ABSTRACT Denna studie behandlar problematiken gällande vem som bör ha det yttersta ansvaret för barns utbildning: skolan eller föräldrarna. Forskning visar att föräldrars önskan om befrielse från specifika undervisningsinslag för sina barn är ett växande faktum. Denna önskan bemöts emellertid med skepsis från Skolverkets håll. Detta resulterar i att föräldrar väljer att flytta sina barn till diverse skolor och friskolor där befrielse utdelas godtyckligt och lättvindigt för att kringgå problematiken, något som bemöts med både ris och ros från forskarnas håll. Utifrån ett interkulturellt perspektiv har syftet varit att undersöka vari denna problematik har sitt ursprung, vilka förslag på lösningar som ges, samt vilka konsekvenser denna problematik ger upphov till. Genom en systematisk litteraturstudie uppmärksammas olika lösningar av ovanstående problem med utgångspunkt i diverse forskares utsagor. Resultatet belyser de olika viljor som styr och tvetydigheten kring vems rättigheter som väger tyngst. De rättigheter som ställs mot varandra är Skolverkets direktiv om att alla elever skall garanteras en likvärdig och ickekonfessionell utbildning som anammas av skolan, mot den Europeiska konventionens föreskrifter gällande föräldrars rätt att tillförsäkra sina barn en uppfostran i enlighet med deras religiösa och filosofiska övertygelser. Studien konkretiserar det faktum att en enhetlig lagstiftning lyser med sin frånvaro.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the survey strategy for marine archaeology using modern underwater survey and identification instruments and techniques on Peng-Hu underwater cultural site survey. The survey process can be roughly divided into three stages, preliminary and comprehensive survey¡]PCS¡^, double-check and localization survey¡]DLS¡^, and precise and identification surve¡]PIS¡^respectively. The objective of PCS is not to miss any possible target. The major equipments of the underwater engineering including marine magnetometer, the subbottom profiler, and the side-scan sonar are deployed simultaneously. After the comparisons and analysis of the images from various instruments obtained from PCS and DLS, the PIS will obtain the direct photo viewing of the targets using remotely-operated vehicle¡]ROV¡^or divers. This strategy has been conducted firstly in Kaohsiung Sizihwan bay Marine Test Field as the preliminary. The research by PCS and DLS analysis out twelve possible targets, detailed investigations, respectively, the north of Tongpan Islet and internal bay discovered two suspected sunken ships of Qing Dynasty, the Steamboat Willie and Matsushima, after crossing validation documentary and divers salvaged ashore of relics to corroboration for PIS, founded that the Steamboat Willie identity and corrected Matsushima, should be the Japanese Asaka Maru ship, also verify that the feasibility of this research. In addition, the research also integrated data for the three years on Peng-Hu survey to establish a database inquire system, it will help in analysis and review for the future.

Equity and fairness in the distribution of tourism benefits and participation in tourism decision-making are key tenets of sustainable tourism. However, little attention has been paid to the study and conceptualization of justice in tourism and robust theoretical or methodological foundations to examine fairness and justice; in particular, in regards to the well-being of ethnic, minority and/or disadvantaged groups are especially lacking in tourism studies. This dissertation reports the results of a grounded theory study of justice and equity in relation to tourism and the Yucatecan Maya in Quintana Roo, Mexico. A robust framework is offered to guide the study of cultural justice in tourism, which was developed based on theoretical contributions from environmental justice, social justice, and political philosophy, among others, and empirical data from multiple sources. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 47 tourism stakeholders, participant observation, and examination of tourism-related government reports, statistics and other data related to legislation, planning and development. Issues of justice were found to be complex and multifaceted, rooted in post-colonial and contemporary power dynamics that affect the economic, social, and cultural status of the Yucatecan Maya in society. The study identified four major issues directly related to tourism that affected the economic and cultural well-being of this ethnic group: cultural exploitation, cultural marginalization, cultural racism, and cultural domination. The extensive research also identified the positive role of tourism in providing for cultural justice, in particular, recognition and respect for cultural, ethnic and minority groups and the cultural sustainability of their cultural manifestations. Based on the above findings and drawing upon theoretical contributions in the extensive literature on justice and fairness, it is argued that discourses of justice and equity in tourism should look beyond the distribution of tourism benefits and access to political power and address intangible matters of respect, recognition, and cultural valuation. A number of key principles to help address cultural injustices are suggested and implications for tourism policy and practice discussed.

Taiwan is surrounded by ocean, we expect through the underwater survey could make us know more about the marine resources, history and culture and understand how to use the natural resource well. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the survey strategy for marine archaeology using modern underwater survey and identification instruments and techniques on Peng-Hu underwater cultural site survey. The survey process can be roughly divided into three stages, preliminary and comprehensive survey (PCS), double-check and localization survey (DLS), and precise and identification survey (PIS) respectively. The objective of PCS is not to miss any possible target. The major equipments of the underwater engineering including marine magnetometer, the subbottom profiler, and the side-scan sonar are deployed simultaneously. After the comparisons and analysis of the images from various instruments obtained from PCS and DLS, the PIS will obtain the direct photo viewing of the targets using remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) or divers. This strategy has been conducted firstly in Kaohsiung Sizihwan bay Marine Test Field and Kaohsiung Cross-Harbor Tunnels as the preliminary. Then move to Peng-Hu Sea Area for the underwater archaeology survey which is authorized by Acdemia Sinica from April 2008 to June 2009. From the result, the megnetometer can help sonar to identify the target more specifically, especially for the sediment. It brings better result than side-scan sonar and multi-beam echo sounder which can only search the target on seabed and can search broader area than subbottom profiler. Therefor, magnetomator is an essential equipment for underwater archology.

<p>This study concerns a selection of prehistoric metal objects of animalistic design, published at the internet site of the Swedish Statens Historiska Museum. It seeks to give an impression of the design elements used, and to find likely models for the motifs among live animals. The method used is a qualitative hermenuetic comparative study of objects, where the distinct significant design elements are being identified and interpretated. Several significant design elements are identified, and some are interpretated as representing certain animals. The amalgamation of differentiating design elements in some objects however, leads to interpretations of compound animal motifs, where some motifs are considered ambiguous and some are rendered uninterpretated. The study also points to the question of relations between period motifs, mythology and religious cult.</p>

This paper deals with approaches toward the conservation of archaeological heritage among different people and different institutions in Samoa. This is compared with approaches toward ecology and preservation of the environment to find out if there are similarities and/or differences. Moreover the opinions on how the public perceive the material heritage is compared with a survey of the public itself and their ideas concerning archaeology. The investigation was carried out by conducting interviews with people working within different institutions, NGO’s and schools as well as representatives from the general population i.e. people without education in conservation and cultural heritage. Possibilities of co-conserving the cultural and ecological values are also examined, as is the relation between culture and a natural feature - the mangroves. / Uppsatsen behandlar åsikter och attityder hos allmänheten och olika institutioner på Samoa gällandebevarandet av det arkeologiska kulturarvet. Detta jämförs med en likande studie gällande bevarandetav miljömässiga och ekologiska värden på Samoa för att se om det finns likheter och skillnader. Studieninkluderar också en undersökning av hur allmänheten ser på det materiella kulturarvet och derasförhållande till och kundkap om arkeologi. Undersökningarna gjordes genom ett intervjuprojekt där desom intervjuades representerade både institutioner, organisationer, skolor och allmänheten, densistnämnda gruppen hade ingen formell kunskap om kulturarvet och dess hantering. Inom ramen förstudien undersöktes också möjligheterna för att samarbeta när det gäller hanteringen och bevarandetav kulturella och ekologiska värden t.ex. gällande mangroveområden.

xii, 158 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The Internet affects many aspects of daily life and economic activity in globalized economies. The network city thesis posits that the Internet enables disbursed methods of production and new forms of economic activity. Existing economic geography literature concentrates on revenue generating firms. The concept of Cultural Heritage Cyberinfrastructure (CHCi) is developed in order to account for economic activities of nongoverning and nonrevenue generating firms, and is tested against the online activities of libraries. China, with its administratively homogeneous provincial library system and rapidly changing economy, is examined. The central government and provincial libraries are cooperatively building the National Digital Culture Network of China to provide information services to urban migrants and subsidize rural development efforts through CHCi. These projects are found to be more active in less-economically transitioned western provinces. CHCi is found to be a useful construct for studying non-governing, non-market segments of an economy. / Committee in Charge: Dr. Alexander B. Murphy, Chair; Dr. Xiaobo Su

This thesis proposes that cultural heritage preservation in the event of armed conflict is negotiated through four main frameworks: (1) a political framework of independent governments and UNESCO; (2) a legal framework of international conventions and agreements; (3) a civil framework including local communities and non-governmental organizations; and (4) an armed forces framework spanning military and militant groups. These four frameworks operate in conjunction with one another, at times in complementary or in contradictory ways. Given the intimate connection of immoveable cultural sites to the dynamics of cultural identity, it is assumed in this thesis that the intentional destruction of cultural heritage property is akin to the destruction of a group's cultural identity and to a greater extent a crucial component of ethnic cleansing in connection with social identity theory.

Diante das transformações sociais, que exigem cada vez mais dos juristas um dinamismo, o ordenamento jurídico interno viu-se na necessidade de implementar novos mecanismos processuais que objetivassem defender e garantir o direito de agir dos já garantidos pelo artigo 5º, inciso XXXV da Constituição Federal de 1988, assegurando a possibilidade de submeter à apreciação do Poder Judiciário toda e qualquer lesão ou ameaça ao meio ambiente histórico cultural, em face do que estabelecem os artigos 225, 215 e 216 da Constituição Federal. Entretanto, embora esses mecanismos representem um grande avanço para o ordenamento jurídico pátrio, há a necessidade de outras alternativas que visem ampliar o acesso à Justiça em defesa da proteção ao patrimônio histórico dos municípios, de maneira cada vez mais eficiente e democrática. É uma realidade a desafiar os profissionais jurídicos. Abordar, no plano diretor dos municípios, a tutela a um meio ambiente cultural bem como sua valoração, até então, não reconhecidos por atos do Poder Executivo ou do Poder Legislativo, descrevendo quem deve ser o responsável pela preservação bem como se a legislação existente assegura a preservação do patrimônio histórico cultural dos municípios, apresenta-se como um desafio. Ou seja, urge, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, uma nova forma de interpretar e aplicar uma tutela ao meio ambiente histórico cultural municipal, bem como a busca de outros instrumentos como o Código de Obras, o Código de Posturas, o Código Tributário, a Lei do Parcelamento do Solo a fim de garantir-lhes uma proteção mais efetiva. Esta segurança de proteção visando a não deixar cair no esquecimento a história de um povo bem como a dissipação da memória da geração anterior deve ocorrer, principalmente, a nível local, por meio de determinações nos planos diretores dos municípios sendo, portanto, uma função pública. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-22T12:55:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Chilanti Tonial.pdf: 782543 bytes, checksum: 3ca77fdaf1665630ff32684690d6aa60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-22T12:55:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Chilanti Tonial.pdf: 782543 bytes, checksum: 3ca77fdaf1665630ff32684690d6aa60 (MD5) / Given the social transformations that increasingly require the operator of a dynamic law, the domestic legal system found itself in the need to implement new procedural mechanisms which aimed to defend and guarantee the right to act those already guaranteed by Article 5, the XXXV CF/88, ensuring the possibility to submit to the Judiciary any injury or threat to the environment cultural history, in the face of what lay Articles 225, 215 and 216 of the Federal Constitution. However, although these mechanisms represents a major breakthrough for the legal parental rights, there is a need for other alternatives aimed at increasing access to justice in defense of protecting the heritage of the municipalities, of ever more efficient and democratic. It's a really challenging legal professionals. Approach, in the master plan of the municipalities, the guardianship to a cultural environment as well as its valuation hitherto unrecognized by acts of the Executive or the Legislature, describing who should be responsible for the preservation and the existing legislation ensures the preservation of the cultural heritage of the municipalities, presents itself as a challenge. That is, it is urgent, the Brazilian legal system, a new way to interpret and apply a protection to the environment historic cultural city, as well as search for other instruments such as building codes, the Code of postures, the Tax Code, Law the Installment Land in order to guarantee more effective protection. This security protection in order not to let fall by the wayside the story of a people as well as the dissipation of the memory of the previous generation should occur mainly at the local level, by determining the master plans of the cities and is therefore a public function .

Rite of passage is a term that is used widely and uncritically in the field of outdoor education. This hermeneutic research project explores how a third-generation Canadian outdoor educator explores how rites of passage are understood in outdoor education. On this hermeneutic journey I set out to provide a more complex understanding of rites of passage in outdoor education. In exploring the literature of rites of passage in outdoor education, I noticed that there is a lack of discussion on non-Indigenous practitioners’ cultural heritage and how to address the desire many practitioners have for ritual. I used Stephen Jenkinson’s texts as a foundation for the hermeneutic conversations that I had with rites of passage in outdoor education. The research journey shifted from focusing on rites of passage to how outdoor educators could build a ritual skillset. I propose five propositions of ritual that may help practitioners develop their own ritual sensibility. / Graduate