[pt] No período de 2004 a 2008, foram registradas, no Brasil, 199 ofertas públicas de ações, sendo 111 ofertas iniciais de ações, basicamente abertura de capital registrada na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo; e 88 ofertas públicas de ações registradas na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários, com finalidades diversas. Utilizando uma amostra de 50 ofertas públicas, observamos as principais práticas de avaliação de empresas adotadas pelos principais agentes financeiros que atuam no país. Concluímos que as avaliações respeitam os principais modelos e premissas discutidas no meio acadêmico, aplicando-os à prática, assim como com o que é praticado em outros países, ajustando-se a realidade brasileira. Observamos algumas diferenças quantitativas entre as ofertas iniciais de ações e as ofertas públicas de ações, sendo que o segundo grupo se mostrou mais conservador quanto às premissas adotadas. / [en] Between 2004 and 2008, 199 public stock offers were registered in Brazil, of which 111 were initial stock offers, at the São Paulo Stock Exchange, Brazil’s main stock exchange; and 88 public stock offer registered at Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (Brazilian SEC), with several reasons. Using a sample of 50 public offers, we observed the best practices adopted by the main financial appraisers in Brazil. We concluded that these appraisers tend to use the better known models and assumptions accepted in the academic world, according with what is practiced in other countries, adjusted to Brazilian reality. We observed some quantitative differences between the assumptions in the pricing of initial stock offers and public stock offers, where the second one showed more conservative assumptions than the first.

[pt] Este trabalho, O impacto dos Fundos de Private Equity no Custo de Capital de Empresas Investidas no Brasil, tem como objetivo analisar elementos da teoria de Custo de Capital juntamente com elementos da teoria de Private Equity/Venture Capital (PE/VC). Supõe-se que fundos de PE/VC têm influência sobre o desempenho e sobre o valor de curto e longo prazo das empresas através do impacto de suas iniciativas sobre o custo de capital de empresas investidas. Neste trabalho o custo médio ponderado de capital é calculado a partir de estimativas do custo de capital próprio obtidas pelo método CAPM (Capital Aset Pricing Model) ajustado para o Brasil e a partir de estimativas do custo de dívida, baseadas na proporção representada por despesas financeiras sobre o valor médio de empréstimos, debêntures e arrendamentos de curto e longo prazo. A introdução de uma variável dummy representando o investimento de fundos de PE/VC permite identificar o impacto da atuação destes fundos no custo de capital, o que contribuirá para a discussão acerca dos fatores que influenciam o custo de capital de empresas brasileiras. As regressões estimadas sugerem que os coeficientes obtidos para grande parte das variáveis explicativas são estatisticamente significantes e confirmam a maioria dos sinais esperados. A variável dummy introduzida para controlar os efeitos dos investimentos de fundos de PE/VC mostra-se significativa ao nível de 10 por cento, com efeito positivo sobre o custo de capital.Este resultado sugere que fundos de PE/VC podem constituir uma fonte alternativa de financiamento que influencia o custo de capital a partir do impacto sobre o custo de capital próprio. Os resultados deste trabalho contribuem para integrar as teorias de custo de capital e de Private Equity/Venture Capital, a partir de estimativas que auxiliarão gestores corporativos e da área financeira na decisão acerca da fonte de financiamento mais adequada. / [en] The present study,The Impact of Private Equity Funds on the Cost of Capital of Invested Companies in Brazil, tries to combine elements from the theory of cost of capital with that of Private Equity/Venture Capital (PE/VC). Apart from performance improvements, it is expected that PE/VC funds influence short and long term valuation of companies through their influence in the cost of capital for invested companies. The weighted average cost of capital is estimated having the cost of equity based on adjusted Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)and cost of debt based on the ratio between financial expenses and average loans, debentures and short and long term financial rents. The introduction of a dummy variable to account for PE/VC investment will indicate any impact of such participant on the cost of capital.The analysis of the impact of PE/VC may add to the discussion on the factors that influence Brazilian companies cost of capital.Estimated regressions show significant coefficients for most of the explanatory variables and confirm most of the expected signs. The dummy introduced to control for investment by PE/VC funds is significant at the 10 percent level with a positive influence on cost of capital. Such result indicates PE/VC funds may constitute an alternative source of financing that will influence the cost of capital on the equity share of that cost. Since studies carried out so far have done little to integrate both cost of capital and PE/VC theories, a quantitative estimate the impact of PE/VC on cost of capital will shed light on managers decision of funding sources.

In the wake of the financial crisis the systemic importance of banks for the stability of the financial system became evident. Finansinspektionen classifies the banks Nordea, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, Svenska Handelsbanken and Swedbank as systemically important for the Swedish financial system. The Basel accords strive to increase the resilience of banks and the financial system by imposing stricter regulatory capital requirements. It is debated how these restraints affect the banks’ cost of capital which prompt the first research question of the study: How has the increase in regulation regarding the capital structure of banks affected Sweden’s major banks’ cost of capital? According to Modigliani & Miller a firm’s cost of capital is independent of its capital structure. The second research question is thus: Does the development regarding Sweden’s major bank’s cost of capital align itself with the Modigliani-Miller theorem? The purpose of the study is thus to assess how the increase in regulatory capital requirements have affected the Swedish major banks’ cost of capital and to what extent these developments align with the Modigliani-Miller theorem. The researchers utilizes a quantitative method and collected secondary data for the period 2008 to 2016 to answer the formulated hypotheses which are deduced from the theoretical framework.   The results from the study illustrate significant correlations between increased regulatory capital requirements and the cost of capital. The authors can however not assert the irrelevance of capital structure for the banks’ cost capital but find that reduced tax shields only have modest effects on the banks’ cost of capital.

The main aim of the thesis is to describe the decision-making mechanism of companies regarding the capital structure over the business life cycle. The study analyses the use of main capital structure theories in practice. Moreover it links the financial theory with the concept of business life cycle. Secondly, the thesis includes detailed comparative analysis of various sources of business financing and their costs, quantification of the costs of capital and analysis of any calculation inaccuracy of this parameter in practice. Finally, the thesis defines the fundamental decision-making formulas about the capital structure in individual phases of life cycle while using the relevant data. The thesis is, on the grounds of research, focused on the trade-off theory and relating calculation of optimal capital structure.

Management of most of the companies pays substantially less attention to structure of raising capital, than to investing it. Sometimes managers forget that the value of the company can be increased not only through proper investments but also through choosing the right proportion of capital structure. There are many theories dealing with this issue. The best known, Miller-Modigliani theory considers as an optimal capital structure the one with the lowest weighted average cost of capital. This thesis is based on these theories and tries to apply them on Czech firm and its Brazilian daughter company.

The work deals with the role of cost of debt capital in the process of market valuation. Analyses used as a basis for determining the cost of debt, simple and advanced methods of cost of debt capital estimation, as well as the issue of determining the value of debt itself are explained. Further, the work briefly examines the impact of aspects that are not directly related to the credit quality of the firm on its cost of debt; by these aspects, legal conditions for interest payments tax deductibility and third-party guarantees are meant. The pivotal part of the work designs its own model for debt rating and a premium over the risk-free rate of return estimation, with the premium consisting of a premium for expected and unexpected loss of a potential creditor.

The diploma thesis "Analysis of company's capital structure and its optimization options" explores the choice of financial resources of the company. The aim is to summarize the main theories of capital structure optimization and present empirical studies on the factors that affect the choice of structure. Then practice the idea of optimizing the capital structure on chosen company. The practical part deals firstly with the recent development of the capital structure in the industry in which selected company operates. Followed by analysis of the cost of capital of the company itself. The analysis of the capital structure showed that companies in the Czech Republic in the NACE 28 during the years 2003 to 2012 increased the use of equity. Companies rarely finance their needs by long-term debt, more used is short-term debt. The cost of capital calculations of chosen company showed that the model of average cost of capital corresponds to the theory of MM II. Recommendations for the company's increase debt to achieve lower cost of capital.

The purpose of this research is to examine whether U.S. banks that announced material operational risk loss (oprisk loss) events can still enjoy a lower cost of capital. I use the bank's credit rating as a proxy for the cost of debt capital, and the actual oprisk loss amounts announced by publicly traded U.S. banks for $10 million and over during the period 1998 to 2012 compiled from my own database. I also investigate whether the type of oprisk loss event and business line in which the loss event was incurred matter to credit rating agencies. I perform additional analysis to determine whether a downgrade in a bank's credit rating associated with the announcement of a material oprisk loss amount impacts the bank's reputation. This study focuses on the U.S. banking industry because of the increased market and regulatory scrutiny of oprisk losses; especially during the financial crisis of 2008 to 2010. The logistic analysis shows that banks' announcement of material oprisk loss amount is associated with a decline in credit ratings. The findings did not support the position that the type of loss event and business line in which the loss event was incurred matter to credit rating agencies. The results for the event study show that a downgrade in a bank's credit rating associated with an announcement of a material loss amount has a robust, statistically significant negative stock market reaction. Furthermore, the results reveal that the losses in market value significantly exceed the announced loss amounts associated with credit rating downgrades, indicating reputational loss to the banks. This research was limited to announcements of material oprisk loss amounts by U.S. banks publicly traded on major U.S. stock exchanges. Investigating the impact of announcements of material oprisk loss amounts by financial institutions publicly listed on major stock exchanges worldwide provides an avenue for future research. This study contributes to the literature on operational risk and the cost of debt capital as reflected in credit ratings by providing empirical evidence of the impact of oprisk losses on credit ratings of U.S. banks.

This thesis examines the impact of FTSE 100 index revisions on the various aspects of stock market quality and the cost of equity capital. Our study spans over the period 1986¿2009. Our analyses indicate that the index membership enhances all aspects of liquidity, including trading continuity, trading cost and price impact. We also show that the liquidity premium and the cost of equity capital decrease significantly after additions, but do not exhibit any significant change following deletions. The finding that investment opportunities increases after additions, but do not decline following deletions suggests that the benefits of joining an index are likely to be permanent. This evidence is consistent with the investor awareness hypothesis view of Chen et al. (2004, 2006), which suggests that investors¿ awareness improve when a stock becomes a member of an index, but do not diminish after it is removal from the index. Finally, we report significant changes in the comovement of stock returns with the FTSE 100 index around the revision events. These changes are driven mainly by noise-related factors and partly by fundamental-related factors. / International Fellows Program, USA, (IFP) and American-Mideast-Educational and Training Services, Inc. (AMIDEAST).

This thesis explores causal attribution statements on performance outcomes given in annual reports of UK listed rms. The objectives are three-fold. First, it analyses the nature and extent of attribution statements provided. Second, it explores corporate governance factors and rm-speci c characteristics that are related to the provision of attribution statements. Finally, it investigates the economic consequences of providing attribution statements by examining their association with the rm's cost of equity capital. Using data drawn from a sample of 142 UK rms listed on the London Stock Exchange, content analysis was used to measure the extent of attributions in the annual reports for the year 2006. The results show that the volume of attribution statement provision is generally low and variation across rms is low. Firms also show a strong tendency to explain performance with internal rather than with external reasons. The results from regression analysis show that the volume of attribution statements and the space given to internal and external attribution statements is associated with the proportion of non-executive directors, director share ownership, audit committee size, market value, gearing, pro tability and new share issues. With respect to the relationship between the attribution statements and the cost of capital, the PEG model was employed to estimate the cost of equity capital. The ndings indicate an association between attribution statement provision and the cost of equity capital, but only for rms with low analyst following. For these rms, more extensive performance explanations and more extensive internal explanations are associated with a higher cost of equity capital. However, attribution statements are unrelated to the cost of equity capital for rms with high analyst following. The thesis makes two contributions in the area of attribution determinants. First, it measures attribution provision with a measure that has not been previously applied in the literature to measure attribution statements. Second, it provides evidence on how rm-speci c characteristics and the rm's corporate governance mechanisms in uence the extent and the type of performance explanations provided by rms. The thesis makes four contributions regarding the e ect of attribution statements on the cost of capital. First, it uses a quantitative approach to directly estimate the cost of capital e ects of attribution statements. Second, it provides evidence that the association between attribution statements and the cost of equity capital is in uenced by an interaction between attribution statements and analyst following. Third, the thesis provides the rst evidence of the relationship between attribution statements and the cost of equity capital in a UK setting. Fourth, it provides evidence that the relationship between disclosure and the cost of equity capital is complex and is in uenced by interactions between disclosure and information intermediaries.