There is a consistent thread throughout Russian history of governmental management of culture. Tsars and Communist bureaucrats alike have sought to variously promote, censor, or exploit writers, filmmakers, and musicians to control and define the country's cultural content. Often, these measures were intended not necessarily to cultivate Russia's aesthetic spirit, but to accomplish specific policy goals. The promotion of a State ideology and other efforts to stave of social unrest were chief among them. With the fall of Soviet power and the loss of an official ideology promoted by the state, the concept of cultural politics fell to the wayside. It has remained largely ignored ever since. Despite numerous high-profile incidents of persecution of the creative class, analysts have not linked them together as part of an overarching cultural policy. However, the Russian government under Vladimir Putin has faced consistent policy challenges since the beginning of the 2000s that could be mitigated through the implementation of such a policy. In some ways, the breadth and character of State involvement in the cultural sphere follows the pattern of the country’s autocratic past. In others, it demonstrates that it has adapted these policies to function in the hybrid regime that Putin has created, as opposed to the totalitarian ones that preceded it. A recent case that exemplifies this new breed of cultural policy is the persecution of the radical feminist punk band Pussy Riot. While largely unknown to many Russian citizens, the group’s overt opposition to the patriarchal model of rule established by Putin with the help of the Russian Orthodox Church was met by the most comprehensive crackdown within the cultural sphere since perestroika. Examining this case in detail can reveal the extent to which the Russian government is concerned about its ability to maintain popular legitimacy. The fact that it has continued to try to manage the cultural sphere may indicate the level of democracy that has or has not been established in Russia so far today. / text

Stockholms stadsteater (Stockholm’s city theatre) is a public theatre in Stockholm, Sweden. During the last ten years, the theatre has increased its audience by 40 percent, has been called a ”success story” by culture politicians in Stockholm as well as others in the cultural field, and is today the largest theatre in the Nordic countries. At the same time, there is a recurring debate, primarily in the national morning papers’ culture sections, concerning Stockholms stadsteater. The debate often concerns the theatre’s ongoing organizational changes, usually in the form of a constant striving towards a more effective organization, as well as its negative results in the annual employee surveys. Despite usually positive reviews of its productions, Stockholms stadsteater has also been criticized for choosing to set up what by some is considered to be mainstream and commercial productions (for example musicals) at the expense of smaller, more artistic, ones. The main purpose of this study is to analyze different descriptions of Stockholms stadsteater during the years 2004-2013, by using the development of the Swedish cultural policy as background, and institutional organizational theory as the frame of reference. How cultural policy ideas are used in the different stories about Stockholms stadsteater, and the potential conflicts that exist between these different descriptions, is analyzed by using institutional theories about editing, translation and carriers of ideas. The study, based on text analysis and interviews, shows that Stockholms stadsteater is described as a role model and a recipe for success, as well as an effective and modern organization. The theatre is also described as a trademark, as well as part of a defense of democracy and the intrinsic value of culture. The analysis further shows that the different ideas about the theatre are sometimes used – that is, edited and translated – in different ways by different people and in different contexts. It also suggests that the idea of an effective organization can be considered as the main idea in the descriptions of Stockholms stadsteater. In the material studied, the thought of effectiveness is almost always present and something that other ideas often need to relate to in order to be perceived as legitimate. On the other hand, although the idea of effectiveness is important, it can also be controversial. For this reason, it can be edited to fit other cultural policy ideas better. One example is describing the intrinsic value of culture, in this case theatre, as something which is protected by organizations becoming more effective, and thus being able to use their resources to produce more qualitative theatre for more people.

Will community television one day be lamented in the same way as the Glenn Valley Bridge Club in Pennsylvania, where no one remains 'who can tell us precisely when or why the group broke up' (Putnam, 2000: 15)? Robert Putnam's bestseller Bowling Alone proposed that people 'need to reconnect with one another' and rebuild their communities for the good of society. Although he may not have succeeded in instigating a revival of lawn bowls and bridge, Putnam did spark a debate about the meaning of "community" today and its role in bringing about positive social change. At a time when the communications landscape is set to transform with the introduction of digital broadcasting technology, this thesis looks at the status of community broadcasting and its role within civil society. Taking Australia's community television sector as its starting point, it aims to define the pressures, public philosophies and policy decisions that make community broadcasting what it is. This thesis is structured thematically and geographically. The introductory chapters establish the research question in relation to Australia's community broadcasting sector. As well as tracing the intellectual path of community media studies, it sets out to locate community broadcasting within broader intellectual debates around notions of community, governance and the media. These are brought back to the "on-the-ground" reality throughout the thesis by means of policy analysis, interviews and anecdotal evidence. Chapters Three to Five map out the themes of access, the public interest and development by reference to community broadcasting in different regions. In North America I explore notions of free speech and first-come-first served models of access. In Europe, notions of "quality", public service broadcasting and the difficult relationship that community broadcasting has with public interest values. Through the Third World and the Third Way I examine how community broadcasting is implicated within development discourse and ideas of social change. The final chapter of the thesis moves into the virtual region of the Internet, looking at changing notions of access and the relevance of new communications rationales to the community broadcasting project. At the intersection of the various themes and models discussed throughout the thesis exists a strong rationale for the future of community broadcasting. Although new technologies may be interpreted as the beginning of the end of community broadcasting, I have argued that in fact it is an idea whose time has come.

When considering the effects of cultural policy on international trade in television programming there is an area that is frequently overlooked, that of classification and censorship. The role that classification and censorship play as tools of cultural policy is poorly understood, as is their impact on the ease with which television programs can be traded. A broad definition of cultural policy has been used here, in order to encompass both its theoretical and practical elements. Cultural policy as expressed through television classification and censorship is seen here as having three layers. These layers are legislative policy such as local content quotas, the content gate keeping carried out by television producers prior to production, and program classification, that is the implementation of local programming codes by broadcasters. It is important to understand the effects of television regulatory regimes, including those that govern content classification, on the international trade in programs for two reasons. One is the precedence international economic agreements generally take over cultural policy, because classification and censorship can quietly undermine this precedence in a way which currently receives little attention. The second is the importance of the export market to the Australian television production industry, which is unable to fully fund its program output from local markets. Australian children's drama and its export to the UK are the focus of this research as this provides an excellent example of the current tensions between cultural policy and economic imperatives. Australian children's drama is tightly regulated through government policy, particularly the demands of the 'C' (children's) classification. It is argued here that the demands of current Australian cultural policy are making it extremely difficult for Australian producers to internationalise their product and thus cultivate a competitive advantage in international markets. With the advent of digital technology and the end of spectrum scarcity, the television landscape is changing rapidly. Australian producers of children's programming are facing commercial challenges that have been created by the proliferation of children's channels in the UK and particularly the popularity on those channels of American animation. While the need to cultivate a competitive advantage is pressing, Australian producers of children's programming are also having to accommodate the three layers of cultural policy described earlier, that is the demands of government policy regarding the 'C' classification, the local programming codes of their export market, in this case the United Kingdom, and their own internalised cultural values as expressed through their gate keeping roles. My Industry experience in a senior compliance role in the pay television industry led to an awareness of the impact of local classification procedures on international trade in programming and provided the initial starting point for this research. Through scholarly investigation and interviews with three key producers of Australian children's programs and a senior UK programmer, certain findings regarding the impact of regulatory regimes on the export of Australian children's programs have been reached. The key findings of this research are firstly, that the rationales and operations of national classification schemes seem to be fundamentally untouched by supranational trade agreements and arguably are able to act as restraints on international trade. Additionally, programs that do not conform to the societal values of the countries to which they are being exported, will not sell. Secondly, multi-channelling is having the unexpected effect of driving down prices achieved for children's programs which is a cause for concern, given the importance of international sales to Australian producers. Part of this decline in pricing may be attributed to the rise in popularity of inexpensive animation, which now dominates children's channels in the UK. Thirdly, this research finds that Australian cultural policy is preventing Australian producers cultivating a competitive advantage in international markets, by making demands regarding content and quality that render their programs less attractive to overseas channels. If the Australian government believes that certain culturally desirable forms of television such as high quality, children's programming should continue to exist, it may in future have to modify its cultural policy in order to attain this objective.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-131). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Interrogeant les rapports entre l'État et le champ artistique en France entre 1848 et 1920, ce travail de recherche en histoire de l'architecture repose sur le postulat que la trajectoire architecturale du Musée du Luxembourg fut l'un des lieux privilégiés de la construction d'une représentation négative de l'intervention de l'État dans les affaires artistiques. Ce musée, dont les collections sont aujourd'hui atomisées dans différentes institutions parisiennes et provinciales, devint, en 1818, le premier musée d'art contemporain, par la volonté du roi Louis XVIII. Dès l'origine, il fut considéré comme la pépinière du Louvre. Cette relation de symbiose entre les deux institutions, basée sur le principe des vases communicants, servit de référence à l'émergence de nouveaux paradigmes muséaux en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, jusqu'au premier tiers du XXe siècle. La principale mission du Musée du Luxembourg était d'affirmer la supériorité de l'art français face à celui des autres puissances européennes. Si sa représentativité artistique fut pour le moins partielle, son exemplarité architecturale, elle, demeura un idéal jamais atteint. L'analyse de fonds d'archives, de revues de presse et de documents parlementaires, permet de vérifier l'hypothèse de la construction progressive d'un antagonisme, grâce à la mobilisation de différentes catégories d'acteurs appartenant ou non au champ artistique. Cette mobilisation s'effectue collectivement par le biais des journaux, au sein des sociétés artistiques, des sociétés de mécènes, de groupements de citoyens et de fédérations de commerçants, sous la forme de discours, de pétitions, d'enquêtes ou de campagnes de presse, ou bien individuellement, à l'initiative des artistes représentés au musée ou de journalistes influents. Toutefois, la remise en question la plus décisive du rôle de l'État provient des utilisateurs du musée eux-mêmes, souvent impuissants face à la pesanteur des rouages bureaucratiques, à la maigreur des budgets alloués aux musées nationaux, et à l'inadaptation des locaux avec lesquels ils doivent composer. La construction de cette représentation négative se structure autour de moments clés récurrents : vernissage d'un nouvel accrochage des collections, intégration des œuvres d'un legs ou d'une donation, dépôt et discussion d'un rapport sur le budget des Beaux-arts, Expositions universelles, incidents touchant les collections, rumeurs colportées par la presse. Néanmoins, les moments les plus critiques coïncident avec la remise en question de l'existence même du musée, avec la menace de son expulsion, ou avec l'officialisation et la mise en œuvre de projets de relogement, qu'il s'agisse du transfert du musée dans des bâtiments existants, d'extension de ses locaux, ou de leur reconstruction intégrale. Chacun de ces événements contribue à la cristallisation de thèmes et d'enjeux, qui vont polariser l'essentiel des critiques formulées à l'égard de l'action artistique publique. On peut ainsi dégager quatre thèmes récurrents dans les débats : l'absence d'exemplarité architecturale du musée, incompatible avec le rayonnement artistique de la France et de sa capitale ; l'impossibilité de mobiliser les fonds nécessaires à une résolution définitive de la question de l'exemplarité architecturale ; l'impossible consensus sur la question de localisation du musée dans l'hypothèse de son relogement ; le paradoxe entre la construction d'une expertise des conservateurs en matière de programmation architecturale et l'incapacité de l'État à leur donner les moyens de l'appliquer. En aucun cas, cependant, cette critique de l'action (ou de l'inaction) de l'État ne débouche, avant 1920, sur des projets de création de musées concurrents et indépendants ; la mobilisation du champ artistique est tournée vers une forme d'assistance à l'État, dans la résolution de la crise qui touche le Musée du Luxembourg / This dissertation in architectural history argues that the architectural trajectory of the Luxembourg Museum in Paris was one of the main reasons why the French public art policy was considered as unwarranted and illegitimate. The Luxembourg Museum, whose collections are now scattered in various Parisian and provincial institutions, became in 1818 the world's first museum of contemporary art, by the will of King Louis XVIII. From the beginning, its aim was to feed the Louvre with recent and national art. The symbiotic relationship between these two museums, which was based on the principle of communicating vessels, was a paradigm for new museums in Europe and North America, until the first third of the twentieth century. Although the main mission of the Luxembourg Museum was to assert the superiority of French art face to that of other European nations, it was long criticized not only because it did not reflect the diversity of artistic trends, but also because the conditions under which its collections were stored and exhibited were unworthy of Paris' attractiveness and influence. Through the analysis of primary sources, press reviews and parliamentary papers, we wanted to test the hypothesis that the mobilization of different categories of stakeholders within and outside the artistic field led to an increasing distrust of public art policy. Leading artists represented in the museum, influential journalists from daily and art newspapers, art and patrons societies, citizens and merchant associations, promoted mobilization against through speeches, petitions, surveys or media campaigns. Even the museum professionals themselves were powerless against complicated bureaucratic procedures, shoestring budgets for national museums, and unsuitable storage and exhibition spaces, and ended up questioning the role of the French state in art policy. The negative image of the role of the French state was shaped at key moments and recurring events: the re-hanging of the collection, the display of a new gift or bequest, discussions about the annual budget of the ministry of Fine-Arts, World Fairs, preventive conservation matters, and rumors. However, the most critical moments coincided with the questioning of the very existence of the museum, with the threat of its uprooting, or the formalization and implementation of resettlement, extension or reconstruction schemes. Each of these events crystallized themes and issues that polarized most of the criticisms aired at the public art policy. We identified four major topics in this debate: the shameful absence of a purpose-built museum of contemporary art in Paris; the Governement's inability to raise funds to finally resolve the architectural issue; the lack of consensus on the future museum's location issue; the contradiction between the recognition of the curators' skills in architectural design and the inability of their administration to give them the opportunity to apply them. The main paradox is that although the public art policy was more and more considered as inaccurate and illegitimate, most of the artistic field helped the Government to resolve the ‘Luxembourg issue' and build a monument worthy of the nation

O estudo procura apresentar, na perspectiva dos estudos antropológicos e sociais, a dinâmica cultural enquanto formadora da identidade das sociedades e dos indivíduos na atualidade e discute como a cultura, nas complexas sociedades contemporâneas, no mundo globalizado, atua como importante elemento de desenvolvimento humano, social e econômico, à luz da Economia da Cultura. Apresenta o estado da arte das políticas públicas culturais, como reflexo das discussões de importantes organismos internacionais, e como o poder público passa a utilizar o setor cultural como mecanismos de desenvolvimento econômico e social. Discute, por fim, como a economia do Estado de Roraima pode ser aquecida a partir do desenvolvimento da cultura local. / This study tries to present, in the perspective of the cultural anthropologic and social studies the cultural dynamics structures the identity of societies and individuals in the modern word and argues that the culture, in the complex contemporaries and in a globalized world, acts as an important element of human, social and economic development. We use as a main tool of analysis the framework given by the recent field of Economics of Culture. It present the state of the art of the public politics as reflected in the current discussions of important international organisms. Our focus is the cultural sector as a mechanism of economic and social development. It argues, finally that the economy by the government of the State of Roraima can be a push by the development of the local cultural sector.

The doctoral thesis Czech public art collections and the acquisition policy during the normalization era deals with the topic of domestic institutional operation in 1970s and 1980s, with specific focus on activities of galleries incorporated in the national, hierarchically organized network of art institutions. The research of these acquisition activities uncovers composition of the works of art acquired this way. It finds aspects in which individual institutions differed and detects the reasons behind these differences. Besides the acquisition process itself, the thesis also outlines the circumstances of establishment of the gallery network and summarizes its activities in more tolerant 1960s based on various material sources and oral history. The acquisition policy of galleries as such is analysed in the thesis covering the period from the beginning of the year 1970, when the resolution of the turning meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in April 1969 started to be fulfilled, until the end of the year 1989. Geographically, it is limited to the Czech territory. The results obtained by the analysis point out fundamental differences between individual institutions and between regions in which they operated. The results bring answers to questions concerning...

[pt] Esta tese reúne observações críticas sobre o samba como manifestação musical urbana e de massas, discute a atualidade de um gênero tradicionalmente afirmado como síntese da sonoridade nacional, e analisa a reconfiguração das composições musicais num contexto de globalização dos signos. Tendo em vista tais propósitos, debruçamo-nos sobre discursos que ainda hoje evocam a força simbólica do samba como meio de legitimar projetos políticos e consolidar modelos estéticos. Estas reflexões se corporificaram em três textos interconectados. O primeiro é dedicado ao estudo das políticas culturais de patrimônio imaterial que tomaram o samba como objeto a partir do ano de 2004. O segundo tece considerações sobre a vertente tradicionalista da crítica de música popular por meio da análise das obras de dois de seus principais expoentes, o historiador José Ramos Tinhorão e o pesquisador e compositor Nei Lopes. O último capítulo trata da reivindicação de um trajeto único para o desdobramento do samba por parte dos artistas mais conservadores, e dos desvios promovidos pelos novos modos de criação e circulação musical. / [en] This dissertation gathers critical observations about how samba, as an urban, massive musical manifestation, discusses the current state of a genre that is traditionally presented as the synthesis of national sound, and analyze the reconfiguration of musical compositions in a context of globalized signs. Taking that into consideration, we studied the discourses that still claim the symbolic force of samba as means to legitimate political projects and to consolidate aesthetic standards. These ideas are developed in three essays. The first one is dedicated to the study of cultural policies for the protection of immaterial cultural heritage that took samba as their focus since 2004. The second essay discusses the traditionalist branch of popular music criticism by analyzing the works of two of its main exponents: the historian José Ramos Tinhorão and the researcher and composer Nei Lopes. The last chapter discusses the claim of an exclusive line in the development of samba by more conservative artists, and the deviations promoted by new means of musical creation and circulation.

O estudo procura apresentar, na perspectiva dos estudos antropológicos e sociais, a dinâmica cultural enquanto formadora da identidade das sociedades e dos indivíduos na atualidade e discute como a cultura, nas complexas sociedades contemporâneas, no mundo globalizado, atua como importante elemento de desenvolvimento humano, social e econômico, à luz da Economia da Cultura. Apresenta o estado da arte das políticas públicas culturais, como reflexo das discussões de importantes organismos internacionais, e como o poder público passa a utilizar o setor cultural como mecanismos de desenvolvimento econômico e social. Discute, por fim, como a economia do Estado de Roraima pode ser aquecida a partir do desenvolvimento da cultura local. / This study tries to present, in the perspective of the cultural anthropologic and social studies the cultural dynamics structures the identity of societies and individuals in the modern word and argues that the culture, in the complex contemporaries and in a globalized world, acts as an important element of human, social and economic development. We use as a main tool of analysis the framework given by the recent field of Economics of Culture. It present the state of the art of the public politics as reflected in the current discussions of important international organisms. Our focus is the cultural sector as a mechanism of economic and social development. It argues, finally that the economy by the government of the State of Roraima can be a push by the development of the local cultural sector.