O fenômeno de molhamento, estudo de como um líquido se deposita em um sólido, apresenta problemas ainda em aberto, dos pontos de vista da modelagem física e da simulação numérica. O maior interesse acadêmico neste tipo de escoamento é a linha tríplice (ou linha de contato) formada da interação sólido-líquido-gás. A condição de contorno clássica de não escorregamento na interface líquido-sólido leva a uma singularidade no tensor de tensões nesta linha. Além disso, ainda não está estabelecido qual o melhor modelo para descrever o ângulo de contato formado entre a superfície livre e o substrato (o sólido). Neste trabalho, são discutidos métodos numéricos para a simulação de linhas de contato dinâmicas. Os efeitos da tensão superficial são estudados com a abordagem do princípio do trabalho virtual, o qual leva o problema à equações na formulação variacional, linguagem natural para o tratamento numérico com o método dos elementos finitos (FEM). O domínio é discretizado por uma malha não-estruturada de forma que as interfaces separadoras são explicitamente representadas pela malha. As derivadas temporais são tratadas em uma abordagem Lagrangeana-Euleriana arbitrária (ALE). Finalmente, são apresentados os resultados numéricos obtidos com o método ALE-FEM, discutindo alguns aspectos da sua convergência temporal e espacial. / Wetting phenomena, study of how of a liquid spreads out on a solid substrate, presents challenges both in physical modeling and in numerical simulation. The triple line (or contact line) formed by the solid-liquid-gas interaction has increasingly attracted the attention of the fluid dynamic community. The classical no-slip boundary condition on the liquid-solid interface leads to a singularity in the stress tensor at contact lines. Furthermore, there is no consensus on what the best model to describe the dynamics of the contact angle formed by the solid substrate and free surface. In this work, numerical methods for simulating dynamic contact lines are considered. The capillarity effects are studied in the approach of the virtual-work principle, which describes the problem in the variational formulation, natural language for numerical treatment with the finite element method (FEM). The domain is discretized by a dynamic unstructured mesh, where the separating interfaces are explicit represented by the mesh. Time derivatives present in the governing equations are treated with the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) framework. Finally, we discuss some temporal and spatial convergence issues ofthe ALE-FEM method.

Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse visent à apporter une aide à la compréhension des mécanismes régissant l'évaporation des films liquides. La physique des problèmes à changement de phase avec ligne de contact est gouvernée par des mécanismes agissant au niveau de ces dernières ainsi qu'au niveau des interfaces gaz-liquide. La description géométrique des interfaces est donc un point clef dans cette étude tant d'un point de vue numérique qu'expérimental. Un outil numérique tridimensionnel de suivi d'interface infiniment fine a été créé afin d'anticiper la simulation numérique de ces problèmes. Cet algorithme repose sur une description quadratique de l'interface qui est une surface du maillage. L’ordre de convergence de cette méthode relatif à différentes caractéristiques (courbure, normale, position) de l'interface ainsi que sa qualité conservative ont été étudiés.Parallèlement à cette approche numérique, une technique expérimentale d'inversion optique a été développée. Celle-ci permet la mesure dynamique du profil d'une interface au voisinage de la ligne de contact dans le cadre de fluide très mouillant. Cette méthode, appliquée dans le cadre d'un problème de film en évaporation quasi axisymétrique a permis, dans le cadre d'une expérience simple, une première quantification des flux de chaleur et de masse échangés au niveau de la ligne de contact. / The tasks fulfilled during this study aim at providing tools for understanding the mechanisms of liquid film evaporation. Evaporation in the presence of a triple lines is ruled by physical mechanisms acting on these singularities as well as on the gas liquid interfaces. Thus, the interface description, under it numerical as experimental aspects, is a key point of this study. A numerical tridimentionnal sharp interface tracking tool has been developed to be used in further numerical simulation of the evaporation problem. In this algorithm, the interface is described as a quadratic grid surface. Its convergence orders relatively to geometrical parameters of the interface (curvature, normal, position) has been studied.In the mean time, an experimental optical inversion technique has been developed and validated. It allows a dynamic measurement of the interface shape in the vicinity of the triple line of highly wetting fluid. This method has been applied to the case of a quasi axisymetric evaporating film and provides a first quantification of the heat and mass transfers generated by the triple line region.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude, numérique et expérimentale, des mécanismes physiques intervenant lors de l’ébullition nucléée. L’étude numérique a été conduite avec un code de simulation numérique directe utilisant une méthode "level set". Cette méthode a été évaluée à travers la simulation de la croissance de bulles dans un liquide surchauffé et de bons accords ont été observés entre nos simulations et les résultats théoriques. Puis, des modèles ont été intégrés à l’outil numérique, afin de simuler la dynamique de la ligne de contact sans changement de phase. Par la suite, ces modèles ont été validés lors de la simulation de cas tests d’étalement de gouttes sur une plaque. Enfin, des simulations de croissance de bulles sur paroi ont été réalisées en considérant le flux provenant de la micro-couche. Parallèlement, une étude sur l’ébullition nucléée, en l’absence de gaz incondensables, a été conduite en microgravité, à l’aide d’une expérience en fusée sonde : SOURCE 2. Une analyse comparative a été menée sur les échanges thermiques obtenus en 1G et en 0G. Puis, l’influence de la configuration de l’ébullition sur les transferts thermiques, en microgravité, a été étudiée. Enfin, l’outil numérique a été utilisé afin de simuler un cas test défini à partir d’une séquence de l’expérience menée en microgravité. Nous avons simulé le remplissage et la pressurisation de la cellule d’essai et un bon accord a été obtenu entre les résultats numériques et les données expérimentales. / In this work, we study different phenomena that occur during nucleate boiling. Firstly, we numerically investigate nucleate boiling by using two phase flow direct numerical simulation based on a level set / Ghost Fluid method. Nucleate boiling on a plate is not only a thermal issue, but also involves multiphase dynamics issues at different scales and at different stages of bubble growth. As a consequence, we divide the whole problem and investigate separately the different phenomena considering their nature and the scale at which they occur. First we analyse the boiling of a static bubble immersed in an overheated liquid. Then, we implement a method that makes it possible to take into account the contact angle hysteresis model. Finally, considering the evaporation of the micro-layer, we perform simulations of bubble growth on a plate. Besides, an experimental study has been performed in the framework of a sounding rocket experiment : SOURCE 2, driven by ESA (European Spatial Agency) in which several partners are involved. For SOURCE 2, a single species configuration is used. No desorption and no thermo-capillary convection occur, the change in the bubble size is only due to vaporisation. Using this device, a comparison between heat transfer on ground and heat transfer in microgravity was performed and the influence of boiling configuration on heat transfer was studied. Finally a sequence of the experiment on the sounding rocket has been numerically simulated. It concerns the filling and the pressurisation of a small reservoir in microgravity. A good agreement was obtained between the simulations and the experimental results.

O fenômeno de molhamento, estudo de como um líquido se deposita em um sólido, apresenta problemas ainda em aberto, dos pontos de vista da modelagem física e da simulação numérica. O maior interesse acadêmico neste tipo de escoamento é a linha tríplice (ou linha de contato) formada da interação sólido-líquido-gás. A condição de contorno clássica de não escorregamento na interface líquido-sólido leva a uma singularidade no tensor de tensões nesta linha. Além disso, ainda não está estabelecido qual o melhor modelo para descrever o ângulo de contato formado entre a superfície livre e o substrato (o sólido). Neste trabalho, são discutidos métodos numéricos para a simulação de linhas de contato dinâmicas. Os efeitos da tensão superficial são estudados com a abordagem do princípio do trabalho virtual, o qual leva o problema à equações na formulação variacional, linguagem natural para o tratamento numérico com o método dos elementos finitos (FEM). O domínio é discretizado por uma malha não-estruturada de forma que as interfaces separadoras são explicitamente representadas pela malha. As derivadas temporais são tratadas em uma abordagem Lagrangeana-Euleriana arbitrária (ALE). Finalmente, são apresentados os resultados numéricos obtidos com o método ALE-FEM, discutindo alguns aspectos da sua convergência temporal e espacial. / Wetting phenomena, study of how of a liquid spreads out on a solid substrate, presents challenges both in physical modeling and in numerical simulation. The triple line (or contact line) formed by the solid-liquid-gas interaction has increasingly attracted the attention of the fluid dynamic community. The classical no-slip boundary condition on the liquid-solid interface leads to a singularity in the stress tensor at contact lines. Furthermore, there is no consensus on what the best model to describe the dynamics of the contact angle formed by the solid substrate and free surface. In this work, numerical methods for simulating dynamic contact lines are considered. The capillarity effects are studied in the approach of the virtual-work principle, which describes the problem in the variational formulation, natural language for numerical treatment with the finite element method (FEM). The domain is discretized by a dynamic unstructured mesh, where the separating interfaces are explicit represented by the mesh. Time derivatives present in the governing equations are treated with the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) framework. Finally, we discuss some temporal and spatial convergence issues ofthe ALE-FEM method.

Interfacial instabilities and wetting phenomena of phase separated colloid-polymer mixtures are addressed in this study. Colloidal particles offer certain advantages over molecular systems, due to their larger lengthscales and slower timescales. Moreover, the phenomena can be directly visualised using laser scanning confocal microscopy, and a perfect match with soft-lithography fabrication techniques can be exploited. In particular, we study the viscous fingering instability in three dimensions, focusing on the role of wetting conditions and of thermal fluctuations. Combined with results obtained by lattice Boltzmann simulations, we reveal that the cross-over of the meniscus in the direction across the channel thickness is controlled by the capillary and Peclet numbers, and viscosity contrast of the system. The curvature of the meniscus has a pronounced effect on the onset of the Saffman-Taylor instability, in which the formation of the viscous fingers is suppressed up to a certain threshold. Furthermore, we investigate a related contact line instability, which leads to entrainment and subsequent droplet pinch-off. A theoretical prediction for the onset of the instability is developed, which shows a good agreement with the experimental observations and yields a method to directly measure the slip length of the interface. The large thermal fluctuations of our interface play an important role in pinch-off events, leading to periodic emission of droplets of similar sizes. Finally, we study wetting phenomena at geometrically sculpted walls. We focus on the shape, the thickness and the radius of curvature of the adsorbed liquid film, and find good agreement with theory. Changing the curvature of the wedge from a flat surface to a capil- lary slit furthermore smoothly connects wetting behaviour and capillary condensation, again in qualitative agreement with theory. Non-equilibrium effects may interfere with the data and are difficult to rule out. We end with recommendations for future work.

In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir den Polymorphismus von Biomembranen im Nanometerbereich anhand von Computermodellen. In Kapitel drei werden auf Dissipative Particle Dynamis basierende molekulare Simulationen genutzt, um die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Membranen und Nanotropfen mit hohen Oberflächenspannungen in der Größenordnung von Milli Newton pro Meter zu untersuchen. Wir zeigen, dass Nanotropfen eine negative Linienspannung an der dreiphasigen Kontaktlinie mit der Membran aufweisen. Die negative Linienspannung führt zu einem spontanen Symmetriebruch des Membran-Tropfensystems und zur Bildung eines enggeschlossenen länglichen Membranhalses. In Kapitel vier untersuchen wir Nanotropfen mit niedrigen Grenzflächenspannungen in der Größenordnung von Mikro-Newton pro Meter. Eine Energieminimierung ermöglicht uns, eine Vielzahl von Parametern zu variieren und die Abhängigkeit der Membranbenet-zungsphänomene von der Grenzflächenspannung, der Biegesteifigkeit, der Linienspannung und der spontanen Krümmung systematisch zu bestimmen. Wir beobachten eine neue morphologische Transformation, die sowohl die Vesikel als auch das Tröpfchen betrifft und eine weiter Geometrie mit gebrochener Rotationssymmetrie. Schließlich bestimmen wir die Grenze zwischen symmetrischen und asymmetrischen Kontaktlinien innerhalb des dreidimensionalen Parameterraums bei verschwindender spontanen Krümmung. In Kapitel fünf verwenden wir molekulare Simulationen, um die morphologischen Transformationen einzelner Nanovesikel mit unterschiedlichem Grad an Asymmetrie zwischen den beiden Schichten der Doppelmembranen zu beobachten. Wir beginnen mit kugelförmigen Vesikeln, die ein bestimmtes Wasservolumen einschließen und aus einer bestimmten Gesamtzahl von Lipiden bestehen. Wenn ihr Volumen verringert wird, verwandeln sich die kugelförmigen Vesikel in eine Vielzahl von nicht kugelförmigen Formen. Dieser Polymorphismus kann durch Umverteilung weniger Lipide zwischen der inneren und äußeren Schicht der Membranen kontrolliert werden. / In this thesis, we use computational methods to study polymorphism of biomembranes at the nanoscales. In chapter three, we use molecular simulations based on dissipative particle dynamics to investigate the interaction of membranes with nanodroplets at high interfacial tensions of the order of milli Newton per meter. We find that nanodroplets have negative line tension at the three phase contact line on the membrane. The negative line tension leads to spontaneous symmetry breaking of the membrane-droplet system and formation of a tight-lipped membrane neck. In chapter four, we study nanodroplets with low interfacial tensions of the order of micro Newton per meter. We use energy minimization, which allows us to explore a wide range of parameters and to systemati-cally determine the dependence of membrane wetting phenomena on interfacial tension, bending rigidity, line tension, and spontaneous curvature. We observe a new morphological transformation that involves both vesicles and droplets, leads to another regime with broken rotational symmetry. Finally, we determine the boundary between symmetric and asymmetric contact line geometries within the three-dimensional parameter space in vanishing spontaneous curvature. In chapter five, we use molecular simulations to monitor the morphological transformations of individual nanovesicles with different degrees of asymmetry between the two leaflets of the bilayer membranes. We start with the assembly of spherical vesicles that enclose a certain volume of water and contain a certain total number of lipids. When we reduce their volume, the spherical vesicles transform into a multitude of nonspherical shapes such as oblates and stomatocytes as well as prolates and dumbbells. This polymorphism can be controlled by redistributing a small fraction of lipids between the inner and outer leaflets of the bilayer membranes. As a consequence, the inner and the outer leaflets experience different mechanical tensions.

An Oberleitungen von spurgeführten elektrischen Nahverkehrssystemen werden sehr hohe Zuverlässigkeitsanforderungen gestellt, die durch eine belastungsgerechte Instandhaltung erfüllt werden. Die gegenwärtige Instandhaltungspraxis wird analysiert und die damit erreichte Anlagenverfügbarkeit bestimmt. Als Ergebnis dieser Analyse werden die Arbeitsschwerpunkte identifiziert und besonders instandhaltungsintensive Komponenten oder Bauweisen der Oberleitung ermittelt. An diesen wird untersucht, woraus der erhöhte Instandhaltungsaufwand resultiert und mit welchen Abhilfemaßnahmen dem entgegen gewirkt werden kann. Dabei wird ein Bündel von Einzelmaßnahmen durch theoretische Betrachtungen, Labor- und Feldversuche sowie Simulationsrechnungen betrachtet und die Wirksamkeit bewertet. Parallel wird ein fahrzeugseitiges Monitoringsystem zur qualitativen Bewertung der Kontaktgüte zwischen Stromabnehmer und Oberleitung entwickelt, erprobt und verifiziert. Zusammen mit dafür entwickelten Auswertungsfunktionen können automatisiert instandhaltungsintensive Punkte im gesamten Netz detektiert und charakterisiert werden. Zusammen mit statistisch ausgewerteten Felddaten können verschleißbestimmende Parameter errechnet werden, die den Anlageninstandhalter bei der Zustandsbestimmung seines Netzes unterstützen. Dem Anlagenbetreiber wird ermöglicht, die Instandhaltung zielgerichtet auf verschleißintensive Komponenten zu fokussieren und mit zuvor untersuchten Abhilfemaßnahmen den Instandhaltungsbedarf zu senken.

This diploma thesis deals with hot-formed helical compression springs. The first part of the thesis describes related problems and determines market potential. Following theoretical part describes the influence of contact line on behaviour of springs and compares it with normative regulations. Methods suitable for determination of helix shape are covered in the next part. The last part focuses on practical measurement, in which the change of helix shape during manufacture was observed. The main output of this diplomat thesis is suggestion of measures that should contribute to both optimization of manufacture and verification of FEM model.

Cette thèse présente une étude expérimentale sur l'évaporation de gouttes reposant sur un substrat solide. Dans une première partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à la description de l'évaporation d'une goutte liquide en regardant notamment l'influence du substrat. Le problème est approché sous un angle nouveau : en contrôlant avec précision les différentes propriétés du substrat que sont sa rugosité, son énergie de surface et ses propriétés thermiques. Cette méthode a permis de découpler les différentes influences du substrat et d'étudier l'évaporation pour différentes dynamiques de ligne triple et une large gamme d'angles de contact, de conductivités thermiques et de températures de substrat. Les résultats expérimentaux sont comparés au modèle classique d'évaporation. Ce modèle considère l'évaporation comme un processus contrôlé par la diffusion de la vapeur dans l'atmosphère. L'étude révèle les domaines de validité de ce modèle et met en évidence les différents mécanismes additionnels pouvant se développer ainsi que leur contribution. L'utilisation d'une caméra infrarouge dévoile le développement d'un motif hydrodynamique complexe non-axisymétrique. L'origine de cette instabilité, ces dynamiques spatiales et temporelles sont également explorées. Dans une seconde partie, l'étude a été étendue à l'évaporation d'une goutte de suspension biologique : le sang. Le séchage de ce fluide conduit à la formation d'un motif complexe dépendant de la mouillabilité du substrat. Alors qu'une situation mouillante met en évidence un dépôt de type annulaire accompagné de fractures radiales, une situation non-mouillante révèle une forme complexe composée de fractures et de plis. / This thesis presents an experimental study on the evaporation of droplets on a solid substrate. In the first part we describe the evaporation of a liquid droplet, taking a particular interest in the influence of the substrate. The problem is approached from a new angle by ensuring that the various properties of the substrate, such as its roughness, surface energy and thermal properties, are controlled precisely. Thanks to this method it is possible to decouple the different influences of the substrate and to study evaporation in relation to various dynamics of triple lines and a wide range of contact angles, thermal conductivities and temperatures of the substrate. Experimental results are compared with the classic evaporation model, which considers evaporation as a process determined by the diffusion of vapor into the atmosphere. The study reveals the range of validity of this model and highlights the different additional mechanisms which may develop as well as their contribution. The use of an infrared camera reveals the development of a complex hydrodynamic non-axisymmetric pattern. The origin of this instability and its spatial and temporal dynamics are also explored. In the second part, the study is extended to the evaporation of a dropl of a biological suspension: human blood. As this fluid dries a complex pattern is formed which is dependent on the wettability of the substrate. Whereas a wetting situation leads to a ring-like deposit with radial cracks, a non-wetting situation reveals a complex shape composed of cracks and folds. The study focuses on the understanding of the physical mechanisms leading to these patterns and of the role of biology.

Ce travail est motivé par la nécessité de mieux comprendre la technique de récupération du pétrole par injection de polymères à l'échelle du pore. On considère deux fluides immiscibles dans un réseau de microcanaux. A cette échelle, le diamètre des canaux est de l'ordre de quelques dizaines de micromètres tandis que la vitesse est de l'ordre du centimètre par seconde. Cela nous permet d'utiliser les équations de Stokes incompressible pour décrire l'écoulement des fluides. Le modèle Olroyd-B est utilisé pour décrire l'écoulement du fluide viscoélastique. Afin d'effectuer des simulations numériques dans une géométrie complexe comme un réseau de microcanaux, une méthode de pénalisation est utilisée. Pour suivre l'interface entre les deux fluides, la méthode Level-Set est employée. Le modèle pour la dynamique de la ligne triple est basé sur les la loi de Cox. Enfin, on présente des résultats de simulations numériques avec des paramètres physiques réalistes. / This work is motivated by the need for better understanding the polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technique at the pore-scale. We consider two phase immiscible fluids in a microchannel network. In microfluidics, the diameter of the channels is of the order of a few tens of micrometers and the flow velocity is of the order of one centimeter per second. The incompressible Stokes equations are used to describe the fluid flow. The Oldroyd-B rheological model is used to capture the viscoelastic behavior. In order to perform numerical simulations in a complex geometry like a microchannel network, a penalization method is implemented. To follow the interface between the two fluids, the Level-Set method is employed. The dynamic contact line model used in this work is based on the Cox law. Finally, we perform simulations with realistic parameters.