Existing research on students’ citation practices has tended to focus on the formal and linguistic characteristics of citation (Howard et al., 2010; Swales, 2014), without fully examining their underlying rhetorical functions or the influence of classroom genres on citation practices. Smaller-scale studies have yielded meaningful insights into the rhetorical dimensions of citation (Haller, 2010), but these have been challenging to scale up, and proposed coding schemes have had limited applicability to L1 first-year writing contexts (Petric, 2007; Lee, Hitchcock, and Casal, 2018; Zhang, 2023). This study responds to calls for a better understanding of the rhetorical strategies first-year writing students employ when citing sources, as well as improved program-level assessment methods to capture their citation practices across classrooms and courses. My dissertation study examines the rhetorical practices of citation employed by students within a foundational academic writing course, ENG 101: Introduction to Academic Discourse, at a large urban research university. Combining qualitative coding and computational text analysis, the study investigates three key research questions: 1) What rhetorical practices of citation do students learn to employ within a foundational academic writing course? 2) To what extent do different genres condition different practices of citation? and 3) To what extent do students' citation practices differ—within and across genres—in relation to the scores they receive? This study reveals that students primarily engage sources for three rhetorical purposes: to Report information from and about sources (without imposing an interpretive lens); to Transform source material through analysis, application, and synthesis; and to Evaluate a source’s content, argument, and/or rhetorical effectiveness. The study found that higher-scoring student papers demonstrated more frequent use of Evaluating sources while lower-scoring papers tended to rely more heavily on Reporting from sources. Additionally, the analysis uncovered distinct citation profiles across the key genres assigned in the course, with the Rhetorical Analysis paper requiring the highest levels of Evaluating and Transforming, the Brand Analysis emphasizing Transforming, and the Review Paper displaying lower overall source engagement. The dissertation contributes to the field's understanding of citation practices in first-year writing, offering a framework for assessing the rhetorical dimensions of student citation that can be adapted for use within the context of local writing programs to support outcomes assessment, curriculum design, and classroom pedagogy attuned to the rhetorical dimensions of source engagement. / English / Accompanied by one .zip file : 1) Kane_temple_0225E_171/Kane_Supplementary_Materials.zip

The Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae (TLA; http://aaew.bbaw.de/tla) is the publication platform of the project „Structure and Transformation in the Vocabulary of the Egyptian Language: Texts and Knowledge in the Culture of Ancient Egypt“ (formerly known as “Altägyptisches Wörterbuch”) located in Berlin and Leipzig. It contains the largest corpus of Egyptian texts (ca. 1.4 million text words) and it is a very important tool for linguistic, philological, lexicographical, and cultural research. My paper introduces you to the software behind the TLA. I will show how easy it is to add a new text to the corpus with transcription, translation, Hieroglyphic codes, and metadata and how easy you can add any annotations of different types like rubra, citations from other texts, comments, direct speech. The software itself is freely available and platform independent. You are welcome to use our software to edit your texts and to cooperate with us!

This thesis examines the scientific language in different subjects by analysing all grade 8 science items from TIMSS 2011, using four characteristic meaning dimensions of scientific language – Packing, Precision and Presentation of information, and the level of Personification in a text. The results, as well as results from established readability measures, are correlated with test performances of different student groups. The TIMSS vocabulary is compared with three Swedish corpora where low frequency words are identified and further analysed. The thesis challenges the notion that there is a single scientific language, as results show that the language use varies between subjects. Physics uses more words, biology shows higher Packing and lower Precision, while physics shows the opposite pattern. Items are generally low in Personification but physics has higher levels, earth science lower. Chemistry often presents information in more complex ways. The use of meaning dimensions manages to connect the language use in science items to student performance, while established measures do not. For each subject, one or more of the meaning dimensions shows significant correlations with small to medium effect sizes. Higher Packing is positively correlated with students’ results in earth science, negatively correlated in physics, and has no significant correlations in biology or chemistry. Students’ performances decrease when placing items in everyday contexts, and skilled readers are aided by higher precision, while less-skilled seem unaffected. Many meaning dimensions that influence low performers’ results do not influence those of high performers, and vice versa. The vocabulary of TIMSS and school textbooks are closely matched, but compared with more general written Swedish and a more limited vocabulary, the coverage drops significantly. Of the low frequency words 78% are nouns, where also most compound–, extra long– and made-up words are found. These categories and nominalisations are more common in biology and, except for made-up words, rare in chemistry. Abstract and generalizing nouns are frequent in biology and earth science, concrete nouns in chemistry and physics.

This thesis explores the ideological role of metaphor in British governmental discourses on 'social exclusion'. A hybrid methodology, combining approaches from Corpus Linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis and cognitive theories of metaphor, is used to address how social exclusion and other metaphors are deployed to create an ideologically vested representation of society. The data consists of linguistic metaphors identified from a 400,000+ word machine-readable corpus of British governmental texts on social exclusion covering a ten year period (1997- 2007). From these surface level features of text, underlying systematic and conceptual metaphors are then inferred. The analysis reveals how the interrelation between social exclusion and a range of other metaphors creates a dichotomous representation of society in which social problems are discursively placed outside society, glossing inequalities within the included mainstream and placing the blame for exclusion on the cultural deficiencies of the excluded. The solution to the problem of exclusion is implicit within the logic of its conceptual structure and involves moving the excluded across the 'boundary' to join the 'insiders'. The welfare state has a key role to play in this and is underpinned by a range of metaphors which anticipate movement on the part of the excluded away from a position of dependence on the state. This expectation of movement is itself metaphorically structured by the notion of a social contract in which the socially excluded have a responsibility to try and include themselves in society in return for the right of (temporary) state support. Key systematic metaphors are explained by reference to a discourse-historical view of ideological change in processes of political party transformation.

In English the personal pronouns are morphologically marked for grammatical number, whilst the third-person singular pronouns are also obligatorily marked for gender. As a result, the use of any singular animate antecedent coindexed with a third-person pronoun forces a choice between he and she, whether or not the biological sex of the intended referent is known. This forced choice of gender, and the corresponding lack of a gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun where gender is not formally marked, is the primary focus of this thesis. I compare and contrast the use of the two main candidates for epicene status, singular they and generic he, which are found consistently opposed in the wider literature. Using corpus-based methods I analyse current epicene usage in written British English, and investigate which epicene pronouns are given to language-acquiring children in their L1 input. I also consider current prescriptions on epicene usage in grammar texts published post-2000 and investigate whether there is any evidence that language-external factors impact upon epicene choice. The synthesis of my findings with the wider literature on epicene pronouns leads me to the conclusion that, despite the restrictions imposed on the written pronoun paradigm evident in grammatical prescriptivism, singular they is the epicene pronoun of British English.

The present compilation thesis investigates the use of a pattern that is commonly found in academic writing, namely the introductory it pattern (e.g. it is interesting to note the difference). The main aim is to shed further light on the formal and functional characteristics of the pattern in academic writing. When relevant, the thesis also investigates functionally related constructions. The focus is on learner use, but reference corpora of published writing and non-native-speaker student writing have also been utilized for comparison. The thesis encompasses an introductory survey (a “kappa”) and four articles. The material comes from six different corpora: ALEC, BATMAT, BAWE, LOCRA, MICUSP and VESPA. Factors such as native-speaker status, discipline, level of achievement (lower-graded vs. higher-graded texts) and level of expertise in academic writing are investigated in the articles. In more detail, Articles 1 and 2 examine the formal (syntactic) characteristics of the introductory it pattern. The pattern is studied using modified versions of two previous syntactic classifications. Articles 3 and 4 investigate the functional characteristics of the pattern. In Article 3, a functional classification is developed and used to categorize the instances. Article 4 examines the stance-marking function of the pattern in relation to functionally related constructions (e.g. stance adverbs such as possibly and stance noun + prepositional phrase combinations like the possibility of). The introductory it pattern was found to be relatively invariable in the sense that a small set of formal and functional realizations made up the bulk of the tokens. The learners, especially those whose texts received a lower grade, made particularly frequent use of high-frequency realizations of the pattern. The thesis highlights the importance of not limiting investigations of this kind to comparisons across native-speaker status, as this is only one of the several factors that can influence the distribution. By exploring the potential importance of many different factors from both a formal and a functional perspective, the thesis paints a more complete picture of the introductory it pattern in academic writing, of use in, for instance, second-language instruction.

This thesis analyses the nine main tense–aspect constructions in Old Japanese in more detail than ever before, exploiting the research possibilities created by the Oxford Corpus of Old Japanese. The commitment to close textual reading and the interpretation of examples in context that is characteristic of traditional Japanese scholarship is combined with a determination to explain the distributional data revealed by the Corpus. Large samples are used to produce quantitative semantic analyses, allowing a new perspective on multifunctional constructions from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. All findings are placed within the wider perspective of cross-linguistic studies of tense and aspect, an approach often missing in Old Japanese scholarship. This thesis is the most comprehensive analysis of Old Japanese tense and aspect to date. Some traditional conclusions are challenged, and light is shed on many previously unexplained phenomena. Resultative constructions are discovered to be even more pervasive in Japanese than previously thought, with at least five of the nine con-structions I look at hypothesized to have begun as resultative constructions. In most cases these constructions have broadened to also denote ongoing activities, another characteristic of Japanese. This thesis thereby contributes to the cross-linguistic understanding of resultative constructions, and to the question of the validity and nature of the distinction between activities and states. It also shows the potential of an exemplar-based model of linguistic storage, which is seen to be a powerful tool for explaining both the multifunctionality of grammatical constructions and semantic change.

This essay examines how the sense of the word parent has developed and possibly changed during the 19th and 20th centuries. The hypothesis is that father was the most common meaning in the early 1800s and that by the end of the 20th century it had changed into having a more general sense, denoting all caregivers of a child. The research has been performed as a corpus study, looking at and analyzing corpus data in the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) from three different decades – the 1820s, the 1900s, and the 1990s. The word parent was analyzed in 100 samples from each of the three decades by studying the expanded contexts of the word in COHA, and categorizing the perceived meaning into one of seven definitions. The results show that father was the most common sense in the 1820s, while origin was the most frequent meaning in the 1900s. Last but not least, in the samples from the 1990s, either as sense had the highest frequency. Occurrences are analyzed both by decade and by source type. The results indicate that one should be mindful about making assumptions about meaning based only on knowledge of the sense as used in current discourse. Any text should be read and understood in context while taking historical circumstances into account. The definition of parent has changed, both in dictionaries and in the public mind, and there are signals that changes in the legal definition of parent are also to be expected.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar como a aplicação da Linguística de Corpus e da Abordagem Funcionalista da tradução podem auxiliar ao longo do processo tradutório de textos antigos. A pesquisa está fundamentada nas definições de Linguística de Corpus elaboradas por Berber Sardinha (2004), Tagnin (2013) e Weisser (2016), entre outros, e nos princípios da Abordagem Funcionalista desenvolvidos por Holz-Mäntäri (1984), Reiss e Vermeer (1984) e Nord (1988). Os textos a serem traduzidos do italiano ao português brasileiro são uma carta e um tratado de música sobre baixo contínuo, escritos por Agostino Agazzari no início do século XVII, época em que essa prática começou a ser desenvolvida. Preparamos uma primeira versão da tradução, utilizando apenas os materiais convencionais de consulta, como dicionários e Internet. Em seguida, elaboramos uma segunda versão com o apoio de seis corpora: quatro especializados construídos por nós, e dois de referência disponibilizados para uso na ferramenta online Sketch Engine (Lexical Computing), que também possibilitou a análise linguística de todos os corpora. Compilamos um corpus em português brasileiro e outro em italiano relacionados à técnica barroca do baixo contínuo (tema principal do tratado) através da seleção de artigos, dissertações, teses e livros pertinentes ao tema. Construímos, também, quatro corpora (dois em português brasileiro e dois em italiano) sobre baixo contínuo e instrumentos musicais, através da WebBootCaT, uma ferramenta presente no Sketch Engine que extrai textos da Internet. Por fim, preparamos três glossários de termos mais relevantes do tratado e suas definições. Procuramos guiar todo o processo tradutório de acordo com os conceitos desenvolvidos pela Abordagem Funcionalista da tradução, refletindo principalmente sobre a função, o público-alvo e a dimensão temporal dos textos de partida e de chegada. A análise dos corpora possibilitou a confirmação de várias hipóteses que haviam surgido durante a primeira versão da tradução, além de esclarecer dúvidas e favorecer o processo de adaptação do tratado ao português brasileiro contemporâneo, apesar da dificuldade em encontrar textos representativos sobre os arcaísmos e as abreviações. A etapa de pesquisa dos termos com o auxílio da Linguística de Corpus exigiu muito menos tempo que o necessário durante a primeira versão, devido à possibilidade que essa metodologia oferece de rapidamente encontrá-los e analisá-los em seu contexto de uso. Já a Abordagem Funcionalista constituiu uma base fundamental para a elaboração da tradução, auxiliando o processo de tomada de decisões sempre baseado na função e no público-alvo dos textos de partida e de chegada. A tradução da carta e do tratado contribui para a disponibilização de material especializado direcionado a tradutores, estudantes de música, musicólogos e intérpretes de música barroca. Também colabora com a difusão de pesquisas baseadas em corpora, voltadas especificamente ao campo musical. / This paper aims to analyze how corpus linguistics and a functionalist approach can help throughout the process of translating very old texts. Our research is based on the Corpus Linguistics definitions elaborated by Berber Sardinha (2004), Tagnin (2013), and Weisser (2016), among others, and on the principles of the Functionalist Approach developed by Holz-Mäntäri (1984), Reiss and Vermeer (1984), and Nord (1988). The texts to be translated from Italian into Brazilian Portuguese are a letter and a music treatise about basso continuo, written by Agostino Agazzari in the early 17th century, a time when this practice started being developed. We first prepared an initial version of the translation using only conventional reference materials, such as dictionaries and the Internet. Next, we developed a second version with the support of six corpora: four specialized tools we built ourselves, and two references tools available for use online at the Sketch Engine (Lexical Computing) website, which also allowed us to conduct linguistic analysis on all the corpora. We compiled two corpora (one in Brazilian Portuguese and another in Italian) related to the Baroque technique of basso continuo (the main theme of the treatise) by selecting articles, dissertations, theses, and books pertaining to the topic. We also built four corpora (two in Brazilian Portuguese and two in Italian) about basso continuo and musical instruments, using WebBootCaT, a tool found in the Sketch Engine platform that extracts texts from the Internet. Finally, we prepared three glossaries with the most relevant terms in the treatise and their definitions. We sought to guide the entire translation process according to the concepts developed by the functionalist translation approach, reflecting mainly on the function, the target audience, and the temporal dimension of the source and target texts. Corpus analysis allowed us to confirm several hypotheses that had arisen during the first version of the translation, in addition to answering questions and supporting the process of adapting the treatise to contemporary Brazilian Portuguese, despite the difficulty of finding other texts that were representative of the archaic word choice and abbreviations. The stage of searching for terms with the help of Corpus Linguistics required much less time than had been necessary during the first version, due to the features of this methodology for quickly finding and analyzing them in context. A Functionalist Approach, however, was essential as a basis on which to prepare the translation, because it supported the decision-making process by always basing it on the function and target audience of the source and target texts. Translating the letter and treatise contributes to the availability of specialized material aimed at translators, music students, musicologists, and baroque music performers. It also helps spread knowledge of research based on corpora and focused specifically on the field of music theory.

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Leila Cristina de Mello Darin / Banca: Lidia Almeida Barros / Resumo: No presente trabalho, examinamos a tradução de marcadores culturais (MCs) presentes em duas obras do escritor João Ubaldo Ribeiro: Sargento Getúlio, traduzida pelo próprio autor como Sergeant Getulio; e a outra, O sorriso do lagarto, traduzida por Clifford Landers com o título de The Lizard's Smile. Foram analisadas, nos respectivos textos de chegada, as escolhas do autotradutor e do tradutor profissional ao lidarem com diferenças culturais relacionadas aos MCs, com o objetivo de verificar aproximações e distanciamentos entre os dois pares de obras. Investigamos, também, aspectos referentes à tendência de explicitação e simplificação encontrados nos respectivos textos traduzidos. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos no arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (Baker, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2004), na Linguística de Corpus (Berber Sardinha, 2004), na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), nos trabalhos sobre domínios culturais de Nida (1945) e de Aubert (1981, 2006), e nos estudos sobre modalidades tradutórias de Aubert (1984, 1998). Para a extração dos vocábulos, contamos com o auxílio das ferramentas de busca disponibilizados pelo programa WordSmith Tools, versão 4.0, que possibilitaram uma análise mais dinâmica e abrangente dos dados. Os resultados obtidos revelam que Ubaldo Ribeiro está mais voltado para o texto de partida buscando uma maior aproximação entre o leitor de língua inglesa e a mensagem do original. Já Landers direcionase mais para o texto alvo valendo-se de um número maior de recursos que podem ser identificados como características de simplificação a fim de tornar mais fácil a leitura do texto traduzido. / Abstract: In this study, we investigated the translation of cultural markers present in two works written by JoãoUbaldo Ribeiro: Sargento Getúlio, translated by the self-translator as Sergeant Getulio; and the other, O sorriso do lagarto, by Clifford Landers as The Lizard's Smile. The choices of the self-translator and the professional translator were analysed, in the respective target texts, concerning cultural differences related to cultural markers in order to observe similarities and diferences in both pairs of texts. We also investigated features of explicitation and simplification found in the respective translated texts. The theoretical approach is based on Corpus-Based Translation Studies (Baker, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2004); Corpus Linguistics (Berber Sardinha, 2004), Camargo's interdisciplinary proposal (2005, 2007), studies on cultural domains (Nida, 1945; Aubert, 1981, 2006), and on translation modalities (Aubert, 1984, 1998). For word extraction, we used the tools provided by the WordSmith Tools program, version 4.0, which enable us to analyse data in a broader and more dynamic way. The results obtained suggest that João Ubaldo Ribeiro's output shows patterns more likely to be consciously reproduced on the basis of the source text. On the other hand, Landers seems to be closer to the normal patterning of translated English, in an attempt to make the translated text easier for the target reader. Keywords: Corpus Based Translation Studies, Corpus Linguistics, Sergeant Getulio, The Lizard's Smile, Cultural marker / Mestre