L’instrumentation de plus en plus poussée des systèmes mécaniques (aéronautique, automobile,…) impose une utilisation croissante des connecteurs électriques. Cependant, leur environnement de fonctionnement (sollicitations chimiques et vibratoires) peut entrainer une dégradation plus ou moins sévère des contacts électriques limitant ainsi le passage du courant. Pour limiter cette dégradation et assurer la stabilité des connexions, des revêtements d’or sont couramment appliqués au niveau des contacts. Cependant, la conjecture économique et le coût très élevé de l’or nécessite de trouver une alternative moins chère. Parmi les métaux conducteurs, l’argent est aujourd’hui le meilleur candidat. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc d’étudier la réponse électrique et l’endommagement de dépôts argent soumis à des sollicitations de fretting. Pour cela, ces travaux de recherche ont été abordés selon trois axes. Le premier axe a permis une étude complète d’un contact homogène argent/argent afin d’identifier les mécanismes de dégradation responsables de la rupture électrique aussi bien en fretting qu’en glissement alterné. Il a aussi été possible, par une approche énergétique, de mettre en place un modèle prédictif permettant d’extrapoler les durées de vie du contact selon différents paramètres de chargement. Une étude complémentaire a également montré l’impact d’une atmosphère corrosive à base de soufre sur les contacts électriques en argent. Le second axe a permis, quant à lui, d’étudier le comportement tribologique et électrique de nouveaux matériaux à base d’argent développés dans le but de remplacer les dépôts dorés. L’analyse de ces contacts homogènes a permis de mettre en évidence les mécanismes de dégradation et les comportements mécaniques des contacts soumis à des environnements humides. Dans le dernier axe, une étude a été menée sur ces mêmes matériaux à base d’argent mais en configuration hétérogène contre un dépôt d’or afin d’identifier le comportement tribologique et électrique de ces contacts quand ils sont composés par des matériaux avec des propriétés similaires ou opposées. / Advanced instrumentation in mechanical systems (aeronautical, automobile etc…) goes hand in hand with an ever increased use of electrical connectors. However, the unfavorable operating environment (chemical attack and vibrational loads) causes more or less severe degradation of electrical contacts, which in turn perturbs their electrical conductivity. Gold plating is usually applied in electrical contacts in order to limit damage and to ensure connector stability. However, economic constraints and the high cost of gold require cheaper alternatives. Amongst conductive metals, silver is the best candidate. Hence, the purpose of this PhD project is to investigate the electrical response and the degradation of silver coatings when subjected to fretting loadings. The study is divided into three main research axes. The first axis consists in realizing a complete study of a homogeneous silver/silver contact in order to identify the degradation mechanisms that are responsible for the electrical failure, both in fretting loadings and reciprocating sliding. It was possible to formalize a predictive model, using an energy density approach, allowing to extrapolate the lifetime of the contact as a function of various loading parameters. A complementary study also showed the impact of a corrosive sulfur atmosphere on these electric contacts. As part of the second research axis, an investigation of the tribological and electrical behavior of novel silver-based materials, solely synthesized as a gold replacement, was performed. The analysis of these homogeneous contacts allowed to explain the degradation mechanism and the mechanical behavior of these contacts when subjected to a wet environment. In the last research axis a study was led on the same silver-based materials but in a heterogenous configuration against a gold coating in order to identify the tribological and electrical behavior of these contacts when composed by materials with similar or opposite properties.

The focus of this study is use of discourse markers (DM). Data consists of taped interactions of informants. From this data, four particular DM are analyzed with regard to distribution in turn taking. The concepts of cohesion and coherence in text or discourse, together with informants´ communicative and discourse strategies, in a group of bilingual speakers (BS) and a control group of monolingual speakers (MS), are also analyzed. The findings confirm that BS, compared to the MS, make more frequent use of y with a pragmatic meaning when introducing various types of questions that constitute requests for elucidation directed to an interlocutor and thereby continue the interaction. In general, however, the MS use the DM y more frequently than the BS, demonstrating a more elaborate sense of stylistics in the coordination of their turn as narrations and descriptions. With regard to pero, the BS prefer to use this DM with a pragmatic meaning, in the continuation of an intervention or at the end of a turn, in order to question that which has been stated. The MS use pero primarily with a semantic meaning, to express counter-arguments inside a turn. It is exclusively the BS who use the DM así que with pragmatic meaning of consequence, in interactional exchanges, when they wish to introduce questions and assertions, where así que begins their reaction to the utterance of the interlocutor. Such questions may be regarded as a discourse strategy that permits possibilities for avoiding taking responsibility for how an utterance is interpreted. In addition, both the BS and the MS use así que at the end of turns, providing the discourse with meta-pragmatic meaning whereby it allows possibilities for interpreting this as finalizing. Through their use of es que, the BS gradually explain and justify statements made in utterances during their turns while the MS, through use in their discourse of this DM, allows them to introduce explications, justifications or excuses in the event of possible disagreement. In addition, the MS use justification introduced through this DM as a strategy to take a turn or to attempt to take over the turn, where es que conveys discourse-pragmatic meaning and introduces a tone of verbal courtesy. / Den digitala versionen: ny rev. utg. 2005.

Cette thèse analyse le profil des apprenants adultes avancés de deux langues étrangères, le français et l’italien, dont l’apprentissage se fait en milieu institutionnel, dans le cadre du lycée (Bartning, 1997). L’étude consiste à dégager les procédures d’organisation de l’information textuelle, lors de la production d’un récit oral, et s’insère dans un cadre de recherche sur la production verbale et le récit, en particulier Levelt (1989) et Klein & Von Stutterheim (2002). Tout locuteur doit gérer un certain nombre de procès pour mener à bien une tâche communicative. D’abord, il sélectionne l’information qu’il veut transmettre. Ensuite, il organise cette information en énoncé, réalisant ce qui s’appelle linéarisation des contenus. Cette information se développe d’énoncé en énoncé dans une suite cohérente et cohésive, de façon à ce qu’elle soit compréhensible aux interlocuteurs, dont les attentes et les connaissances sont aussi évaluées par le locuteur, lors de sa production. Telles sont les compétences textuelles que cette étude analyse, relativement à l’acquisition et à la maîtrise des processus de connexion syntaxique, en particulier les connecteurs. Pour ce faire, un corpus d’apprenants a été bâti, se composant de récits de lycéens italophones apprenants de français LE ainsi que francophones apprenants d’italien LE. La production de récits oraux a été sollicitée à partir d’un support vidéo, « Quest ». Après l’avoir visionné, les apprenants en ont fait deux restitutions : immédiate et différée, avec un délai de sept jours environ. Cela nous a permis, en outre, de tester les effets de la remémoration d’histoires sur la connexité textuelle, selon les hypothèses formulées par la psychologie cognitive, concernant l’existence d’un schéma de récit (Mandler & Johnson, 1977 ; Stein & Glenn, 1979). Les résultats obtenus confirment l’existence d’une divergence entre les productions des apprenants et des natifs, en termes de moyens syntaxiques employés et de répertoire de connecteurs mis en œuvre, suivant les relations exprimées. Il est possible de parler de « traitement prototypique » de la tâche verbale demandée (Watorek, 1996), en particulier pour le groupe d’apprenants italophones de français LE. Les apprenants font preuve d’une structuration de l’information visant à répondre de façon essentielle à la « quaestio » posée par le texte. De plus, l’analyse de la remémoration a permis de vérifier le recours à un schéma, lors de la structuration d’un récit, qui aboutit à la réactivation des seules informations retenues essentielles au bon déroulement de l’histoire, sans que cela entraîne un véritable ajout de connexions, en termes de connecteurs employés, sauf pour l’expression de la causalité, qui est plus fréquente en restitution différée chez tous les groupes analysés. / This thesis analyses the profile of advanced learners of French and Italian as foreign languages within the institutional environment of the high school (Bartning, 1997). The study consists in an analysis of the procedures according to which textual information is organised during the production of an oral narrative, and fits into a framework of research on verbal production (Levelt, 1989; Klein & Von Stutterheim, 2002). A speaker must do several things in the performance of a communicative task. First, he selects the information he wants to impart. Then, he organizes this information, resulting in what is called the linearization of the content. This information is then formulated into language clause by clause, producing a coherent and cohesive text that it is understandable to the interlocutors. This study will examine the textual skills involved in these processes in relation to the acquisition of the means for syntactic cohesion, in particular competence with connectors. To analyse these skills, a corpus of learners was assembled, consisting of Italian-speaking high school students learning French, and their French-speaking, Italian-learning counterparts. Oral responses to a video, « Quest », were elicited. The subjects were asked to give their recollections of the video immediately after viewing and again after approximately seven days. This allowed certain hypotheses in cognitive psychology concerning the existence of a story schema and the relationship between time passed and the cohesion of recollections (Mandler & Johnson, 1977; Stein and Glenn, 1979) to be tested. The results confirm the existence of a difference between the productions of learners and those of native speakers, in respect of employed syntactical means and the repertoire of connectors for certain semantic relations. It is possible to speak about the « traitement prototypique » (Watorek, 1996) of the verbal task, especially for the group of Italian-speaking learners of French. The learners structure the information to give a direct answer to the « quaestio » asked by the text. Furthermore, we noticed that the difference between learners and native speakers is rather small, especially as regards the repertoire of connectors employed and the syntactical structures in which they appear. We may therefore conclude that even the native speakers operate employ only those means strictly necessary to settle the task which they are set. Furthermore, analysis of the recollections verified that there is an appeal to a schema which reactivates only the essential information during the ideal progress of a recollection but which does not result in an increase in the number of connectors used. / Questa tesi analizza il profilo degli apprendenti adulti avanzati del francese e dell’italiano, come lingue straniere, apprese in ambito istituzionale (Bartning, 1997). Lo studio permette di rendere conto delle modalità di organizzazione dell’informazione testuale, in un testo narrativo orale, e si inserisce in un filone di ricerca sulla produzione verbale e la narrazione (Levelt, 1989 ; Klein & Von Stutterheim, 2002). Per portare a termine un determinato compito comunicativo, ogni locutore deve far fronte a un certo numero di attività. Innanzitutto, deve selezionare l’informazione da trasmettere e organizzarla in enunciati, realizzando ciò che si definisce linearizzazione dei contenuti. Tale informazione si sviluppa attraverso gli enunciati, realizzando in tal modo la coerenza e la coesione del discorso, necessarie per la sua comprensione da parte dell’interlocutore. Questa ricerca analizza tali competenze testuali, soprattutto in merito alla realizzazione della coesione attraverso l’uso di connettori. A questo scopo, è stato creato un corpus di apprendenti italofoni di francese L2 e francofoni di italiano L2. Le narrazioni orali sono state elicitate a partire da un supporto video, « Quest ». Dopo averlo visionato, gli apprendenti ne hanno prodotto due restituzioni : immediata e differita di sette giorni circa. Questo ha permesso di testare gli effetti della memoria sulla coesione testuale nella ricostruzione di una storia, secondo le ipotesi formulate dalla psicologia cognitiva sull’esistenza di uno schema, che guidi il trattamento del testo (Mandler & Johnson, 1977 ; Stein & Glenn, 1979). I risultati ottenuti confermano la differenza esistente tra le produzioni degli apprendenti e dei nativi, relativamente ai mezzi sintattici e al repertorio di connettori usati, secondo le relazioni semantiche che questi ultimi esprimono. È possibile parlare di « traitement prorotypique » del compito verbale richiesto (Watorek, 1996), in particolare per il gruppo di apprendenti italofoni di francese L2. Gli apprendenti strutturano l’informazione in maniera essenziale, rispondendo alla « quaestio » alla base del testo. Inoltre, l’analisi della memoria ha permesso di confermare l’esistenza di uno schema per il trattamento di un testo narrativo, che permette di riattivare solo le informazioni essenziali per lo sviluppo della storia, senza che questo comporti un reale aumento dei connettori usati, eccetto che per l’espressione delle relazioni causali, in aumento in restituzione differita per tutti i gruppi del corpus.

The presented dissertation addresses the issue of expressing temporary relations (the present and the past) in the texts of the authors of the Baroque period. The excerpt includes 44 works of historic literary output. The topic is based on a semantic definition of temporal relationships in the Baroque language and interferes with the paratactic and hypotactic method of expression. Within the scope of paratactic connection of syntactic units, we analyze phrasal connections (the connection of main clauses and the connection of paratactic subclauses), text and phrasal connections, within the scope of hypotactic concentration mainly the relationship of the main and subordinate adverbial clauses of time. The classification according to various paratactic and subordinating conjunctions is led by the effort to obtain a comprehensive overview of the possible ways to express temporal relationships. The aim of the work is to contribute to an analytical examination of the syntactic language level of the Baroque period and to confirm the hypothesis of intact continuity of the language development between the humanistic, Baroque and National Revival periods.

Submitted by Sérgio Tiago da Silva null (stletras@gmail.com) on 2016-07-26T22:04:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado_Sergio Tiago da Silva_Conectores Pluriverbais_2016.pdf: 1752310 bytes, checksum: 72c19d7b6a8b3245c75d3e3b52c1eaf2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-29T13:47:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_st_me_arafcl.pdf: 1752310 bytes, checksum: 72c19d7b6a8b3245c75d3e3b52c1eaf2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T13:47:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_st_me_arafcl.pdf: 1752310 bytes, checksum: 72c19d7b6a8b3245c75d3e3b52c1eaf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / O Brasil tem como países vizinhos Argentina, Bolívia, Colômbia, Paraguai, Peru, Uruguai e Venezuela, além de Chile e Equador que também estão na América do Sul; em todos eles o Espanhol é a língua oficial. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário conhecer o idioma desses países, pois cada vez mais indivíduos de localidades diferentes se comunicam, tanto informalmente como em relações de trabalho e negócios, que são mais formais. Por esse motivo, o espanhol vem sendo ensinado desde a década de 40 no Brasil. Contudo, a partir de 2005, o ensino dessa língua tornou-se obrigatório no Brasil. Esse fator nos motivou a realizar uma pesquisa que pudesse contribuir com o ensino do Espanhol em nosso país. Isto posto, nos dedicamos a estudar os marcadores discursivos, mais especificamente os conectores pluriverbais, que são elementos utilizados na elaboração de um texto escrito, pois, essas partículas discursivas propiciam, também, a coesão e a coerência textual. Nosso objetivo ao estudar esses conectores é elaborar uma proposta de tratamento lexicográfico dessas estruturas em um Dicionário Pedagógico Semibilíngue para a produção de textos. Logo, sob a égide das teorias e práticas da lexicografia pedagógica semibilíngue, descrevemos e analisamos como dois dicionários bilíngues e um semibilíngue - Português-Espanhol - presentes em nosso mercado, registram os conectores. Verificamos, assim, que as informações que constam nessas obras lexicográficas não são suficientes para atender às necessidades dos aprendizes brasileiros para produzir textos em Espanhol. Por conseguinte, a partir de dois corpora textuais, um do Português Brasileiro (PB) e outro do Espanhol (Europeu (EE) e Americano (EA)), selecionamos os conectores e observamos os contextos nos quais ocorrem nos corpora bem como a frequência de tais ocorrências. Elaboramos, assim, uma proposta de tratamento lexicográfico de conectores pluriverbais em um dicionário pedagógico semibilíngue para a produção de textos no par de línguas Português-Espanhol. / Brazil has as neighbors Argentina, Bolívia, Colômbia, Paraguai, Peru, Uruguai and Venezuela, with Chile and Ecuador, also in South America; all of these countries have Spanish as the official language. It is therefore necessary to know the language of these countries, as more individuals from different places communicate with each other, both informally and in business settings wich are more formal. For this reason, Spanish has been taught since the 1940s in our country, and from 2005 the teaching of this language has been mandatory in Brazil. This factor motivated us to conduct research that could contribute to the teaching of Spanish in our country. That said, we are dedicated to study the discourse markers, specifically multi-verbal connectors, which are elements used in the preparation of a written text, because these discursive particles also provide cohesion and textual coherence. Our aim to study these connectors is to propose a semi-bilingual lexicographical treatment of these structures in a Pedagogical Dictionary for the production of texts. Here, on the basis of the theories and practices of semi-bilingual pedagogical lexicography, we describe and analyze how two bilingual and semi-bilingual (Portuguese-Spanish) dictionaries, present in our market, record the connectors. We found that the information contained in these lexicographical works are not sufficient to meet the needs of Brazilian learners to produce texts in Spanish. Therefore, from two textual corpora, one Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and the other Spanish (European (EE) and American (EA)), we select the connectors and observe the contexts in which they occur in the corpora and the frequency of such occurrences. We then developed a proposed lexicographical treatment of multi-verbal connectors in a semi-bilingual pedagogical dictionary for the production of texts in paired Portuguese-Spanish languages. / Brasil tiene como países vecinos Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela, y Chile y Ecuador, que también se encuentran en América del Sur; en todos ellos el español es el idioma oficial. Por lo tanto, es necesario conocer la lengua de estos países, pues más y más personas se comunican de diferentes lugares, tanto de manera informal como en las relaciones de trabajo y negócios que son más formales. Por esta razón, el español se ha enseñado desde los años 40 en nuestro país. Sin embargo, a partir de 2005, la enseñanza de esta lengua se hizo obligatoria la oferta en Brasil. Este factor nos ha motivado para llevar a cabo una investigación que podría contribuir a la enseñanza de español en nuestro país. Dicho esto, nos hemos dedicado a estudiar los marcadores del discurso, específicamente los conectores pluriverbales, que son elementos que se utilizan en la elaboración de un texto escrito, debido a que estas partículas discursivas proporcionan también la cohesión y coherencia textual. Nuestro objetivo de estudiar estos conectores es elaborar una propuesta de tratamiento lexicográfico semibilíngüe de estas estructuras. Así, bajo la égide de las teorías y prácticas de la lexicografía pedagógica semibilíngüe, hemos descrito y analizado como dos diccionarios bilingües y un semibilíngüe - Portugués-Español - presentes en nuestro mercado, registran los conectores. Comprobamos, por lo tanto, que las informaciones contenidas en estas obras lexicográficas no son suficientes para satisfacer las necesidades de los estudiantes brasileños que desean producir textos en español. Por conseguiente, a partir de dos corpora textuales, un del Portugués de Brasil (PB) y otro del Español (Europeo (EE) y Americano (EA)), seleccionamos los conectores y observamos los contextos en los que estos ocurren en los corpora y la frecuencia de estas ocurrencias para elabora, así, una propuesta de tratamiento lexicográfico de conectores pluriverbales en un diccionario semibilíngue pedagógico para la producción de textos en el par de lenguas Portugués-Español.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WashintianePBS_DISSERT.pdf: 1298796 bytes, checksum: 3e1b887f7b78a37e9abdfb6a15f30847 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-02 / In this dissertation, based on two theoretical frameworks, American functionalism and variationist sociolinguistics, I take as subject the sequence connectors E and A?, which has the grammatical function of indicating retroactive-propeller sequenciation of information. I analyze the variable use of these connectors in texts written by students from two public schools in the city of Natal, RN, attending at the time of data collection (the year 2012), two distinct levels of basic education: the sixth and the ninth year. The students who contributed to this research wrote, as part of their activities in the classroom, texts of two narrative genres: narrative of personal experience (non-fictional) and short story (fictional). In addition, these students and their Portuguese teachers answered a test of linguistic attitude in which they gave their opinions regarding the appropriateness of the use of connectors E and A? in contexts of speech and writing marked by distinct degrees of formality. The results obtained by means of quantitative analysis showed different tendencies of linguistic, social and stylistic distribution of connectors E and A? in the narrative texts written by the students. I related these results to the action of two principles: the principle of persistence, linked to the process of change by grammaticalization, and the principle of stylistic markedness. Besides, I took into account the answers provided by students and teachers to the test of linguistic attitude for refine the interpretation of the results / Nesta disserta??o, apoiando-me em dois referenciais te?ricos, o do funcionalismo lingu?stico de vertente norte-americana e o da sociolingu?stica variacionista, tomo como objeto de estudo os conectores sequenciadores E e A?, que atuam na fun??o gramatical de indica??o de sequencia??o retroativo-propulsora de informa??es. Analiso o uso vari?vel desses conectores em textos escritos por alunos de duas escolas da rede p?blica da cidade de Natal-RN, que cursavam, ? ?poca da coleta de dados (o ano de 2012), duas s?ries distintas do ensino fundamental: o sexto e o nono ano. Os alunos que contribu?ram para a realiza??o desta pesquisa escreveram, como parte de suas atividades em sala de aula, textos de dois g?neros da esfera narrativa: narrativa de experi?ncia pessoal (de car?ter n?o ficcional) e conto (de car?ter ficcional). Al?m disso, esses alunos e seus professores de l?ngua portuguesa responderam a um teste de atitude lingu?stica em que opinaram sobre a adequa??o do uso dos conectores E e A? em contextos de fala e de escrita marcados por diferentes graus de formalidade. Os resultados, obtidos por meio de an?lise quantitativa, revelaram diferentes tend?ncias de distribui??o lingu?stica, social e estil?stica dos conectores E e A? nos textos narrativos escritos pelos alunos. Relacionei tais resultados ? a??o de dois princ?pios: o princ?pio da persist?ncia, vinculado ao processo de mudan?a por gramaticaliza??o, e o princ?pio da marca??o estil?stica. Al?m disso, levei em conta as respostas fornecidas por alunos e professores ao teste de atitude lingu?stica para refinar a interpreta??o dos resultados

Universidade Federal de Uberlândia / Este trabalho é relativo a uma investigação experimental sobre reforço à flexão de vigas de concreto armado e a influência de um tipo de conector. O programa experimental foi constituído de 8 conjuntos de blocos de concreto e de 15 vigas. Os blocos para ensaios de cisalhamento direto com seção transversal de 15 cm x 15 cm, sendo 4 conjuntos sem conectores e 4 com conectores. As vigas para ensaio à flexão possuíam seções transversais de 12 cm x 22 cm e comprimento de 200 cm, distribuídas em três séries de ensaio, cada uma envolvendo cinco vigas: 5 vigas utilizadas para referência, ou seja, sem reforço, 10 vigas reforçadas com superfície do substrato de textura escovada, sendo 5 delas com conectores metálicos colados no substrato. Para a confecção das vigas foi utilizado concreto usinado auto adensável de 20 MPa, 2ø12,5 mm na armadura longitudinal inferior e 2ø5 mm na armadura longitudinal superior. Os estribos foram de ø5 mm, espaçados a cada 10 cm. As vigas foram submetidas à aplicação de uma força aplicada em dois pontos, distantes de 60 cm dos apoios. Previamente a ruptura e ao serviço de reforço, todas as vigas foram submetidas à carga de projeto até a estabilização de flecha, posteriormente, a carga foi reduzida para 80 % sendo executado o reforço e finalmente ensaiadas até a ruptura. O reforço foi composto do acréscimo de 5 cm de graute nas laterais e fundo da viga em uma extensão de 140 cm, simetricamente ao centro do vão. As armaduras acrescentadas foram similares a existente na viga. A força aplicada, os deslocamentos, as deformações no aço e no concreto foram medidas. Nos ensaios de cisalhamento direto em blocos, os conectores contribuíram para o aumento da tensão média de ruptura em 70,8%. As vigas de referência romperam por flexão com cargas próximas às calculadas. Pelos resultados, o reforço à flexão foi eficiente, elevando a capacidade portante em 44 % e mudou o mecanismo de ruptura para cisalhamento no trecho sem reforço. Nas vigas com conectores o aumento foi de 47%, somente um pouco superior, pois eles não foram totalmente solicitados. / This work is based on an experimental investigation of reinforced concrete beams strengthened to flexure and the influence of a type of connector. The experimental program consisted of 8 sets of concrete blocks and 15 beams. The blocks used in shear tests with cross section of 15 cm x 15 cm, 4 sets without connectors and 4 with connectors. The beams for flexure testing had cross sections of 12 cm x 22 cm and length of 200 cm, divided in three series of the tests, each involving five beams: 5 beams was used for reference, that is, without reinforcement. 10 beams reinforced with surface brushed texture substrate, 5 of them with metal connectors bonded to the substrate. Beams were made with self-compacting concrete of 20 MPa, 2ø12,5 mm to longitudinal bottom reinforcement and 2ø5 mm at longitudinal top. The stirrups were ø5 mm and 10 cm long run. The beams were submitted to four-point load bending test. Previously to the rupture and reinforcement, all the beams were submitted to the project load up to its deflection's stabilization, later, the load was reduced to 80% and executed the reinforcement and finally tested to rupture. The reinforcement was composed of 5 cm grouting increase on the sides and bottom of the beam in a length of 140 cm, symmetrically of the center. The additional reinforcement was similar to the used in the beam. The applied force, the displacement, deformations in steel and in concrete were measured. In direct shear tests in blocks, the connectors contributed to increase in the rupture average stress in 70.8%. The reference beams broken by flexure with loads next to those calculated. The results, the flexure reinforcement was efficient, increasing the load capacity by 44% and changed the rupture mechanism to shear at the unreinforced section. At the beams with connectors the increase was of 47%, a little superior because they had not only been total requested. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

La connectique utilisée en automobile est soumise à des sollicitations vibratoires provoquant des micro-glissements répétitifs à l'origine d'importants endommagements électriques et mécaniques. Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse ont permis de mieux comprendre les phénomènes mis en jeu lorsqu'un contact est soumis à des vibrations et ont contribué à l'évolution des connaissances et à la résolution de problèmes de connectique dans des cas spécifiques. En effet, le phénomène appelé fretting-corrosion engendre des défauts complexes dans la connectique automobile. Dans la connectique bas niveaux, il provoque une transmission erronée ou l'absence d'un signal entre les différents organes (ex : capteurs, calculateurs, etc.), tandis que dans la connectique de puissance, ce phénomène engendre des échauffements qui sont dus à l'effet Joule mais aussi à des apparitions intermittentes d'arcs électriques (> 6000 K) lors des vibrations. Ces échauffements excessifs engendrent un ramollissement des matériaux, constituant le housing (logement du connecteur). Cela peut impliquer une modification de la force de contact appliquée à ce dernier sans oublier l'accélération de l'usure mécanique entre deux parties en contact dynamique. De plus, une analyse des paramètres (courant, revêtements du substrat, épaisseurs des revêtements) qui influent sur ce phénomène a été entreprise lors de cette étude. / Electrical connections used in automobiles are subject to vibration forces causing repetitive micro-sliding which is at the origin of significant electrical and mechanical damage. The thesis research performed has allowed us to better understand the phenomena in play when a contact is subject to vibrations and has contributed to the development of knowledge and to the resolution of connection problems in specific cases. In fact, the phenomenon called fretting-corrosion leads to complex faults in automotive connections. In low power level connections, it causes erroneous transmission errors or the absence of signal between different components (e.g. sensors, computers, etc.) while in power connections, this phenomenon produces heating due to the Joule Effect but also the intermittent appearance of electrical arcs (> 6000 K) during vibrations. This excessive heating causes the materials constituting the connector housing to soften. This could lead to the modification of the applied contact force of the latter and in addition, the acceleration of mechanical wear between the two parts in dynamical contact. In addition, the analysis of parameters (current, coatings of the substrate, thicknesses of coatings) which influence this phenomenon, were performed during this research.

Dans les applications automobiles et dans d'autres domaines (énergie, aviation, etc), le nombre d'appareils électroniques a augmenté de façon significative au cours des dernières décennies. La sécurité des systèmes et des personnes repose sur la qualité de connecteurs électriques. Toutefois, soumis à des vibrations (moteur de la voiture, de l'environnement) des microdéplacements sont induits à l’interface. La problématique du contact électrique est principalement liée à l'altération de la conduction de faible courant (5mA) dans les interfaces soumises à des contraintes mécaniques de glissement répétitifs engendrant un phénomène bien connu de fretting par l’usure. La sollicitation de fretting usure apparait comme un processus de dégradation très pénalisant. Outre la détérioration des surfaces, ce processus conduit à une augmentation de la résistance électrique des contacts et à une possible perte du signal électrique. Ceci est particulièrement le cas pour les connecteurs bas niveau très sensibles aux fluctuations de la résistance électrique. Pour remédier à cela, les acteurs de la connectique développent de nouveaux dépôts pour limiter l’utilisation de dépôts nobles tels que l’or. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d’établir une "table d’utilisation" des revêtements en fonction de sollicitations précises et de mettre en place une méthodologie dans le choix des dépôts en vue d’optimiser la durée de vie des connecteurs. L’étude aborde différents aspects tels que les influences des conditions de chargements mécaniques, des épaisseurs de dépôts, du type de dépôt (noble, non noble, dopé), de l’amplitude de débattement (micro-déplacement et grand déplacement) et la formalisation de l’endurance électrique (loi puissance et approche énergétique). / In automotive applications and in other areas (energy, aviation, etc.), the number of electronic devices has increased significantly in recent last decades. Systems and people securities are based on the quality of electrical connectors. However, submitted to vibrations (car engine, environment) micro-displacements are induced at the interface. The problem of electrical contact is mainly due to the impairment of low current conduction (5mA) in interfaces subjected to repetitive sliding displacement generating a well-known fretting wear phenomenon. Fretting wear solicitation appears as a process of very detrimental degradation. Besides surface deterioration, this process leads an increase of the electrical contact resistance and a possible loss of the electrical signal. This is particularly the case of the low level connectors which are very sensitive to electrical contact fluctuations. To remedy, connections actors develop new deposits to limit the use of noble ones such as gold. The objectives of this thesis are to establish a "table of use" coatings based on specific solicitations and define a methodology for the selection of deposits to optimize the lifetime connectors. The study covers different aspects such as the mechanical loading conditions influence, the thickness deposits influence, the type of deposit (noble, non-noble, doped), the displacement amplitude (microdisplacement and large displacement) and the electrical endurance formalization (energetic approach and power law).

Our urban environment is in constant flux, cities are ever-changing ecosystems that expand, contract, evolve & adapt. However, the way that we have been building our environment has seldom reflected that on the building scale. New neighbourhoods emerge, buildings are torn down and new ones replace them, but in the world that we live today where resources are becoming more scarce and global climate change is upon us, it is time to rethink how we design buildings today with the future in mind. My project’s goal is to design a wood construction system & building, with a focus on enabling mobility, adaptability, reuse, easy assemblage & disassemble, while fostering a sense of permanence so the user feels rooted at home.While concrete has allowed us to push the limits of what we can build, I believe that wood construction R & D has gotten far enough to have similar qualities but store carbon at the same time as being a renewable resource if managed & used responsibly. In my project, I used the method of prefabricating & separating each system on its own layer to allow for longevity, easy replacement & flexibility.