administração de Empresas. O arcabouço teórico que sustenta este trabalho está fundamentado na visão cognitivista de língua, que a entende como um sistema simbólico que serve à interação humana e a considera um sistema adaptativo complexo. Nesta dissertação apresentamos reflexões sobre o uso de dez anglicismos no contexto da Administração. As análises, de maneira geral, endossam a teoria de que essas palavras se fizeram presentes no português para suprir necessidades comunicativas interacionais de seus falantes. Na perspectiva de língua como sistema adaptativo complexo, percebemos que os atratores economia e sentido servem de agente motivador de uso de todos os itens estudados. Em decorrência desses atratores, há benefícios no fator ergonomia, já que os anglicismos tornam a comunicação mais fluida e amigável, à medida que limpam do texto explicações excessivas e elementos como remissões ou notas de rodapé. Outro ponto marcante destas reflexões foi a observação do fato de que, nesse domínio, na maioria das vezes, os anglicismos chegam ao português pela classe dos substantivos, e costumam denominar processos. Desse modo, o esquema de imagem de CONTÊINER (CONTAINER), se mostrou muito produtivo em vários casos. Este estudo encontrou legitimação linguística para não apenas para o uso de anglicismos, mas de empréstimos e estrangeirismos de qualquer origem, não apenas no domínio da Administração, mas no português como um todo. Apesar de existirem, em alguns momentos, razões culturais e ideológicas para a escolha de palavras, este trabalho trouxe como contribuição a constatação de que, no uso real da língua, o falante busca, acima de outras coisas, assegurar a informatividade de seus enunciados, e para isso, recorre, quando necessário, a empréstimos e estrangeirismos. / This dissertation studies the use of anglicisms (English loanwords used in texts written in Portuguese) in the discursive field of Business Administration. This research is focuses on the fact that some English terms have translations that are well accepted by Brazilian speakers, and others are simply used in their native forms. The choice of subject was motivated by the author's experience as an MBA student. In this context, both in classroom interactions with professors and peers, as well as in the literature of the area, it was found that there is great influence of American culture on current management practices and hence the English language. In addition, in the literature concerning the theme of this dissertation, we have found journal articles, dissertations and doctoral theses in the field of linguistics, which contemplated the discursive fields of journalism, computer science and economics, among others, but there was a gap in regard to Business Administration. The theoretical framework that supports this work is based on the cognitive view of language. It approaches language a symbolic system that underpins human interactions and considers it a complex adaptive system. In this research, we present reflections on the use of ten anglicisms in the context of management. The analysis, in general, endorses the theory that these words were used in Portuguese to meet interactional communicative needs of its speakers. From the perspective of language as a complex adaptive system, we realize that the attractors economy and meaning serve as motivators to use all studied items. As a result of these attractors, there are benefits in text ergonomics, since the anglicisms make communication more fluid and reader-friendly, once they make excessive explanations and text elements as references or footnotes unnecessary. Another remarkable point of these reflections was the observation of the fact that, in this area, most of the time, the anglicisms play the role of nouns, and often refer to management processes. Thus, the image schema of CONTAINER proved to be very productive in several cases. This study found linguistic legitimacy not only for the use of anglicisms, but loanwords from any other language, not just in the field of Busines Administration, but in the Portuguese language as a whole. Although there are, at times, cultural and ideological reasons for the choice of words, this work brought as a contribution the realization that, in actual use of the language, speakers seeks, above other things, to ensure the informativeness of statements, and for that reason, they resort to loanwords when necessary.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:06:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NelsonFSJ_DISSERT.pdf: 3337475 bytes, checksum: 226e09b5130058ff2165989ac30f42d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / There is still a lot to be said about the relationship between culture, cognition and language. Within an embodied cognition perspective to language, it may be understood that the senses generated and used in discourse are built and negotiated not only linguistically, since they also involve stereotypes, schemes, frames, etc. These cognitive structures, in turn, would emerge from subjects experiences and interactions with a sociohistorically constituted environment. With that in mind, what would happen if someone had an altered view in the perception of such environment? The objective of this master s thesis was to understand the process of meaning construction, aiming at the activation of frames, in the discourse of people who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic and have been hospitalized, that is, individuals who have their socio-environmental perception affected. With that aim in mind, a speech corpus was generated with three schizophrenic patients from Professor Severino Lopes Psychiatric Hospital. The data were collected and analyzed qualitatively, based on the theoretical and analytical premises of Cognitive Linguistics, more specifically, of Simulation Semantic perspective. Therefore, it was possible to identify aspects related to meaning construction processes in the discourse of schizophrenic patients, understanding that language is integrated with cognition and culture. Therefore, the alteration in the way experiences are perceived by schizophrenic patients affect the linguistic production of these subjects. Finally, if we take into consideration that the mental disturbance caused by schizophrenia results in a change in perception of reality by these individuals, we can infer an implication of such factors in language and, subsequently, the interference of such issues in the meaning construction processes in the discourse of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia / Muito ainda h? para se compreender acerca das rela??es entre cultura, cogni??o e linguagem. Tendo como ponto de partida a perspectiva corporificada da linguagem, podese perceber que os sentidos gerados e utilizados nas produ??es discursivas s?o constru?dos e negociados n?o apenas linguisticamente, um vez que envolvem tamb?m estere?tipos, esquemas, frames etc. Por sua vez, essas estruturas cognitivas adviriam das experi?ncias e intera??es dos sujeitos inseridos num ambiente s?cio-historicamente constru?do. Tendo isso em mente, o que ocorreria caso algu?m tivesse uma altera??o na percep??o desse ambiente? Esta disserta??o teve como objetivo a compreens?o de processos de constru??o do sentido, tendo em vista a ativa??o de frames, na fala de pessoas diagnosticadas como esquizofr?nicas em situa??o de interna??o, isto ?, indiv?duos que t?m um afetamento na percep??o de seu entorno social. Visando tal foco, gerou-se um corpus da fala de tr?s pacientes com esquizofrenia, internos do Hospital Psiqui?trico Professor Severino Lopes, sob uma abordagem metodol?gica qualitativa de pesquisa, utilizando-se dos pressupostos te?ricos e anal?ticos da Lingu?stica Cognitiva, mais especificamente da perspectiva da Simula??o Sem?ntica. Vislumbra-se, portanto, a compreens?o de aspectos relacionados aos processos de constru??o do sentido na fala de pessoas com esquizofrenia, entendendo-se que a linguagem est? integrada ? cogni??o e ? cultura. Ent?o, a altera??o na maneira como as experi?ncias s?o percebidas afetam a produ??o lingu?stica. Por fim, entendendo que a desestrutura??o mental ocasionada pela afeta??o esquizofr?nica acarreta numa mudan?a nos modos de percep??o da realidade pelo indiv?duo, pode-se inferir a implica??o desses fatores para com a linguagem e, subsequentemente, a interfer?ncia de tais quest?es sobre o sentido na fala de pacientes diagnosticados com esquizofrenia

Reconhecendo a pluralidade das representações acerca dos relacionamentos amorosos, o presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar o conceito de amor existente em produção impressa, averiguando se há uma forma de relacionar-se privilegiada atualmente por instrumento midiático voltado para a juventude. Para tanto, conta com as contribuições da Linguística Cognitiva, em especial da Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual (Lakoff e Johnson, 1980 e 1999; Kövecses, 2000, 2002 e 2005), estabelecendo um diálogo desta com estudos da Sociologia e da Antropologia (Giddens, 1993; Bauman, 2001, 2004 e 2005; Almeida e Tracy, 2003; Araújo e Castro; 1977; Rezende e Coelho, 2010, entre outros) que têm como foco as emoções e/ou os relacionamentos amorosos. Anteriormente contemplada como mero ornamento da linguagem, a metáfora passa a ser considerada um fenômeno cognitivo, fruto das experiências compartilhadas por um determinado grupo de pessoas. Desse modo, seu estudo possibilita um melhor entendimento sobre os seres humanos e seus sentimentos, e auxilia a enxergar criticamente como grupos sociais enquadram o mundo. No processo de análise das metáforas e dos modos de conceptualização do amor, foram fundamentais os estudos sócio-antropológicos mencionados, os quais permitiram uma visualização mais ampla dos comportamentos amorosos contemporâneos. O corpus foi constituído por artigos da Revista Capricho, selecionados durante doze meses, que trataram sobre relacionamentos amorosos. Nas edições consideradas, as metáforas indicavam, em sua maioria, a conceptualização do amor a partir de um negócio e de uma viagem, confirmando a visão de uma sociedade pautada pelas relações de mercado e utilitarista, assim como o imperativo do movimento ao que os jovens, em especial, encontram-se submetidos. Houve também espaço para outras conceptualizações, nas quais, igualmente, os relacionamentos se mostram fluidos, imediatistas, com validade até o momento em que houver conveniência. Assumir um compromisso significaria abrir mão de um prazer imediato e da liberdade individual em função do outro, um risco muito grande, que não vale a pena a ser corrido diante da incerteza do futuro / Admitting the diversity of representations on loving relationships, this study aims to determine the concept of love that exists in press materials, mainly magazines, checking if there is a kind of relationship privileged nowadays in media projects for youngsters. In order to achieve this, it counts on the contributions of Cognitive Linguistics, particularly the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980 e 1999; Kövecses, 2000, 2002 e 2005), establishing a dialogue with studies of Sociology and Anthropology (Giddens, 1993; Bauman, 2001, 2004 and 2005; Almeida and Tracy, 2003; Araújo and Castro, 1977, Rezende and Coelho, 2010, among others) that focus on the emotions and / or romantic relationships. Previously beheld as a mere ornament of language, metaphor is now considered a cognitive phenomenon, the result of the experiences shared by a certain group of people. Thus, studying this phenomenon provides a better understanding of human beings and their feelings, as well as it helps to perceive critically how social groups frame the world. During the process of the analysis of the metaphors and also the ways of conceptualizing love, the socio-anthropological studies mentioned before were fundamental, allowing a greater visualization of contemporary loving behaviors. The corpus comprises articles from Capricho Magazine. They were selected during a twelve-month period. These articles dealt with love relationships. On the magazine issues considered, this work found out that, in most cases, the metaphors indicated that love was conceptualized as a business and as a trip, confirming the vision of a society ruled by market relations and utilitarianism, as well as the imperative of the movement to which young people are submitted. There was also room for other conceptualizations, which also showed that the relationships are fluid, immediate, and useful until the time it is convenient. Accepting commitment would mean to give up an immediate pleasure and individual freedom for the other and it is not worth the risk due to the uncertainty of the future

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo buscar uma rede polissêmica para a preposição alemã über. Esta dissertação insere-se nos estudos de semântica cognitiva, mais precisamente nas pesquisas de polissemia. Para a semântica cognitiva, há polissemia quando um mesmo item lexical tem diferentes significados que são necessariamente relacionados e formam um continuum. O modelo utilizado para a análise da rede semântica é o método de Polissemia Sistemática que os pesquisadores Andrea Tyler e Vyvyan Evans (2003) desenvolveram para o estudo das preposições de língua inglesa. Neste estudo os autores definem critérios para encontrar o sentido primário de uma preposição a partir do qual são gerados os demais sentidos. Por meio desses critérios, o modelo de Tyler e Evans pôde ser adaptado para estabelecer a rede polissêmica da preposição alemã über. A fim de determinar quais sentidos fazem parte da rede semântica de über, foi feito um levantamento de suas acepções em gramáticas e dicionários de língua alemã. Após este levantamento, utilizamos os critérios propostos por Tyler e Evans para montar a rede semântica de über. Por fim, foi constituído um corpus formado por textos de jornais alemães, para atestar se esses sentidos são realmente correntes e observar se há novos usos da preposição über que ainda não foram incorporados aos dicionários. / The aim of the present research is to find a polysemous network for the German preposition über. This work pertains in the studies of Cognitive Semantics, more precisely in the research of polysemy. For the cognitive semantics, polysemy is when the same lexical item has different meanings which are necessarily related and form a continuum. The model used for the analysis of the semantic network is the method of Principled Polysemy that researchers Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans (2003) developed for the study of prepositions in English. In this study the authors define criteria for finding the primary sense of a preposition from which the other senses are generated. By means of these criteria, the model of Tyler and Evans could be adapted to establish the polysemous network of the German preposition über. In order to determine which senses are part of the semantic network of über, a survey was made of its meanings in grammars and dictionaries of the German language. After this survey, we used the criteria proposed by Tyler and Evans to build the semantic network of über. Finally, it was constituted a corpus composed of texts from German newspapers, to attest that these meanings are really current and observe whether there are new uses of the preposition über not yet incorporated into the dictionaries.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-22T18:11:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 monicamonkenvelloso.pdf: 1014732 bytes, checksum: 8d029d560a0cfa41897994455192f060 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-22T21:40:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 monicamonkenvelloso.pdf: 1014732 bytes, checksum: 8d029d560a0cfa41897994455192f060 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T21:40:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 monicamonkenvelloso.pdf: 1014732 bytes, checksum: 8d029d560a0cfa41897994455192f060 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-14 / O presente estudo tem como objeto a Construção Modal com o Verbo dar, que pode ser observada em: “eles vão tirar o tumor que tá pressionando o coração, daí vai dar pra ler seu nome escrito lá”. Pretende-se investigar como o processo de gramaticalização desta Construção vem se desenvolvendo no Português do Brasil. Toma-se aqui um fio de Ariadne trançado a partir das concepções de linguagem, cognição, gramática e uso fornecidos pela Lingüística Cognitiva, pela Gramática das Construções e pelos Modelos de Linguagem Baseados no Uso. A investigação é feita através de análise de freqüências da língua em uso: dados de interação oral e escrita (on-line via Internet); além desta análise, foram coletadas variadas ocorrências em gêneros textuais diversos. O estudo demonstra ser, a Construção Modal com dar, uma nova construção, por sua presença minoritária entre as modais encontradas e por ser ainda rara em gêneros textuais não-oralizados. Além disso, aponta para a predominância de usos da Modalidade de Raiz sobre as outras categorias modais. Foi possível também demonstrar as fases do processo de gramaticalização/idiomatização da Modal com dar, que demonstrou ser uma Construção em processo de idiomatização. / The present study aims to investigate the process of grammaticalization of the Modal Construction with the verb dar (to give) in Brazilian Portuguese: “they will remove the tumor that is pressuring the heart, and it will give to read (it will be possible to read) your name written there”. Following the Ariadne’s thread braided from the conceptions of language, cognition, grammar and use provided for Cognitive Linguistics, the Construction Grammar and the Usage Based Models of Language, we conducted a study of frequencies over data of the language in use: speech data and written data from interactions on-line via Internet and we also collected samples from different discourse data. The study demonstrates that the modal construction with dar (to give) is a new construction, for the minority occurrence of such modal construction especially in written discourse. Moreover, the survey shows that the Root Modality is predominant. It was also possible to follow the paths of the ongoing construction’s grammaticalization process.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-25T11:08:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 igordeoliveiracosta.pdf: 584668 bytes, checksum: 38d7187252785bd541b9fc96ddfacb3b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-25T13:29:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 igordeoliveiracosta.pdf: 584668 bytes, checksum: 38d7187252785bd541b9fc96ddfacb3b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T13:29:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 igordeoliveiracosta.pdf: 584668 bytes, checksum: 38d7187252785bd541b9fc96ddfacb3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-31 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Este trabalho tem como objeto a Construção Superlativa de Expressão Corporal (Construção SEC) (“solteirona e toda virgem, ignorava machezas, quase morreu de vergonha numa tarde de conversas”; “Padre Dito quase estourou de rir”; “O Lúcio rolou de rir com a explicação, e como consequência acabou virando a vítima e a cobaia do seminário”), um elo da grande rede de construções do Português denominadas por Miranda (2008a) como Construções Superlativas. Tendo como enfoque teórico a Linguística Cognitiva (FAUCONNIER, 1997; FAUCONNIER E TURNER, 2002; FILLMORE, 1977, 1982; FILLMORE E ATKINS, 1992; JOHNSON, 1987; LAKOFF, 1987, 1993; LAKOFF E JOHNSON, 1980, 1999; MIRANDA, 2002, 2008a, 2008b; SALOMÃO, 2002, 2008; dentre outros) e, mais especificamente, o seu Modelo Baseado no Uso da Gramática das Construções (CROFT AND CRUSE, 2004; GOLDBERG, 1995; LAKOFF, 1987; PERINI, 2001, 2008; TOMASELLO, 2003[1999]), propõe-se a descrição dos padrões formais e do valor semânticopragmático emergentes nas ocorrências dessa construção. Dado o relevo do uso no modelo teórico-analítico adotado, opta-se metodologicamente pela Linguística de Corpus (ALUÍSIO E ALMEIDA, 2006; SARDINHA, 2000, 2004), devido à possibilidade de se trabalhar com uma grande massa de dados naturais e de se verificar o grau de convencionalização/gramaticalização e produtividade da construção em foco (GOLDBERG, 1995). O corpus utilizado para pesquisa é o Corpus do Português (DAVIES E FERREIRA, 2006), composto por quarenta e cinco milhões de palavras, distribuídas em textos que perpassam os séculos XIV-XX. Partindo do trabalho de Sampaio (2007) em que parte da Construção SEC foi analisada dentro dos limites do campo metafórico da “morte” (morrer de rir, morrer de medo), nossas análises ampliam tal estudo, investigando a produtividade dessa rede (frequência de types) e a natureza do desencontro ou discrepância semântico e sintático (o fenômeno do mismatch) que institui, sincronicamente, seu padrão. Tal padrão – [Xv de YN/V] – tem em X um verbo (chorar de, rolar de, morrer de, se acabar de, se arrebentar de...) que representa o impacto físico ou fisiológico desencadeado pelo excesso de Y, um SN (de medo, de tristeza) ou um SV (de rir, de estudar). Nossas análises apontam ainda para: (1) a convencionalização da Construção SEC, que instancia, nos corpora investigados, 19 diferentes types; (2) a articulação do esquema imagético da Imposição de Forças (JOHNSON, 1987) – que, por sua vez, impõe uma Dinâmica de Forças (TALMY, 2000) –, a noção de Causalidade (LAKOFF E JOHNSON, 2002[1980]; TOMASELLO, 2003[1999]) e as metáforas primárias “Causa É Força Física” e “Intensidade É Escala” (LAKOFF E JOHNSON, 1999) como bases conceptuais do padrão construcional discutido; (3) a reanálise semântica do elemento X (verbos que suscitam os frames de impacto físico ou fisiológico) como um Operador Escalar, alinhando-se com outras construções canônicas existentes no Português, no frame de Escala Superlativa; (4) o uso pragmático da construção como estratégia argumentativa pertinente a contextos discursivos em que o falante/escritor possui maior liberdade de expressão subjetiva; e (5) a centralidade de processos figurativos na instituição de padrões gramaticais. / This paper focuses at the Superlative Construction of Body Expression (SEC Construction) (“solteirona e toda virgem, ignorava machezas, quase morreu de vergonha numa tarde de conversas”; “Padre Dito quase estourou de rir”; “O Lúcio rolou de rir com a explicação, e como consequência acabou virando a vítima e a cobaia do seminário”), a major link in the network of constructions of Portuguese named by Miranda (2008a) as Superlative Constructions. Having as theoretical basis the Cognitive Linguistics (FAUCONNIER, 1997; FAUCONNIER AND TURNER, 2002; FILLMORE, 1977, 1982; FILLMORE AND ATKINS, 1992; JOHNSON, 1987; LAKOFF, 1987, 1993; LAKOFF AND JOHNSON, 1980, 1999; MIRANDA, 2002, 2008a, 2008b; SALOMÃO, 2002, 2008; among others) and, more specifically, its Usage-based Model of Construction Grammar (CROFT AND CRUSE, 2004; GOLDBERG, 1995; LAKOFF, 1987; PERINI, 2001, 2008; TOMASELLO, 2003[1999]), it aims at the description of formal standards and the semanticpragmatic value emerging from the occurrences of this construction. Given the amount of use in the theoretical and analytical model adopted, the Corpus Linguistics (ALUÍSIO E ALMEIDA, 2006; SARDINHA, 2000, 2004) was the methodological approach chosen due to the possibility of working with a large mass of natural data and verification of the degree of conventionalization/grammaticalization and productivity of the construction focused (GOLDBERG, 1995). The corpus used for this research is the Corpus do Português (DAVIES AND FERREIRA, 2006), composed of forty-five million words, allocated in texts that pervade the XIV-XX centuries. Based on the work of Sampaio (2007), in which part of the SEC Construction was analyzed within the limits of the metaphorical field of "death" (morrer de rir, morrer de medo), our analysis extend such study, investigating the productivity of this network (frequency of types) and the nature of the semantic and syntactic disagreement or discrepancy (the phenomenon of mismatch) that establishes, synchronously, its pattern. This pattern – [Xv de YN/V] – has a verb as the X (chorar de, rolar de, morrer de, se acabar de, se arrebentar de...) that stands for the physical or physiological impact triggered by the excess of Y, a NP (de medo, de tristeza) or a VP (de rir, de estudar). Yet, our analysis points to: (1) a conventionalization of the SEC Construction, which instantiates 19 different types in the corpora investigated, (2) the articulation of the image schema of the Compulsion (JOHNSON, 1987) – which, in turn, requires the Force Dynamics (TALMY, 2000) –, the notion of Causality (LAKOFF AND JOHNSON, 2002[1980]; TOMASELLO, 2003[1999]) and the primary metaphors Causes Are Physical Forces and Intensity Is Scale (LAKOFF E JOHNSON, 1999) as conceptual basis of the constructional standard discussed; (3) the semantic reanalysis of X (verbs that raise the frames of physical or physiological impact) as a Scalar Operator, aligning itself with other canonical structures present in Portuguese, in the frame of Superlative Scale; (4) the pragmatic use of the construction as an argumentative strategy relevant to discursive contexts in which the speaker/writer has more freedom of subjective expression; and (5) the centrality of figurative processes in the institution of grammatical patterns.