The master thesis "Public attitude towards parenting of homosexual individuals and couples" deals with an attitude of Czech public towards parental rights of homosexuals and attitude of European public towards alternative family forms with focus on homoparental families. The topic requires attention as part of Czech legislators currently tries to pass the novella of Registered Partnership Act, which would enable homosexuals to adopt children of their partners; and with regard to the impact of public attitude towards homoparental families on these families. The current legislation concerning homosexual rights is described in the paper along with the up to now legislative process of submitted novella of the law. Also other ways of becoming parents besides the adoption of partner's child which homosexuals can use in the Czech Republic or elsewhere are presented. The thesis then focuses on adoption and assisted reproduction. Attitude of Czech public towards these parental rights of homosexuals is subject of own quantitative research, in which also predictors of this attitude and groups of people with more negative and more positive attitude than the rest of the population are identified. The following analysis of publicly accessible data shows the development of Czech attitude towards adoption of...

Moral aspects of contraception from the perspective of present catholic couples Most women in productive age choose any form of conception control. Catholic Church accepts only natural contraceptive methods. Fertility awareness-based methods are cheap, ecological but for necessity of managing the method more complicated forms of contraception. It is also little promoted and by doctors mostly considered to be less reliable and that's why it is not often recommended by gynecologists in contrast to widely promoted and used hormonal contraception. The topic of this dissertation is how do present catholic couples cope with this problem. The aim of the work is to give comprehensive description of basic types of in present used contraception and after that bring the view of particular contraception methods from the perspective of the Catholic Church doctrine. By the questionnaire survey in practical part is evaluated what are the attitudes of present catholic coulpes to contraception in comparison with official Catholic Church doctrine. Keywords catholic couples, contraception, fertility awareness-based methods, symptothermal method, hormonal contraception

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka om skattad familjefunktion påverkades av parsamtal på familjerådgivning och om det förelåg någon skillnad i behandlingsutfall mätt med SCORE-15 beroende på om deltagarna gått i sedvanlig familjerådgivning eller familjerådgivning med inkludering av Feedback Informerad Terapi (FIT). Åttiotvå deltagare skattade familjefunktion vid inledning av familjerådgivningen. Trettioåtta undersökningsdeltagare skattade sin familjefunktion med SCORE-15 både före och efter parsamtal vid familjerådgivning. Av de 38 fick 18 (47.4%) familjerådgivning med FIT och 20 (52.6%) sedvanlig familjerådgivning. Resultatet visade en statistisk signifikant förbättring avseende skattning av total familjefunktion mätt med SCORE-15 före och efter familjerådgivning och en signifikant större förändring i SCORE-15 före och efter familjerådgivningen för de deltagare som fick sedvanlig familjerådgivning jämfört med FIT. Deltagarna i sedvanlig familjerådgivning hade dock en sämre familjefunktion inledningsvis, vilket innebar en större möjlighet till förbättring. Därutöver undersöktes genom fyra kvalitativa intervjuer familjerådgivares upplevelser av huruvida familjefunktion påverkas av familjerådgivning, med eller utan inkludering av FIT och huruvida de upplevde någon skillnad i behandlingsutfall beroende på om FIT inkluderas i familjerådgivningen. Familjerådgivare upplevde att familjefunktionen förbättrades efter familjerådgivning. Däremot upplevde de inte någon skillnad i behandlingsutfallen beroende på om individer fått familjerådgivning med FIT eller inte. Studiens begränsningar och de kliniska implikationerna diskuteras.

Le désengagement conjugal fait référence à une perte d’amour entre les partenaires amoureux. Il comprend une indifférence émotionnelle ainsi que des stratégies d’évitement cognitif et comportemental. Ceci constitue une des difficultés le plus souvent rapportées auprès des couples qui consultent en thérapie conjugale. Par ailleurs, la problématique serait parmi les plus difficiles à traiter en thérapie selon les thérapeutes conjugaux. Bien que quelques études et écrits cliniques ont examiné le processus de désengagement conjugal et l’ont mis en lien avec le bien-être conjugal, aucune étude n’a examiné le désengagement auprès des couples présentant de la détresse conjugale. Le peu d’études réalisés sur le sujet ont principalement utilisé des approches individuelles et recruté des échantillons provenant de la population générale. Compte tenu de la prévalence du désengagement auprès des couples requérant les services de thérapie conjugale, ainsi que la difficulté à traiter cette problématique en thérapie conjugale, des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre les prédicteurs de désengagement auprès d’une population clinique et l’impact de la thérapie conjugale pour réduire le désengagement. La théorie de l'attachement propose un cadre théorique pertinent pour l’étude du désengagement conjugal. Ainsi, cette thèse examinera les insécurités d’attachement comme prédicteurs de désengagement dans un contexte clinique. De plus, la thèse évaluera dans quelle mesure la thérapie conjugale en milieu naturel réduit le désengagement, ainsi que le rôle des insécurités d’attachement des deux partenaires dans le cadre d’une telle thérapie. Le but principal de cette thèse est donc de mieux comprendre le désengagement conjugal dans un contexte clinique afin de proposer des pistes d’intervention aux thérapeutes conjugaux. Afin de mieux comprendre le désengagement dans un contexte clinique, une première étude a été effectué au sein des couples en détresse entament une thérapie conjugale. L’étude à examiner l’association entre l’insécurité d’attachement de chaque partenaire et le niveau de désengagement dans une perspective dyadique. Les analyses réalisées auprès de 171 couples hétérosexuels révèlent que les insécurités d’attachement sont liées au désengagement conjugal au-delà de ce qui est expliqué par la dépression, la satisfaction conjugale et l’engagement conjugal. Nos résultats suggèrent que le désengagement pourrait se présenter différemment chez les hommes et les femmes. Alors que le désengagement des hommes serait principalement lié à leurs propres insécurités d'attachement (évitement), le désengagement des femmes serait lié à la fois à leurs propres insécurités d'attachement ainsi qu’à celles de leur partenaire. Plus précisément, un plus haut niveau de désengagement chez la femme serait lié à son propre évitement ainsi qu’à l’anxiété d’abandon de son partenaire. De plus, l'association entre l'anxiété d’abandon chez la femme et son propre désengagement serait modérée par l’évitement de son partenaire. En effet, les femmes présentant plus d'anxiété d’abandon rapportent moins de désengagement lorsqu'elle est en couple avec un partenaire présentant plus d’évitement de l’intimité. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance des enjeux d’attachement chez les couples qui entament un processus de thérapie conjugale et qui présentent un haut niveau de désengagement. Les interventions visant à comprendre la dynamique d'attachement ainsi qu’à réduire la dépression et augmenter la satisfaction conjugale et l’engagement des partenaires du couple pourraient fournir aux thérapeutes une piste pour aider les partenaires à s'engager de nouveau dans leur relation. En s’appuyant sur les résultats de cette première étude dyadique, notre deuxième article visait à examiner si la thérapie de couple offerte en milieu naturel parvient à réduire le désengagement auprès des couples qui consultent en thérapie conjugale. L’étude a également examiné dans quelle mesure les insécurités d'attachement sont associées à l’amélioration du désengagement au fil de la thérapie conjugale. L’échantillon comprenait 163 couples hétérosexuels débutant une thérapie conjugale dans une clinique privée. Les partenaires ont complété des questionnaires pré-intervention après la première séance d’évaluation et ont rempli des questionnaires de suivi après 15 semaines en thérapie. Les résultats révèlent que le désengagement diminue lorsque les couples suivent une thérapie conjugale, et ce même après seulement quatre à 10 séances d’intervention. Cependant, les insécurités d'attachement nous informent pour qui la thérapie semble la moins efficace. L’évitement de l’intimité de l’homme et l’anxiété d’abandon de la femme étaient associés à un plus haut niveau de désengagement chez l’homme lors du suivi de 15 semaines, et ce même après avoir contrôlé pour la dépression et la satisfaction conjugale. Ces résultats suggèrent que les insécurités d’attachement peuvent être des facteurs qui rendent la thérapie plus difficile, surtout chez les hommes. Les résultats sont discutés à la lumière des interventions cliniques pour la thérapie de couple. / Romantic disengagement refers to a loss of love between romantic partners. It is characterized by emotional indifference as well as cognitive and behavioral distancing strategies. Lack of love appears among the most reported difficulties by couples seeking relationship therapy and the most difficult problems for therapists to treat. It is also considered an important factor in relationship functioning and maintenance, as it is associated with relationship dissatisfaction and divorce. Although a few studies and clinical writings have examined the process of romantic disengagement and linked it to relationship outcomes, no study has examined disengagement among distressed couples. The few studies conducted have mainly employed an individual approach within community samples. Given the prevalence of disengagement among distressed couples and the difficulty associated with its treatment in therapy, studies are needed to better understand disengagement in a clinical context. Attachment theory offers a theoretical framework for assessing romantic disengagement, as it provides an explanation of why individuals form and maintain relationships. Thus, this thesis examined attachment insecurities as predictors of disengagement among distressed couples seeking relationship therapy. In addition, it assessed the role of more contextual factors including depression, relationship satisfaction and commitment on romantic disengagement. Moreover, the thesis evaluated the effectiveness of couple therapy in a naturalistic setting for reducing disengagement and assessed whether attachment insecurities act as risk factors for disengagement change in therapy. The underlying aim of the thesis was to better understand romantic disengagement in a clinical context in order to propose clinical implications for therapists. In an attempt to better understand romantic disengagement within a clinical context, a first study was carried out among 171 relationally distressed couples seeking relationship therapy in a naturalistic setting. The study examined the association between attachment insecurities (avoidance and anxiety) and romantic disengagement from a dyadic perspective while controlling for depression, commitment and relationship satisfaction. Analyses revealed that attachment insecurities are associated with greater romantic disengagement but suggest that disengagement may present differently for men and women. While for men disengagement appears to be mainly linked to their own attachment insecurities (avoidance), disengagement in women appears to be associated to both to their own and their partners’ attachment insecurities. More specifically, women reported higher romantic disengagement when she was high on attachment-related avoidance and when her partner was high on attachment-related anxiety. Male attachment-related avoidance was found to moderate the association between female attachment-related anxiety and female romantic disengagement in that women with higher attachment-related anxiety report lower disengagement when paired with a partner high on attachment-related avoidance. These results highlight the importance of attachment insecurities for couples who present in therapy with high levels of disengagement. Furthermore, it suggests that intrapersonal and contextual factors such as depression, relationship satisfaction and commitment play an important role in understanding romantic disengagement in couples seeking therapy. Interventions aimed at understanding the couple’s attachment dynamic, as well as reducing depression and improving commitment and relationship satisfaction may provide therapists with a lead for aiding partners high in romantic disengagement to re-engage in their relationship. Building on the results of our first study, our second article aimed to examine whether couple therapy was effective at reducing disengagement among distressed couples and the extent to which attachment insecurities help or hinder changes in disengagement. Participants included 163 heterosexual couples seeking relationship therapy. Couples completed questionnaires after the first intake session and 15 weeks into therapy. The results revealed that disengagement decreases when couples undergo therapeutic treatment, even after only four to 10 intervention sessions. Moreover, attachment insecurities play a role is who is more likely to improve in therapy. Attachment insecurities were associated with romantic disengagement at follow-up even when controlling for depression and relationship satisfaction. Men higher on attachment- related avoidance reported greater romantic disengagement at follow-up. Moreover, men also reported higher disengagement at follow-up when paired with a woman high on attachment-related anxiety. Results suggest that attachment insecurities may be factors associated with progress in therapy, especially for men. Findings are discussed in light of clinical interventions for couple therapy.

Cooking is a universal activity which all humans can relate to on some level. Historically, cooking has continued to connect people across cultures and time, simultaneously providing nutritive sustenance as well as socio- and psychological benefits. Medical and mental health practitioners only in recent years have utilized cooking in a therapeutic process, and most of those cooking activities available tend to focus on cooking from an occupational and nutrition-education stance. A gap in the literature pertaining to cooking and its therapeutic applications exists around the relational nature underlying the cooking process, especially as it pertains to couples. While marriage and family therapists have used a number of creative experiential modalities in therapy for years, such as art and music therapy, cooking has been especially underutilized in comparison, despite its therapeutic and relational applicability. Therefore, this study was conducted to offer a foundation for understanding how the interactions in a kitchen can highlight relational elements between people. Eight couples (16 participants) who have lived together for at least two years and who cook together often were interviewed in their homes. A constructivist grounded theory methodology was used for this study, and subsequent to data analysis, a three-part theory describing the relational components of couple’s cooking interactions emerged, called The Couple’s Cooking Triad. The theory is made up of Relationship Skills, Emotional Connections, and Languaging. Results from this study, organizing the complex interactions of couples in a kitchen, indicate further use by marriage and family therapists in an experiential therapeutic capacity.

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In an attempt to strengthen marriages during the transition to parenthood, the Marriage Moments program was developed from Blaine Fowers' virtues based model of marital quality. Marriage Moments is a non-intrusive, mostly self-guided approach to marriage education, which is easily incorporated into childbirth education classes. The Marriage Moments curriculum stresses building marriage on a strong foundation of friendship and partnership. In this model, marital friendship is strengthened through a shared vision of life and important life goals; partnership is nurtured by the virtues of generosity, fairness and loyalty. This program was tested on 155 married couples that were expecting their first child. Couples were randomly assigned to one control or two treatment groups. The control group participated in a childbirth education class, but did not receive the Marriage Moments program. The instructor-encouraged treatment group viewed the Marriage Moments video in their childbirth education classes and were encouraged to do workbook activities by their class instructor; the self-guided treatment group couples were given the video and workbook to use at home. The Marriage Moments video is comprised of five, eight-minute segments introducing the marital virtues of friendship, generosity, fairness and loyalty. The workbook provides couples with additional information about the transition to parenthood and the possible applications of the virtues principles, including individual and couple activities. All couples were assessed using a battery of self- and spouse-report measures immediately before and after their child-birth classes and then at three and nine months after the birth of their babies. This longitudinal study examined the effect of the Marriage Moments program on marital virtues, marital quality, and intentionality. Relationship outcome measures included in this study were the Marital Virtues Profile, Revised-Dyadic Adjustment Scale, RELATE Satisfaction subscale and Transition Adjustment Scale. Treatment group couples reported high involvement in and enjoyment of the program. When asked to rate the program, couples evaluated the program as 'important' and 'worthwhile.' However, despite positive program evaluation, statistical tests revealed no consistent difference between the control and treatment groups over four times. Subgroup analysis also failed to reveal group differences when controlling for education, number of years married, and early marital distress. Suggestions for future study include contrasts of skills and virtues based curriculums, as well as high and low dosage interventions. In addition, this program should be studied in both clinical and educational settings.

The purpose of this study was to examine how sexual satisfaction in older marriages (marriages with at least one spouse between the ages of 55 and 75) was affected by family-of-origin distress (recent measure of recollection of childhood experiences) and marital distress (measure of current marital relationship) for husbands and wives. The hypotheses of this study were that both family-of-origin distress and marital distress would have negative effects on sexual satisfaction for older couples, with marital distress having a direct, negative effect on sexual satisfaction and with family-of-origin distress having an indirect, negative effect on sexual satisfaction through its influence on marital distress. The sample consisted of 614 older couples (approximate average age of 65 for husbands and 62 for wives) who participated in the Project Couple Retire research project which provided the data for this study. Each participant completed the Project Couple Retire questionnaire which included the Marital Satisfaction Inventory-Revised (MSI-R) (1997), the Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships (PAIR) (1981), and other instruments measuring various factors relating to older marriages. A conceptual model was created consisting of three latent variables: sexual satisfaction, family-of-origin distress, and marital distress. The latent dependent variable, sexual satisfaction, was measured by the MSI-R sexual dissatisfaction (SEX) scale and the sexual intimacy scale of the PAIR inventory. One of the latent independent variables, family-of-origin distress, was originally measured by both the MSI-R family history of distress (FAM) scale and an additional instrument from the Project Couple Retire questionnaire measuring history of abuse. However, the history of abuse measure was eventually dropped from the study due to poor measurement fit. The other latent independent variable, marital distress, was measured by the affective communication (AFC) and time together (TTO) scales of the MSI-R. The data in this study was dyadic, with each variable including data from both husbands and wives. Therefore, both actor and partner effects were examined. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the conceptual model. Findings indicated that both family-of-origin distress and marital distress negatively affected sexual satisfaction in older marriages for both husbands and wives when considering both indirect and direct effects.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between relationship quality and religious discrepancy of interracial couples who are either married or cohabiting. Two variables of religious discrepancy (religious affiliation discrepancy and religiosity discrepancy) were studied. The sample included three groups of interracial couples: Hispanic-white, Asian-white, and Black-white. The data were analyzed using a structural equation model and regression estimates of the three groups were compared. Results showed a significant relationship in only three of the 12 relationships between the two variables of religious discrepancy and relationship quality. Significant negative relationships were found between religious denomination discrepancy and relationship quality for the Hispanic-white and Black-white group. In addition, a significant negative relationship was found between religiosity discrepancy and relationship quality in the Asian-white group. Clinical implications are discussed.