Pastarąjį dešimtmetį daugiabučių namų atnaujinimo (modernizavimo) efektyvumas tampa vis aktualesne problema. Apie efektyvumą dažnai kalbama neobjektyviai, atsižvelgiant tik į sumažėjusias šildymo sąskaitas. Taigi visuomenės požiūriu natūraliai kyla klausimas, ar visi atnaujinimo projektai yra ekonomiškai efektyvūs. Šio darbo tikslas – išsamiai susipažinti su daugiabučių namų atnaujinimo procesu Lietuvoje ir, išnagrinėjus jau įgyvendintų atnaujinimo projektų stebėsenos analizių duomenis, nustatyti efektyviausias atnaujinimo priemones ir priemonių derinius. Baigiamąjį darbą sudaro įvadas, trys skyriai ir išvados bei pasiūlymai. Pirmame, literatūros analizės, skyriuje aptariamas Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių daugiabučių namų atnaujinimo aktualumas, atnaujinimo ir jo efektyvumo vertinimo galimybės bei metodai. Antrame skyriuje apžvelgiama būsto atnaujinimo situacija Lietuvoje, šiuo metu vykstantis atnaujinimo procesas ir jo plėtros kryptys. Trečiame skyriuje atliekami empiriniai būsto atnaujinimo efektyvumo tyrimai. Pirmoje tyrimų dalyje, taikant daugiakriterius SAW, COPRAS ir TOPSIS metodus, nustatoma racionaliausia atnaujinimo priemonė. Antroje dalyje atliekamas analitinis būsto atnaujinimo priemonių efektyvumo tyrimas, naudojantis modernizuotų pastatų stebėsenos rezultatais 2009–2010m. laikotarpiu. Nagrinėjant sistemingai parinktų 10 projektų duomenis, nustatomos efektyviausios atnaujinimo priemonės, efektyviausi atnaujinimo priemonių deriniai, sėkmingiausi modernizacijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Over the last decade, multi-apartment renovation (modernization) is becoming a significant problem. The efficiency is mostly discussed as a reduced heating bills. Naturally the question for the society arises whether all renewal projects are cost – effective. The aim of this work is to discuss economic evaluation indicators, to determine the most effective methods of renewal and method combinations. This work consists of an introduction, three chapters and the conclusions with recommendations. The first section – literature analysis, which analyzes the Lithuanian and foreign counties renovation process and its relevance. The second chapter provides an overview of the renovation situation in Lithuania and its future development. In the third chapter the empirical housing renovation efficiency research is conducted. In first part of research using multicriteria SAW, and TOPSIS COPRAS methods, the most rational way of renewal is determined. In the second part using housing renovation monitoring results of 2009 and 2010 period, the analytical housing renewal study is performed to identify the most effective way of renewal. Analysis of 10 projects data helps to determine the most effective methods of renewal and method combinations. The work is based on the Lithuanian and foreign scientific publications, the experience of EU countries renewal process, housing and urban development agency (now – home energy conservation agency) developed monitoring reports. Expert interviews... [to full text]

Mixing ages in school classes became more and more common during the last dec-ades of the 20th century. From being a way to organise classes out of necessity they have now come to be something which is implemented on the basis of pedagogical arguments. The aim of this research has been to improve our knowledge of classes where pupils are not of the same age. A study of the pupils’ perspectives has been my main interest. (Age) homogeneous class can been looked upon as a result of the authorities’ deci-sion to have a fixed age for children to start school and their decision that certain courses should be completed within a defined period of time. Terms and the data concerning heterogeneous age groupings are ambiguous and cannot be fully understood without knowledge of national and sometimes even local contexts. Practices within age heterogeneous classes may differ greatly. A great deal of individual work takes place in age heterogeneous classes. Whether the class is non-mixed or mixed-aged does not seem to have a major im-pact on cognitive or non-cognitive abilities among the pupils, but there are suggestions that age heterogeneous classes might be disadvantageous to pupils in problematic situations. I am able to show that more than 30% of pupils in grades 1-3, close to 25% in grades 4-5, about 15% in grade 6 and a couple of percent of Swedish pupils in the later school years are taught in mixed-age groups. My own empirical research focuses on pupils’ experiences. My investigation has a ‘life-world’ oriented approach inspired by phenomenology. Pupils in grades 5 and 6 from three schools in three different socio-economic settings were interviewed. These pupils had experienced both mixed-age and single-age classes. The life-world of pupils seems to be something different from that encompassed by the philosophy about the advantages of mixing the ages in classes. Pupils find it diffi-cult to maintain or create relationships when only a few pupils of the same sex, who have started school at the same time, can be together in a class for a long time. Be-cause of the importance of social relationships almost every pupil in this investigation wished to be in a single-age class during the following year. It is the importance of common experiences rather than age that is central. Pupils stated that having things in common to study in their everyday schoolwork makes it easier to communicate and contributes to stable friendships. In my conclusion I focus on what it means to have relationships and how these are important for human identity. I also try to show how relationships are important in learning situations at school and for pupils’ opportunities to expand their knowledge. / digitalisering@umu

Résumé Introduction L’amlodipine et l’atorvastatine offrent des avantages thérapeutiques au-delà de leur indication primaire, soit la réduction de la pression artérielle et des lipides sanguins, respectivement. L’amlodipine induit l’apoptose des cellules de muscle lisse vasculaire (CMLV) in vivo, contribuant à la régression de l'hypertrophie aortique chez le rat spontanément hypertendu (SHR). L'atorvastatine induit l’apoptose des CMLV in vitro, un effet proportionnel à la dose. Toutefois, cet effet reste à être démontré in vivo. Nous postulons que l’atorvastatine induira la régression de l’hypertrophie aortique via l’apoptose des CMLV chez le SHR, et que la combinaison de l’amlodipine et de l’atorvastatine aura un effet synergique sur la régression de l’hypertrophie aortique via l’apoptose des CMLV chez le SHR. Méthodologie L’amlodipine et l’atorvastatine ont été administrées à des SHR âgés de 11 semaines durant trois ou six semaines, individuellement ou en combinaison. Les points principaux à l'étude étaient le remodelage vasculaire et la pression artérielle. La fragmentation et le contenu en ADN, le stress oxydant, le taux de cholestérol et les niveaux de nitrates ont aussi été mesurés. Résultats Lorsque l’atorvastatine a été administrée seule, une diminution significative du stress oxydant et de la pression artérielle a été observée après trois et six semaines de traitement, respectivement. Par contre, aucune différence n’a pu être décelée quant au remodelage vasculaire. L'amlodipine a réduit la pression artérielle et l'hypertrophie aortique de façon dépendante de la dose. Une diminution significative de l'hyperplasie a été détectée après trois semaines de traitement avec la combinaison, et après six semaines avec une faible dose d'amlodipine. Conclusion Nos résultats ne supportent pas l'hypothèse que l'atorvastatine induit l'apoptose des CMLV in vivo. Par contre, lorsque combinée à l'amlodipine, elle pourrait ajouter un bénéfice supplémentaire au niveau de la réduction de l'hyperplasie aortique. / Abstract Background and purpose Antihypertensive drugs such as the calcium channel blocker (CCB) amlodipine and cholesterol lowering agents such as statins exhibit pleiotropic effects. Amlodipine reduces aortic hypertrophy and hyperplasia in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) by inducing a transient wave of apoptosis. Atorvastatin induces apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) in vitro, independently of cholesterol synthesis, an effect that remains to be shown in vivo. The present studies were designed to test the hypothesis that atorvastatin can induce vascular remodeling by VSMC apoptosis in vivo in SHR, and to test whether combined therapy with low dose amlodipine would provide synergistic effects on regression of aortic hypertrophy. Experimental approach 11-week old SHR were given atorvastatin and amlodipine, alone or in combination, for three or six weeks. Primary end-points were vascular remodeling and blood pressure. Secondary end-points included DNA fragmentation and content in the aorta, oxidative stress, cholesterol and serum total nitrite and nitrate (NOx) concentrations. Key results Treatment with atorvastatin did not modify vascular structure, although it significantly reduced oxidative stress after three weeks and blood pressure after six weeks. Amlodipine dose-dependently reduced blood pressure and aortic hypertrophy. Significant reduction of cellular hyperplasia was reached after 6 weeks with a low dose of amlodipine alone or after 3 weeks when atorvastatin was combined with low dose amlodipine. Conclusions and implications Our results do not support the notion that atorvastatin induces VSMC apoptosis in vivo, although the data suggest a possible interaction with amlodipine in reducing VSMC hyperplasia in the hypertensive aorta.

Title: Qualitative analysis of cooperation of back court player and line player on the 9th Men's "18" European Championship in Brno. Objectives: Qualitative analysis of the attacking combinations between back court player and line player on the 9th Men's "18" European Championship 2008 in Brno, finding out the space distribution of these combinations and compare the trend analysis of Men's "18", Men's "20" and Men's European Championship. Methods: Qualitative Analysis of the matches on DVD with using non participating and non structured observing connected with quantitative analysis based on the statistical program Handball Stat. We used own form for recording the observed data. Results: The teams used combination based on passing mostly. The distribution of co-operation probably depended on physical, technical and tactical preparation of the back court players and through that the line player very often co-operated with left and middle back. Key words: handball, combination, co-operation, back court player, line player, qualitative analysis, 9th Men's "18"ECh 2008 Brno

Title: Analysis of offensive combinations of the Czech national team women's World Cup 2010 in Japan and its comparison with the women's team PVK Olymp Praha. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to compare the success of offensive combinations of the Czech national team women's World Cup 2010 in Japan and its comparison with the women's team extraligovým PVK Olymp Praha in the domestic league. Method: I used the method of analysis of video games in the Czech women's representation in the 2010 World Cup in Japan and PVK Olymp Praha team I always watched and analyzed live from Olymp's Hall in Prague and its rivals. For more accurate results, I also used video recordings of selected matches. The analysis is presented graphically, and I also made a quantitative and qualitative research offensive combinations constructed under separate analysis. Results: The results clearly show the differences between the two teams being compared in their offensive combinations and their success. Keywords: Volleyball Individual sporting activities Offensive punch Offensive combination Women's senior volleyball Women's top domestic competition World Cup 2010 in Japan

O objetivo da desconvolução cega de imagens é restaurar uma imagem degradada sem usar informação da imagem real ou da função de degradação. O mapeamento dos níveis de cinza de uma imagem em um sinal de comunicação possibilita o uso de técnicas de equalização cega de canais para a restauração de imagens. Neste trabalho, propõe-se o uso de um esquema para desconvolução cega de imagens baseado na combinação convexa de um equalizador cego com um equalizador no modo de decisão direta. A combinação também é adaptada de forma cega, o que possibilita o chaveamento automático entre os filtros componentes. Dessa forma, o esquema proposto é capaz de atingir o desempenho de um algoritmo de filtragem adaptativa supervisionada sem o conhecimento prévio da imagem original. O desempenho da combinação é ilustrado por meio de simulações, que comprovam a eficiência desse esquema quando comparado a outras soluções da literatura. / The goal of blind image deconvolution is to restore a degraded image without using information from the actual image or from the point spread function. The mapping of the gray levels of an image into a communication signal enables the use of blind equalization techniques for image restoration. In this work, we use a blind image deconvolution scheme based on the convex combination of a blind equalizer with an equalizer in the decision-directed mode. The combination is also blindly adapted, which enables automatic switching between the component filters. Thus, the proposed scheme is able to achieve the performance of a supervised adaptive filtering algorithm without prior knowledge of the original image. The performance of the combination is illustrated by simulations, which show the efficiency of this scheme when compared to other solutions in the literature.

L’existence d’un « régulateur financier » ayant pour mission d’encadrer les marchés financiers est un phénomène répandu qui confronte les systèmes juridiques à une question délicate : celle de l’intégration de ce régulateur dans le paysage institutionnel classique. C’est cette question qui est au coeur de la recherche menée en droit comparé, en France et au Moyen-Orient. D’origine anglo-saxonne, la formule frappe par son originalité fonctionnelle et structurelle. L'appréciation du phénomène passe d'abord par l’étude de la spécificité de la fonction de régulation. Comment appréhender le fait que le régulateur financier cumule des compétences normatives, contentieuses et administratives ? Ne dessaisit -il pas le législateur, le juge et l’exécutif d'une partie de leur activité? L’analyse révèle que la raison d'être du régulateur financier est de fonctionner en complémentarité avec les pouvoirs de l’État. Ne constituant pas un quatrième pouvoir, le régulateur financier diffuse l’art de la régulation résultant de son statut de gendarme de la Bourse et de magistère moral. L’approche fonctionnelle est complétée par une analyse du statut du régulateur financier. Quel positionnement occupe-t-il, alors qu'il combine des éléments privés et publics ? L’étude montre que le régulateur financier résiste aux distinctions classiques. Dépassant les frontières public/privé, il est à mi-chemin entre l'Etat et le marché. Il se nourrit des valeurs du privé par l’association des professionnels dans la régulation, le recours à des mécanismes contractuels pour régler les différends et la soumission au contrôle du juge judiciaire. Mais il maintient en même temps un statut public spécifique en vue d’assurer son indépendance. Il en résulte l'émergence d'un nouveau mode d’action de troisième voie ayant pour objet la mise en oeuvre d'une nouvelle fonction de l'Etat qui est la régulation dont l'avènement nécessite la conception d'une formule institutionnelle inédite. / The existence of a "financial regulator" whose mission is to control the financial markets is a widespread phenomenon that faces legal systems with a delicate issue: that of the integration of this regulator in the classic institutional landscape. It is this question which is at the core of research in comparative law between France and the Middle East. The formula, being of an Anglo-Saxon origin, is intriguing for its functional and structural originality. The evaluation of this phenomenon begins with the study of the specificity of the regulatory function. The question is how to apprehend that the financial regulator combines normative, administrative and litigation functions. Would not it divest the legislator, the judge and the executive of a part of their own activities? The analysis reveals that the purpose of the financial regulator is to function as a complement to the State’s powers. The financial regulator doesn’t constitute a fourth power itself; it rather diffuses the art of the regulation resulting from its status as a markets watchdog and its moral authority. The functional approach is complemented by examining the status of the financial regulator. What position does it occupy while combining both private and public elements? The study shows that the financial regulator is resistant to conventional legal distinctions. It is halfway between the State and the market surpassing by that the boundaries of the public/private law. In fact, it is nourished by private values through associating professionals in the regulation, using contractual mechanisms to resolve disputes, and submission to the judicial court control. However, it maintains, at the same time, a specific public status to ensure its independence. The result is the emergence of a new third mode of action whose purpose is the exercise of a new function of the State, which is the regulation, whose advent requires designing an unprecedented institutional formula.

No presente trabalho, uma combinação do método dos elementos de contorno (MEC) com o método dos elementos finitos (MEF) é apresentada para a análise da interação entre estacas e o solo, considerado como um meio infinito tridimensional e homogêneo. O meio contínuo tridimensional de domínio infinito é modelado pelo MEC, enquanto as estacas consideradas como elementos reticulares são tratadas pelo MEF. As equações das estacas oriundas do método dos elementos finitos são combinadas com as do meio contínuo obtidas a partir do método dos elementos de contorno, resultando em um sistema completo de equações, que convenientemente tratadas, proporcionam a formulação de coeficientes de rigidez do conjunto solo-estacas. Finalmente, uma formulação para a análise do comportamento não-linear do solo na interface com a estaca é desenvolvida, tornando o modelo mais abrangente. / In the present work a combination of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used for pile-soil interaction analyses, considering the soil as a homogeneous, three-dimensional and infinite medium. The three-dimensional infinite continuous medium is modeled by the BEM, and the piles are, considered as beam elements, modeled by the FEM. This combination also is used for studying the interaction of plates sitting on a continuous medium. The pile equations generated from the FEM are combined with the medium equations generated from the BEM, resulting a complete equation system. Manipulating properly this equation system, a set of stiffness coefficients for the system soil-pile is obtained. Finally, to make the model more comprehensive, it presented a formulation to take into account the soil nonlinear behavior at the pile interface.

Uma combinação de empresas ocorre quando duas ou mais empresas distintas se unem de uma única vez para formar uma nova entidade contábil. Dois métodos de contabilização das combinações de empresas são geralmente aceitos no mercado internacional - o Método de União de Participações (Pooling of Interests) e o Método de Compra (Purchase Method). Mas esses dois métodos não devem ser vistos como alternativas contábeis para uma mesma combinação. Para se determinar qual dos dois métodos deve ser utilizado em uma combinação é necessário que se analise a natureza da transação, se ela é uma compra ou uma união de interesses. Sob o Método de União de Participações (Pooling of Interests), os ativos e passivos das empresas combinantes são combinados na nova entidade pelos seus valores históricos. Pelo Método de Compra (Purchase Method), os ativos e passivos da empresa adquirida são combinados pelo fair value na nova entidade. Além desses métodos, mais dois métodos são usados, mas de forma menos freqüente - o Método Fresh-Start e o Método Push-Down Accounting. Pelo Método Fresh-Start, os ativos e passivos das empresas combinantes são combinados pelo fair value. Pelo Método Push-Down Accounting, os ativos e passivos da empresa adquirida são avaliados e contabilizados pelo fair value em sua contabilidade, para em seguida serem combinados na nova entidade. Este estudo tem por objetivo principal explorar os métodos utilizados no mercado internacional e principalmente norte-americano, a fim de combinar as Demonstrações Contábeis de empresas fusionadas ou incorporadas, e aplicar os métodos de União de Participações, de Compra e o Push-Down Accounting em um único caso hipotético, para se conhecer os seus reflexos nas Demonstrações Contábeis da entidade combinada. Na comparação aplicada dos três métodos, o Push-Down Accounting revelou-se como uma variante do Método de Compra (Purchase Method). O Método de União de Participações (Pooling of Interests) sugere uma completa comunhão dos interesses das empresas combinantes sem o reconhecimento de qualquer aumento da potencialidade de geração de benefícios futuros. Já o Método de Compra se assemelha a uma simples transação de compra que reconhece de forma objetiva, na data da combinação, o potencial mínimo de geração de benefícios futuros da empresa adquirida para a entidade combinada. / A business combination occurs when two or more companies merge at one single time to form a new accounting entity. Two accounting methods for business combinations are generally accepted in the international market - the Pooling of Interests Method and the Purchase Method. But these two methods should not be considered as accounting alternatives for the same combination. To determine which of the two methods should be used in a business combination the nature of the transaction should be analyzed, that is, whether it is a purchase or a pooling of interests.On the one hand, in accordance with the Pooling of Interests Method, the assets and liabilities of the combining companies are combined in the new entity making use of their historical value. In accordance with the Purchase Method, on the other hand, the purchased company\'s assets and liabilities are combined in the new entity making use of their fair value.Apart from these two methods, two other methods are used, even though less frequently - the Fresh-Start Method and the Push-Down Accounting Method. In accordance with the Fresh-Start Method, the combining companies\' assets and liabilities are combined making use of their fair value. In accordance with the Push-Down Accounting Method, the purchased company\'s assets and liabilities are first re-evaluated by its accounting making use of their fair value, in order to be subsequently combined in the new entity.The main objective of this study is an exploration of the methods used in the international and mainly North-American markets for combining the Financial Statements of merged or acquired companies, and an application of the Pooling of Interests, Purchase and Push-Down Accounting Methods to one single hypothetical case, in order to know its effects on the Combined Financial Statements. In the comparison of the three methods, the Push-Down Accounting Method proved to be a variant of the Purchase Method. The Pooling of Interests Method suggests a complete pooling of the combining companies\' interests, without recognizing any increase in the potential for generating future benefits. The Purchase Method in turn is similar to a simple purchase transaction which objectively recognizes, at the combination date, the minimum potential of the purchased company for generating future benefits for the combined entity.

[pt] Estudos empíricos na área de séries temporais indicam que combinar modelos preditivos, originados a partir de diferentes técnicas de modelagem, levam a previsões consensuais superiores, em termos de acurácia, às previsões individuais dos modelos envolvidos na combinação. No presente trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia de combinação convexa de modelos estatísticos de previsão, cujo sucesso depende da forma como os pesos de combinação de cada modelo são estimados. Uma Rede Neural Artificial Perceptron Multi-camada (Multilayer Perceptron - MLP) é utilizada para gerar dinamicamente vetores de pesos ao longo do horizonte de previsão, sendo estes dependentes da contribuição individual de cada previsor observada nos dados históricos da série. O ajuste dos parâmetros da rede MLP é efetuado através de um algoritmo de treinamento híbrido, que integra técnicas de busca global, baseadas em computação evolucionária, junto com o algoritmo de busca local backpropagation, de modo a otimizar de forma simultânea tanto os pesos quanto a arquitetura da rede, visando, assim, a gerar de forma automática um modelo de ponderação dinâmica de previsores de alto desempenho. O modelo proposto, batizado de Neural Expert Weighting - Genetic Algorithm (NEW-GA), foi avaliado em diversos experimentos comparativos com outros modelos de ponderação de previsores, assim como também com os modelos individuais envolvidos na combinação, contemplando 15 séries temporais divididas em dois estudos de casos: séries de derivados de petróleo e séries da versão reduzida da competição NN3, uma competição entre metodologias de previsão, com maior ênfase nos modelos baseados em Redes Neurais. Os resultados demonstraram o potencial do NEWGA em fornecer modelos acurados de previsão de séries temporais. / [en] Empirical studies on time series indicate that the combination of forecasting models, generated from different modeling techniques, leads to higher consen+sus forecasts, in terms of accuracy, than the forecasts of individual models involved in the combination scheme. In this work, we present a methodology for convex combination of statistical forecasting models, whose success depends on how the combination weights of each model are estimated. An Artificial Neural Network Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) is used to generate dynamically weighting vectors over the forecast horizon, being dependent on the individual contribution of each forecaster observed over historical data series. The MLP network parameters are adjusted via a hybrid training algorithm that integrates global search techniques, based on evolutionary computation, along with the local search algorithm backpropagation, in order to optimize simultaneously both weights and network architecture. This approach aims to automatically generate a dynamic weighted forecast aggregation model with high performance. The proposed model, called Neural Expert Weighting - Genetic Algorithm (NEW-GA), was com- pared with other forecaster combination models, as well as with the individual models involved in the combination scheme, comprising 15 time series divided into two case studies: Petroleum Products and the reduced set of NN3 forecasting competition, a competition between forecasting methodologies, with greater emphasis on models based on neural networks. The results obtained demonstrated the potential of NEW-GA in providing accurate models for time series forecasting.