The aim of this thesis is to locate current problems concerning the process of finding common ground between a creative producer and its respective client, furthermore it aims to propose a solution to this problem in the context of collaborative video editing. The paper starts off by exploring research related to the topic. After that, it establishes, through interviews with experts within fields of video editing and graphic design, what the currently existing problems are concerning communication within their line of work. As a solution to these problems, a collaborative software is proposed with the idea of bridging the understanding between the video editor and its client. The paper ends with some conclusions surrounding the current state of the topic and proposes a way forward for both practitioners and researchers.

<p>The aim of the study was to understand limitations and possibilities to the discretion of managers in order to fulfill wishes of users. The study is based on six interviews, three with managers and three with staff in common homes for mentally disabled people. The study took place in a municipality in Sweden in the spring of 2010. We used an interview guide with specific themes and questions. The theoretical framework was based on organizational theories as well as theories about management and discretion. The result suggests that there are limitations to a certain degree such as the quantity of staff and economy. There are some possibilities to enable discretion including the use of the hierarchy within the organization. Another possibility is to make use of the knowledge of the staff about the demands and wishes of users. The conclusion of the study is that there are both limitations and possibilities that have an effect on the discretion of managers in a complex organization. These limitations and possibilities affect each other and the meaning of them depend on the unique situation.</p>

Survey of crops of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Sonora, Mexico revealed the presence of two isometric viruses and one flexuous rod virus on the basis of host reaction, particle morphology, serology and physico-chemical properties. The isometric viruses were identified as Bean Southern Mosaic Virus (BSMV) and Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV); the flexuous rod virus was identified as Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV). Using bean cultivar differentials, two strains of the potyvirus BCMV were identified, NY-15 and a previously undescribed strain designated YV-1. Host range, serological tests, and RNA electrophoresis indicated that the Sonoran BSMV cultures are similar to BSMV-strain A. Serology and RNA-electrophoresis indicated that the Sonoran CCMV isolates are identical to CCMV-strain A. BSMV and CCMV were always isolated as a mixture from seed lots and from field collected bean tissue. BCMV occurred alone or in mixed infections with BSMV and CCMV. BCMV was seed transmitted with an average efficiency of 58 percent. The BSMV-CCMV mixture was transmitted with an efficiency of 6 percent. BSMV and CCMV were seed transmitted together, but separate transmission of BSMV or CCMV was not detected. Commercial seed lots from two major bean growing regions of Sonora (Hermosillo Coast, Sonora River) were contaminated with the BSMV-CCMV mixture but not with BCMV. The average contamination level was 13 percent. Two common weeds present in Sonoran agricultural areas were found to be potential alternate hosts of CCMV. Both Sisymbrium irio L. and Melilotus indica L. were infected systemically, although the infection in M. indica was latent. Potential losses due to Sonoran bean viruses were measured in greenhouse experiments with the cultivar Pinto 111. BCMV strains caused a 29.4 to 60.1% reduction, whereas BSMV-CCMV mixtures induced a 22.5 to 74.6% yield reduction. A synergism occurred between the BSMV-CCMV mixture and BCMV resulting in more severe symptoms and a yield reduction of 92.7%. Synergistic effects were also observed between BSMV and CCMV. Actual yield reduction resulted from impaired flower production and, consequently, reduced pod production. Significant effects on plant tissue production, flower fertilization and seed quality were not observed. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus infected mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) a previously unreported host. Infection of mung bean by BSMV was only possible when CCMV was present in the inoculum. Both BSMV and CCMV could be isolated from symptomatic plants infected with the BSMV-CCMV mixture, however, symptoms on mung bean were unchanged from infection by CCMV alone.

The relevance of the study. Apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea Klug), black plum (Hoplocampa minuta Christ.) and yellow plum (Hoplocampa flava L.) sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae) are serious and widespread pests of apple and plum fruits. Dock sawfly (Ametastegia glabrata Fall.) is a non-specialized apple pest and its larvae feed generally on leaves of Chenopodium sp. and Polygonum sp.; however, occasionally mature fruits at harvest are found damaged by larvae of this insect. Former studies indicated that these species caused significant damage to apple and plum yield in Lithuania in mid-late XX century. However, at that time the setup of apple and plum genotypes cultivated was completely different from conventional orchard management techniques and cultivars at present time. Therefore, the growing diversity of cultivated fruit-tree genotypes leaves gaps in knowledge as to how apple and plum sawflies will affect some of the newer cultivars. In Lithuania, no data on susceptibility of economically important apple and plum cultivars to sawfly damage in commercial orchards is available. A shift towards integrated pest management and development of organic fruit farming poses new challenges to apple growers and plant protection specialists. According to the requirements of these management strategies, the use of synthetic pesticides must be reduced or is not allowed at all. Several reports from countries where the use of synthetic insecticides was significantly... [to full text] / Temos aktualumas. Obuolinis pjūklelis (Hoplocampa testudinea Klug), slyvinis juodasis (Hoplocampa minuta Christ.) ir slyvinis geltonasis (Hoplocampa flava L.) pjūkleliai, priklausantys plėviasparnių (Hymenoptera) būriui, tikrųjų pjūklelių (Tenthredinidae) šeimai, yra reikšmingi specializuoti obelų ir slyvų vaisių kenkėjai, paplitę viso pasaulio obelų ir slyvų auginimo regionuose (Velbinger, 1939; Alford, 2007; Vincent, Belair, 1992). Rūgtinis pjūklelis (Ametastegia glabrata Fall.) priklauso tai pačiai šeimai – ir, nors jo lervos pagrindinai minta balandinių ir rūgtinių augalų lapais, tačiau dažnai aptinkama ir šio vabzdžio lervų pažeistų obuolių. Anksčiau Lietuvoje obuolinis bei slyviniai pjūkleliai būdavo žalingi senesniuose soduose. Susidarius palankioms sąlygoms masiškai plisti arba vaismedžiams derant negausiai, šių kenkėjų daroma žala viršydavo kitų pagrindinių obelų ir slyvų kenkėjų, tokių kaip obuolinis (Cydia pomonella L.) ar slyvinis (Grapholita funebrana Treits) vaisėdžiai, daromą žalą. Pavyzdžiui, slyviniai pjūkleliai susidarius palankioms sąlygoms – šiltam ir ankstyvam pavasariui, sunaikindavo daugiau kaip 60% kai kurių veislių slyvų vaisių derliaus (Заянчкаускас, 1958). Per paskutinius du dešimtmečius Lietuvoje senuosius sodus pakeitė intensyvūs ir ekologiniai sodai, kuriuose sodinami naujų veislių vaismedžiai su žemaūgiais poskiepiais. Pasikeitus ūkininkavimo sąlygoms, keičiantis aplinkos sąlygoms, šylant klimatui, keičiasi kenkėjų rūšinė sudėtis bei žalingumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Leading philosophical accounts of joint activity, such as Michael Bratman’s account of ‘shared intentional activity’, take joint activity to be the outcome of two or more agents having a ‘shared intention’, where this is a certain pattern of mutually known prior intentions (plans) that are directed toward a common goal. With Bratman’s account as a foil, I address two lacunas that are relatively unexplored in the philosophical literature. The first lacuna concerns how to make sense of the apparently joint cooperative activities of agents that lack the capacities for planning and “mindreading” that one must have in order to be a party to a shared intention (consider, for example, the social play of young children or the cooperative hunting of non-human primates or social carnivores). The second lacuna concerns how participants (including adult human agents) are able to coordinate their actions “online”—that is, during action execution as a joint activity unfolds—without recourse to plans that specify in advance what they should do (consider the coordination involved when two friends meet and do a “high five”). Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the first lacuna, while chapters 4 and 5 focus on the second. In chapter 2, I focus on why participants must have mutual or common knowledge of each other’s intentions and beliefs in order to have a shared intention: Why must these attitudes be “out in the open”? I argue that, if participants lack the concept of belief, then one of the two main motivations for the common knowledge requirement—to filter out certain cases that intuitively aren’t cases of genuine joint activity—actually dissipates. Furthermore, a kind of “openness” that only requires of participants that they have the concept of goal but not that of belief can satisfy the other main motivation, to make sense of the idea that joint activities are non-accidentally coordinated. In chapter 3, I offer an account of a kind of joint activity in which agents such as young children and some non-human primates could participate, given what we know about their socio-cognitive capacities. In chapter 4, I argue that ‘shared intention’-accounts are unable to say much about spontaneous or skilful joint action because of the following widely accepted constraint on what one can intend: while an agent might intend—in the sense of commit to a plan—that “we” do something together, an agent cannot intend to perform “our” joint action. I reject this constraint and argue that some joint actions (such as a joint manoeuvre performed by two figure skaters) are joint in virtue of each participant having what I call ‘socially extended intention-in-action’ that overlap. In chapter 5, I review empirical work on subpersonal enabling mechanisms for the coordination of joint action. The review provides clues to what it is that enables participants to successfully coordinate their actions in the absence of plan-like intentions or beyond what such intentions specify. While what I address are lacunas rather than problems, an upshot of this thesis is that leading philosophical accounts of joint activity may have less explanatory scope than one might otherwise be led to believe. The accounts of joint activity and joint action that are presented in this thesis are arguably applicable to many of the joint activities and joint actions of adult human beings. The account also helps us avoid the false dichotomy between a very robust form of joint activity and a mere concatenation of purely individualistic actions—a dichotomy that accounts such as Bratman’s arguably invite us to adopt.

En este artículo el autor, partiendo de un contexto histórico preliminar, nos permite analizar el surgimiento de la personalidad jurídica, las teorías que la desarrollan y el concepto de la misma. Además desarrolla claramente el concepto de velo societario y su calificacion jurídica. Finalmente expone un breve análisis en relación a la propuesta de reforma al Código Civil presentada en el 2006."

This investigation proposes a powerful formalization of common sense knowledge based on function-free normal deduction graphs (NDGs) which form a powerful tool for deriving Horn and non-Horn clauses without functions. Such formalization allows common sense reasoning since it has the ability to handle not only negative but also incomplete information.

Biobanks pose unique challenges to legal and bioethical frameworks, and raise many as yet unanswered questions, including how these collections of biological samples and information should be governed and for whose benefit. While some commentators have suggested that biobanks should be regulated through specific legislation, I focus on exploring alternative models of governance. I examine, in particular, the interrelationship between benefit-sharing and public engagement, arguing that public engagement is a benefit in itself, valuable both in its own right and as an essential component of good governance, and critically examine proposals for more direct 'representative‘ forms of participant involvement and 'power-sharing‘ arrangements in the biobanking context. Central to my arguments is the concept of the "common heritage", which has been invoked by UNESCO and HUGO in relation to the human genome. From its early beginnings in the law of the sea, this concept has been linked to notions of solidarity, reciprocity and equitable access and sharing. Applied in the context of biobanks, the "common heritage" highlights the value of genetic collections and research for the benefit of present and future generations. Viewed as a third generation human right, the "common heritage" also links to notions of citizenship, civic involvement in policy processes and, ultimately, to participatory or deliberative democracy. From this, I suggest that robust biobank governance mechanisms require not only effective benefit-sharing arrangements but that these must necessarily involve provision for effective public engagement. Drawing on democratic and business management theory, I argue for a 'stakeholder' model of governance. This model draws its basic ideology from communitarian philosophy and regards any organisation (whether it be a corporation or a charity) as a 'social entity', accountable to a broad range of stakeholders. It is my contention that a stakeholder model is the most appropriate model of governance for large-scale population biobanks, such as UK Biobank, which are designed for public benefit, to enhance the health of all, including future generations. In sum, it is a model through which the common interest vested in biobank research might materialise.

The research investigated the impact of EU law and policies on direct taxation in REITs, and movement towards a harmonised EU-REIT with common direct taxation of REITs profits. It represents the first comparative study of EU member state REIT regimes to identify an emerging common understanding informed by European jurisprudence and Europeanization policy and theory. After identifying the fundamental elements of a REIT (following the original US model) within a context of Europeanization theory, the research examined EU policy mechanisms (such as goodness of fit and adaptational soft pressure) and the impact of relevant case law from the European Court of Justice. It then presented in-depth case studies of three member states: France (example of a well-established REIT regime), Bulgaria (a new accession state) and Spain (a recent REIT regime). The research found an emerging common understanding between member states’ REIT regimes, offering the prospect of a European harmonised REIT form distinguishable from the US model. It also found negative approaches to direct taxation in cross-border situations, and member state concerns about loss of sovereignty and tax base, which should be recognised within any harmonised direct tax regime. The research can claim to be the first comparative analysis of MS REIT regimes to address a common understanding, and thus is relevant to practitioners and academics in the fields of European law and international taxation. It has potential to contribute towards an improved common direct taxation approach and the harmonisation of European REITs within the wider processes of Europeanization. The research was limited to REIT regimes in EU member states, and further research could analyse relevant member state tax regimes outside the 'common understanding' REIT model, and further explores issues of loss of sovereignty and tax base in member states.

Resume A topic of the thesis presented is a problem of evidences used in the civil procedures. This is a very imporant part of a civil procedure, because evidences are - from a practical point of view - the crucial stage of a procedure. Right by means of evidences the Court may obtain factual and material information serving a base for a meritory decision. This work is aimed to an analysis of the present legislative definition of the various types of evidences, the specific features of them, and a way of an implementation and the following assesment of them made by the Court of Justice. This thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter contains a brief definition of a term of the evidence. The second chapter is structuted in more details. This chapter is engaged in a term of an evidence and the types of evidences. It also specifies a fact, what is a subject of an evidence and which facts do not present a fact of evidences. A base of the third chapter is an analysis of a list of the types of demonstrative evidences as it results the actual legistration. It is also engaged in the problem of an inquiry evidence and an acceptibility of it. In a conclusion of this chapter a inquiring duty of a party of the procedure is mentioned as a special case of the inquire evidence. The fourth chapter represents a...