Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 308-334).

It has become increasingly clear that climate fluctuations during the Holocene interval were unusually frequent and rapid, and that our current understanding of the temporal and spatial distribution of these oscillations is incomplete. Little paleoenvironmental research has been undertaken on the windward side of the central Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. Very high annual orographic precipitation totals, moderate annual temperatures regulated by the Pacific Ocean, and extreme topographic features result in a complex suite of microclimate conditions in this largely unstudied area. Dendroclimatological investigations conducted on a steep south-facing slope near Confederation and Franklin glaciers suggest that both mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) trees at the site are limited by previous year mean and maximum summer temperatures. A regional subalpine fir chronology for the central and southern Coast Mountains indicates that subalpine fir trees at the study site experience physiological stress with warm summer temperatures, despite the high annual precipitation totals experienced there. This response is likely a result of the extreme gradient and the aspect of the slope at the sampling location, underscoring the importance of site characteristics on annual radial tree growth. Local (AD 1820-2008) and regional (AD 1700-2008) tree ring width chronologies were used to reconstruct previous July mean and maximum temperatures, explaining between 13% and 36% of the variance in climate. The proxy record features cool intervals that are comparable to other paleoenvironmental research from the region, and cyclical oscillations in temperature commonly associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Century-scale fluctuations may be connected to changes in solar irradiance. Dendroglaciological investigations were undertaken at the confluence of the Confederation and Franklin glaciers with the intention of exploring the Holocene behaviour of low-elevation maritime glaciers in this region. These glaciers are suspected to be sensitive to variations in the mean position of winter freezing level heights and warm winter temperatures, and may respond differently to changes in climate than more continental glaciers. Buried wood samples were radiocarbon-dated and cross-dated to construct three floating chronologies. Float A (r = 0.467) suggests an early Little Ice Age advance of the two glaciers, and Float B (r = 0.466) suggests an early Tiedemann advance of Confederation Glacier. Float C (r = 0.519) is dated to the Garibaldi Phase of glacier expansion, but may not have been killed by glacial activity. The temporal synchronicity of these findings with glacial events documented throughout the region suggests a spatially coherent response of maritime and continental glaciers to the dominant climate–forcing mechanisms operating in Pacific North America throughout the late Holocene. The dendroclimatological and dendroglaciological findings of this study help to fill a spatial research gap in the current understanding of Holocene climate variations in British Columbia. Because of the complex and at times topographically-controlled response of conifers to climate in the study area, this region may provide a particular challenge in terms of reconstructing Holocene climate variability.

La présente thèse, intitulée « Contribution à l’histoire et à l’épigraphie de la Béotie hellénistique de 335 à 167 av. J.-C. », La thèse propose une nouvelle synthèse sur certains aspects de l’épigraphie et de l’histoire de la Confédération béotienne hellénistique de 335 av. J.-C., date de la destruction de Thèbes par Alexandre le Grand, jusqu’en 171, date de la dissolution de la confédération par les Romains, et 167 av. J.-C. date de l’instauration d’un nouvel ordre oligarchique en Béotie. En dehors des ouvrages publiés par Br. Gullath en 1982 et surtout par M. Feyel en 1942, il n’existe aucune étude globale de l’histoire et de l’épigraphie de la Béotie hellénistique, alors même que plusieurs études de grande qualité sont parues depuis, notamment sous la signature de D. Knoepfler. Le réexamen des inscriptions déjà publiées et l’édition des inscriptions récemment découvertes contribuent à faire progresser notre connaissance de l’histoire et de l’épigraphie béotiennes. Le premier volume propose une nouvelle chronologie des archontes de la Confédération, qui éclaire d’un jour différent une série d’événements historiques, comme l’intégration d’Oponte au Koinon. Jointe à une étude de l’organisation politique et militaire du Koinon, elle permet de proposer une nouvelle histoire événementielle, de 335 jusqu’en 171. Le deuxième volume consiste en un choix d’inscriptions, dont 28 sont inédites et plusieurs autres n’avaient pas été réexaminées depuis le XIXe s. La thèse dans son ensemble met en évidence le perfectionnement des institutions de la Confédération béotienne, et les apports du Koinon à l’idée fédérale. / This dissertation puts forward a new synthesis of several aspects of the epigraphy and history of the Boeotian koinon from the 335 B.C. to between 171 B.C., date of the dissolution of the federation by the Romans and 167 B.C, date of the establishment of a new oligarchic regime by the Romans. Ever since M. Feyel’s major work of 1942, and to some extent the publication of B. Gullath’s 1982 piecemeal investigation into early Hellenistic Boeotia, we have not had a comprehensive treatise on the history and epigraphy of Hellenistic Boeotia, with the exception of a series of seminal studies by D. Knoepfler. The scrutiny of previously published inscriptions and the publication of new epigraphical documents in the second volume of this thesis offer novel perspectives on the study of Boeotian epigraphy and history. The first volume of the dissertation comprises a new chronology of the federal archons of Boeotia. This new chronology has important ramifications for the history of Boeotia during this period, for example for the date of the integration of the city of Opous into the Boeotian federation. The first volume also includes a new study of the political and military organisation of the Boeotian koinon and cities during the Hellenistic period, on the basis of new epigraphical material and the publication of numerous related studies. In effect, the whole results in a new history of Hellenistic Boeotia. In the second volume of this thesis one finds a selection of published and unpublished inscriptions from several Boeotian cities. More specifically, volume II includes 28 unpublished epigraphical texts as well as a fresh examination of inscriptions that in many cases have not been thoroughly studied since the 19th century. In sum, these two volumes offer a major new synthesis on the Hellenistic Boeotian koinon, one of the most developed and democratic federal organization of ancient Greece.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As aÃÃes comemorativas convidam os indivÃduos de um determinado grupo ou sociedade a rememorar determinados fatos passados coletivamente. Medida ainda mais ambiciosa quando as comemoraÃÃes buscam criar ou reforÃar laÃos de identidade dentro de uma comunidade polÃtica. A participaÃÃo do Cearà na ConfederaÃÃo do Equador serviu para criar um momento desses. As memÃrias daquele evento polÃtico ocorrido no ano de 1824 foram retomadas em meados da dÃcada de 1920 durante o regime republicano no Brasil, e por meio de algumas aÃÃes de polÃticas da memÃria, diversas leituras e interpretaÃÃes daquele evento foram formuladas. O ano de 1924 à marcado pela passagem centenÃria. Um sÃculo depois quais os possÃveis significados das lutas polÃticas daqueles primeiros momentos do pÃs-independÃncia do Brasil? Quais as personagens que fizeram parte da ConfederaÃÃo do Equador no Cearà e passaram a ser identificadas como herÃis cearenses? Quais espaÃos foram utilizados para pretensamente eternizar as memÃrias daquele evento? E a produÃÃo histÃrica, qual o seu lugar nesse processo? Investigando livros, jornais, revistas, almanaques e lugares pÃblicos busca-se elaborar algumas consideraÃÃes a respeito dessa relaÃÃo entre polÃticas e memÃrias. / Commemorative actions call individuals of a certain group or society to recollect certain past facts collectively. It is regarded as even more ambitious when the celebrations intend to create or reinforce identity bonds inside of a political community. The participation of Cearà in The Confederation of the Equator was suitable as source of creation to that moment. Memories of that political event occurred in 1824 and it has been resumed in the first years of Proclamation of Republic of Brazil, by means of some political actions of memory, several readings and interpretations had been formulated from that event. The year of 1924 is marked by the turn of the century. A century later what possibly remains as vestige of political fights in those first moments of Brazilâs post-independence? Which characters have been part of The Confederation of the Equator in Cearà and have been recognized as cearense heroes? Which gaps had been used deliberately to eternize those event memories? And what about historical production, what is its role in this process? Researching on books, newspapers, magazines, almanacs, and public places intend to elaborate some considerations concerning to this relation between politics and prior memories.

Constitutional Development in American Colonies (Summary) This thesis pertains to constitutional development in North American Colonies in the respective historical context. The thesis is structured chronologically, commencing with the early attempts of British colonization in the 16th century, and follows through the 17th century to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States of America in 1789. Moreover, the thesis also reflects the geographical aspect, focusing first at New England Colonies, then at Mid Atlantic colonies, and finally at Southern Colonies, proceeding in the usual way from the North to the South. The beginning of the thesis (the second chapter) indicates the English colonization attempts in the 16th century and the Royal Patents issued by the King, which authorized their holders to take over and colonize new territories.The third chapter deals with the beginnings of New England Colonies and the continuous development of their central administration bodies, pointing at the content of selected significant constitutional documents of this period. In the fourth chapter, the thesis focuses at the constitutional development of New England Colonies in the second half of the 17th century, which was completed by the creation of unified administration of all colonies in this area in the...

The following study argues that existing historical interpretations of how and why the unification of British North America came about in 1867are flawed. It contends that rather than a movement propelled mainly by colonial politicians in response to domestic pressures - as generally portrayed in Canadian-centric histories of Confederation - the imperial government in Britain actually played a more active and dynamic role due to the strategic and political pressures arising from the American Civil War. Rather than this being a basic ‘withdrawal’, or ‘abandonment’ in the face of US power as is argued on the rare occasions diplomatic or strategic studies touch upon the British North American Act: this thesis argues that the imperial motivations were more far-reaching and complex. The British policy on union was bound up with the wish to make the provinces more responsible for defence, a need greatly intensified by the Civil War; however this imperative was meant to help preserve the North American colonies in the empire and even more vitally outside of the orbit of the United States. From the metropolitan government’s point of view Confederation had its genesis in the antebellum period and was a long-term aim - not only to secure the British North America - but even fact to counter United States hegemony in on the continent. Therefore rather than being conceived as a ‘retreat’, it was an overarching plan to challenge Federal preponderance in North America. Due to the security dilemmas arising from the Civil War the long-term nature of this scheme became unworkable and was therefore accelerated to become a short-term response to a strategic dilemma.

While the annexation movement in British Columbia appears to have been short-lived and disorganized, it was nevertheless understood as a serious threat to British rule. This study seeks to reconcile this contradiction through an examination of newspapers, debates, despatches, and correspondence drawn from British Columbia, Britain, Canada, and the United States. In examining the movement, this study reveals both the peculiar capacity of the minor agitation to present an exaggerated image of its popularity, and the key geopolitical assumptions which led observers to overestimate its importance. As the narrative spectre of annexationism outpaced the actual strength of the movement, confederationist leaders and British and American authorities were led to embark on misguided political strategies. The British Columbian annexation movement’s disproportionate impact reveals the complex interaction between local politics and global forces in British North American history, and demonstrates the role of ideology and rumour-making in shaping global political narratives.

Esta dissertação visa compreender a participação do setor empresarial nas negociações internacionais do Brasil. Para isso, será analisado o posicionamento do setor referente às negociações do Mercosul, Organização Mundial do Comércio e Mercosul-União Européia, enfocando nas posições da Confederação Nacional da Indústria (CNI) emitidas em documentos e declarações à imprensa no período 2003-2010. No debate da relevância do empresariado como ator político, os resultados da pesquisa buscam identificar se ocorreram mudanças no papel do setor no período do governo Lula em termos de representação e participação nas negociações internacionais, com recorte no balanço da evolução do posicionamento e da influência da CNI nessas negociações. / This dissertation aims to understand the entrepreneurial sector participation in international negotiations of Brazil. For this, the dissertation will analyse the sector\'s position on the negotiations of Mercosur, the WTO and Mercosur-European Union, focusing on the positions of the National Confederation of Industry (CNI) issued in documents and statements to the press in the period 2003-2010. In discussing the importance of entrepreneurs as a political actor, the search results try to identify whether there were changes in the role of the sector in the period of Lulas government in terms of representation and participation in international negotiations, with clipping on the balance of the CNI\'s positioning and influence in those negotiations.

The purpose of this essay is to study the civil defense work in Värmland and Örebro, connected to their resources whithin the respective county. To get a clear picture of how the counties are equipped when it comes to a crisis I have been focusing on the necessary principle connected to civil defense. The study also includes their work with the confederation of enterprise, warehousing and cyber security. To be able to see if they have the potential to collaborating with their resources. I use Emerson's theory of collaborative governance to see if Värmland and Örebro have the potential to work together during a conceivable crisis. Which is about cross-border governance where public and non-public actors prepare overall decisions. When I read about previous research regarding civil defense, I saw Lunde Saxis report Nordic Defense cooperation after the Cold war. And then I got the idea of studying the cooperation between Värmland and Örebro County. Like his theory, it is most optimal if two smaller actors merge during a crisis instead of managing it individually. The counties cannot challenge each other, but they can complement each other during a crisis. The thesis has a larger issue that is linked to the purpose of looking at the potential for collaboration within the theory Collaborative governance:- Can Emerson's theory of Collaborative Governance be established in today's civil defense at the local level?In order to be able to answer that question, the essay will have three sub-questions based on answering whether Örebro and Värmland have opportunities to find possible collaboration with each other.- Are there co-operation capabilities between the two counties according to Collaborative governance?- What assets do the two counties have at their disposal in civil defense?- Do the counties have physical proximity to the various assets required for a stable civil defense?The thesis concludes that the two counties have good conditions for coping with a crisis with their resources available, and that there is great potential for developing new methods and establishing more working methods linked to business, warehousing and cyber security. Collaboration can take place within Emerson's theory, the counties have good chances of collaborating within collaborative governance.Keywords- Civil Defense, The Confederation Of Enterprise, Warehousing, Cyber Security, Cooperation, Collaborative Governance.

Competitive sports has grown into a large industry with a turnover of hundreds of billions of dollars. In line with the digitalization and globalization that the world has undergone in recent years, there have been great marketing opportunities for sponsors who want to benefit from the sport and its positivity. Although choosing a sponsor is not always easy, especially not because the sport has its norms and values ​​to take into account, which may differ from the sponsors' purposes.In the idea program Idrotten vill, which was approved by the members at the Swedish Sports Confederation's meeting in 2019, it is written that sports in Sweden should function as a social force that contributes to a more sustainable society by, among other things, promoting public health. Despite this, there are sponsors from industries such as betting, alcohol and fast food, all of which go against public health. The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of consumer attitudes towards sponsorship collaborations that go against the stated values ​​of sport, by examining any differences between supporters with an emotional connection to a sports team or an athlete, and those supporters without an emotional connection. Through a quantitative survey, questions have been formed based on the theories of Corporate Social Responsibility, Heider's balance theory and Word of mouth. With the help of 176 sports supporters, the study has shown that they are influenced by their surroundings' views on sponsorship collaborations, and that trust in them is strengthened if their products in any way give back to society. However, the results show that a product's affiliation with the sports movement does not necessarily have to be accepted as a sponsor.