The European Union uses different means of power to exert its influence on the direct Neighbours of the polity.  One of the most influential and widely used means in the EU's foreign policy is soft-power and the value diffusion process. The process differs from harsh “imposition” of the norms and values, it rather creates the norms which are desirable to be achieved by others. The discourses used in the process of norm diffusion reinforce Union’s normative identity, but different types of powers intersect and interact with each other depending on the sector of cooperation. What is happening in the “People-to-People: Culture and Education” dimension of European Neighbourhood policy is described in the thesis, by analysing modes of external governance, tracing their biopolitical nature and determining the role of culture in the wider context of the relationship between EU and the Neighboring East.           This thesis is going to analyse grant applications in the framework of currently ongoing EU4Culture project , which aims to support the preparation of Cultural Development Strategies in non-capital cities and towns of Eastern Partnership countries (EaP). The project’s main objective is to promote Culture and Creativity as an engine for economic growth and social development. It is currently being held in five EaP countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and the Republic of Moldova.

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The difficulties faced by services in the cultural sector have been immediate and challenging. Public services that are cultural in nature have faced funding cuts, closures and redundancies. Museum services are low in political importance and unable to provide clear evidence of their policy impact. Despite these challenges, there has been limited evidence about the policy process at ground-level. This thesis builds on theoretical and empirical ideas in social and cultural policy to present museum workers’ perspectives within a cultural theory framework. Following Lipsky’s (1980) work on street-level bureaucrats, this thesis presents an analysis of street-level workers’ roles in delivering social and cultural policy. Museum workers’ perspectives are presented through a series of case studies (drawing on qualitative interviews and observations) from three local-authority museum services in England, Scotland and Wales. The findings showed evidence that top-down cultural and social policies have had an influence on workers actions, but service-level workers’ understandings were central to the policy process. Museum workers actively shaped museum policy through ground-level interactions with visitors and groups. Workers experienced policy in the cultural sector as fragmented, vague and difficult to engage with at the ground-level. Workers mainly viewed policy as meaningless rhetoric. Despite this, those working at ground-level often utilised policy rhetoric effectively to gain funding and manipulate activities towards their own needs and interpretations. Policy evaluation was also fragmented and underdeveloped within the services studied. Workers found themselves under pressure to fulfil policy objectives but were unable to show how they did this. Furthermore, there was a perceived distance from managers and local authority structures. This allowed a space for workers to implement and shape policy towards their own professional and personal ideals. Vague policies and a lack of formal mechanisms for evaluation led to high levels of worker discretion at ground-level. Economic policy expectations were resisted by workers, who tended to have more egalitarian views. Museum workers effectively managed policy expectations through a mixture of discretion and policy manipulation. Delivery at the ground-level was seen as effective – despite, not because of, cultural sector policies.

168 p. / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-01-07T18:10:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 33.pdf: 1472320 bytes, checksum: 1aaaec9f5c68a5eac45af11ceb24cf10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-07T18:10:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 33.pdf: 1472320 bytes, checksum: 1aaaec9f5c68a5eac45af11ceb24cf10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar até que ponto a política cultural para música praticada pela Secretaria de Cultura e Turismo da Bahia - SCT, entre os anos de 1995 e 2006, esteve efetivamente voltada para a proteção e promoção da diversidade musical, ou, se ao contrário, de maneira intencional ou não, acabou contribuindo para estimular o avanço da Axé Music sobre os espaços reservados a música no mercado de entretenimento baiano. Para tanto foram levantados e analisados projetos, ações e programas promovidos pela SCT direcionados a área musical. Através da análise de relatórios de atividades do governo e dos planos plurianuais desse período foi possível verificar que as atividades da SCT na área de música tentaram de alguma forma proteger e promover a diversidade musical na Bahia, já que se pôde perceber que uma variedade de gêneros usufruiu desse apoio. Pôde-se comprovar também que algumas dessas atividades tinham a preocupação em promover artistas emergentes que, em sua maioria, não pertenciam aos gêneros musicais do mainstream. Porém, nem sempre esta preocupação vinha acompanhada de diretrizes que levassem em consideração pontos importantes à questão da proteção e promoção da diversidade musical. Muitos foram abordados de maneira superficial ou nem sequer foram tocados, não recebendo a devida atenção dos responsáveis pela elaboração dessas atividades. / Salvador