Representations and Imaginary of Intimity in the Medieval Literature Martin Šorm Abstract The thesis presents an analysis of a corpus of Old Czech literature, focusing on how intimacy was represented in the late Middle Ages (especially in the second half of the 15th century) and how the texts in question achieved intimate effects. The corpus is defined by the material preservation of the texts (the so-called Pinvička's ms., The National Museum Library, II F 8, from 1459-1463) and is extended with other units and individual texts enabling comparison (related manuscripts or close literary works, other language versions, chivalric epic, the genre of verse dispute, etc.). The thesis focuses on the techniques by which the texts sought to shape their audiences; it describes the ways in which the relationships between writing and reading, the intimate impact and the perceived connection of the individual with his or her surroundings, were articulated. Focusing on gender codes, it examines both the dominant - masculine - perspectives through which representations of the subject were determined, as well as the marginal models. It interprets the meaning and function of features typical of verse disputes in lyric heteroglossia, emphasizing the genre continuity and intertextuality that contributed to the impact of the...

The battle at Klågerup: Culture of history and the use of history in conjunction with Sweden’s last peasant uprising. During the early 1800’s the southern part of Sweden and its people was subjected to change in terms of agricultural management, also known as the great agricultural reform. This was only one of several aspects which affected the peasants towards a time of lesser status and rights. Eventually an unforeseen to some degree forced enlistment of 15. 000 peasants in southern Sweden became a decisive moment in Sweden’s history. In which the commoners revolted against the Swedish state at varying locations. However, one area in particular was affected by the peasants’ accumulated discontent. Namely a small village called Klågerup, which resulted in the Swedish government quelling the uprising in what can only be referred to as a blood bath. Approximately 23 peasants were killed in 1811 while the Swedish cavalry suffered no casualties according to records. The aim of this essay examines how people have used the memory of the Klågerup riots, in conjunction with two historical perspectives, which are culture of history and the use of history. The examination is done through the lens of a qualitative hermeneutic text analysis. The interest of examining the Klågerup riots in conjunction with the specific above-mentioned perspectives is based on an inspiration of Anders Dybelius’s thesis called “A sustainable memory? The use of history in relation to Georg Carl von Döbeln 1848 – 2009”. The material used in this examination includes newspapers, a play, a novel, scientifically researched historical literature, one historical monument and one building of historical value. All of the used material for analysis is referred to as artefacts. The analysis through the help of Klas-Göran Karlssons and Ulf Zanders typology in regard to use of history, and Dybelius’s perspective of local-ideology show interesting results. The result indicates that multiple purposes for the use of history is applicable on a majority of the used artefacts. Furthermore, regarding the culture of history based on Dybelius’s rendering of Jörn Rüsens tripartite thematization in terms of culture of history, resulted in three artefacts being categorized into each of the three themes. In total nine artefacts were analyzed regarding both the use of history and culture of history. A didactic reflection upon the use of history, culture of history and history awareness is presented in the end of this paper regarding how one might implement the three into the classroom and role of teaching

Die naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft ISIS, die im März 2009 ihr 175jähriges Bestehen feiern konnte, gab mit ihrer Vereinszeitschrift ein wichtiges naturwissenschaftliches Periodikum heraus. Der Wert dieser Abhandlungen ist sowohl durch die berühmten Autoren als auch durch die zahlreichen Artikel, die sich als erstes mit bestimmten Themen beschäftigen, noch heute hoch. Im Zuge des Ausbaus der SLUB als Digitalisierungszentrum mit dem Portal Sachsen.digital wurde das Portal Wissenschaftskultur geschaffen, das wissenschaftliche Zeitschriften und Schriftenreihen gelehrter Gesellschaften und Vereine im digitalen Volltext anbietet.

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本文以明人對宦官態度轉變及其相應行動爲中心，著重從政治文化互動的角度，探討在明代君權專制強化而滋生發達宦官政治情況之下，士大夫如何因應這一政治結構和政治生態的變化，調整思維與行動的方式，施展和落實儒家的政治理想與目標的過程、言行表現及其意義。 / 本文認爲明代中後期的士大夫在對待宦官態度與問題上，出現重要的轉變與調適，他們趨向於呼籲改變與宦官對立的關係，普遍強調宦官具備與常"人"一致的天性與善端，主張以引導和"教化"的方式令其從善。這一思維轉向的要義，是中晚明的士大夫在承認宦官官僚政治和認識宦官顯著角色及地位的基礎上，思考通過"改造"宦官進而改善政治。 / 中晚明時期這股思維轉向更重要地表現為以"化宦"為中心内容的行動與實踐。對宦官讀書之所--内書堂重振的共識與努力以及撰作宦官教化用書，即是這一實踐的直接落實。中晚明人士在内書堂教育和撰作宦官教化書籍中，均重視以歷史和本朝歷史上的宦官善惡實例來強化宦官道德理想教育，感召和鼓勵其去惡向善、忠君愛國以及輔養君德。這是他們借"化宦"來"格君"的努力，是他們施展上層經世理想的表現和重要内容。 / 在晚明集中出現的衆多宦官教化用書中，萬曆初王畿所作"化宦"書《中鑒錄》是一本對宦官有實際影響和感召力的著作。這與書中揚棄傳統偏見，尊重並同情宦官歷史，鼓勵他們具有常"人"的良知等情形密切關係。與之相反的個案則是張世則撰作的《貂璫史鑒》，以受到宦官排斥告終。其"成敗"視乎它們有否契合中晚明以來宦官在知識文化增廣之餘主體和自我意識提高的趨向。 / 綜核本文討論所得，主要有以下三點認識。第一，明代士人與宦官的關係複雜多樣，不能以對抗與勾結的二元結構予以簡單處理。中晚明時期不斷出現的"化宦"思想和實踐顯示，士大夫傾向於覺得他們與宦官處於同一政治文化之中，並且有意強化已趨"一體"的向路。第二，在政治現實不利和政治空間有限的情況下，明代士大夫能務實而敏銳地利用"化宦"來"格君"，可見他們不曾放棄得君行道的理想，熱情未減。這是政治與文化之間高度呼應、交互影響與滲透的應有真義和全貌。第三，儒家核心價值系統中的原則為後人改造世界提供精神和經典的來源。中晚明人士思考宦官具有"人"的面向與價值並將他們納入"有教無類"之中，顯示儒家價值系統只有回到現實政治與社會生活中並積極地予以回應，摸爬滾打中，才能得到充實和實踐。這是儒學實踐性的特點和要求。 / This dissertation studies the attitudes and actions of scholar-officials to the eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. From the perspective of political and cultural interaction, it explores how scholar-officials coped with changes in the political structures and political ecologies in which eunuch politics became a major issue of government. It examines scholar-officials’ thinking and action in dealing with the eunuchs while attempting to implement their political ideal when monarchical despotism reigned in Ming times. / The study finds that there are important changes in scholar-officials’ attitudes in mid and late Ming times. Instead of discrimination against eunuchs they tended to see eunuchs as their equal as human beings. They believed that eunuchs have similar human nature and humaneness as theirs, and advocated making them good imperial servants by moral and civil education. They adopted an approach that government improvement can be achieved by “transforming the eunuchs through a Confucian-based education and recognizing the eunuch’s significant role and status in the imperial government. / Mid and late Ming scholar-officials were eager to put their new ideas into actions. They were keen in reviving the Nei Shu Tang（内書堂）, the eunuch school in the palace and in writing books specially intended to educate the eunuchs. These books have a common focus on the eunuch’s moral sense. Good and bad examples from history are cited to encourage them to get rid of evil thought and action and to cultivate their good sense to serve their monarchs and the imperial court well and loyally, thus also to help improve the monarch’s character and enhance his virtues. I consider such effort by mid and late Ming scholar-officials to improve the emperor through educating the eunuchs a key form of upper-level statecraft. / The research finds that the Zhong Jianlu（《中鑒錄》/ Mirror of the Eunuchs）written in the very beginning of the Wanli period by Wang Ji（王畿）, the most famous student of Wang Yangming（王陽明）, was a very effective education book for enlightening the eunuchs. The success of the book owes much to the respect and sympathy it show for the eunuchs. It considers them as ordinary human beings with conscience and good will rather than discriminating them by traditional prejudice. By contrast, the Diaodang Shijian（《貂璫史鑒》/Historical Mirror of the Eunuchs）written by Zhang Shize（張世則）in the middle period of the Wanli emperor, although also aiming to educate the eunuchs, failed to attract them because of a different approach to its presentation. These two examples shows that whether an education book was accepted by the eunuchs depends on whether it responded aptly to eunuch population’s increase in knowledge and cultural achievement, as well as eunuchs’ awareness of their importance in late Ming times. / In conclusion, this dissertation presents the following three views. First, the relationship between the scholar-officials and the eunuchs, which was often considered in oppositional or conflicting terms, was more complex and diverse. Scholar-officials in mid and late Ming times came to realize, and emphasized, that their political culture should be shared by the eunuchs. Second, Ming scholar-officials were pragmatic attempting to rectify their monarchs by educating the eunuchs, who were their immediate servant. This also shows that scholar-officials still had strong interest in influencing the monarch with their ideals and values at the highest level of imperial government. Third, scholar-officials’ consideration of eunuchs as their fellow human beings capable of being educated for good heart and behavior suggests that the Confucian value system worked in a positive way only when abiding to the reality of political and social life. The practice of Confucian learning finds expression and meaning not in empty theories. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 吳兆丰. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 312-336) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Wu Zhaofeng. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.9 / Chapter 一 --- 政治、制度史研究中的明代宦官 --- p.10 / Chapter 二 --- 明代宦官與士大夫關係研究的現狀 --- p.22 / Chapter 三 --- 社會文化視角下的明代宦官 --- p.27 / Chapter 四 --- 本文的結構和內容安排 --- p.31 / Chapter 第二章 --- "攻宦"的效果與思考：以成化名臣王恕為中心 --- p.33 / Chapter 一 --- 引言 --- p.34 / Chapter 二 --- "攻宦"與王恕名節的建立 --- p.35 / Chapter 三 --- "攻宦"與王恕"格君"的努力 --- p.40 / Chapter 四 --- 成化末王恕奏疏的彙刊與謀劃入閣的關係 --- p.46 / Chapter 五 --- 餘論："攻宦"的名與實 --- p.54 / Chapter 第三章 --- 調適與轉變：明中後期士大夫對宦官的省思 --- p.57 / Chapter 第一節 --- 真德秀《大學衍義》對宦官的態度及其"反響" --- p.58 / Chapter 一 --- 《大學衍義》齊家之要--目的設置用意 --- p.58 / Chapter 二 --- 《大學衍義》對宦官的態度與定位 --- p.62 / Chapter 三 --- 《大學衍義》宦官部份在明代的反響 --- p.68 / Chapter 第二節 --- 明成、弘年間士大夫對"化宦"的思考與嘗試 --- p.77 / Chapter 一 --- "宦侍亦人也"：丘濬的思考 --- p.77 / Chapter 二 --- "人皆可以為堯舜"：賀欽的嘗試 --- p.84 / Chapter 第三節 --- 正、嘉年間士人對"化宦"的強調與共識 --- p.90 / Chapter 一 --- "性無內外"與"不以類求"：湛若水的個案 --- p.90 / Chapter （一） --- 《聖學格物通》及其對議禮的態度 --- p.90 / Chapter （二） --- "性無內外"：《格物通》對"得宦"的強調 --- p.96 / Chapter （三） --- "不以類求"： 湛若水與太監丘得的來往 --- p.100 / Chapter 二 --- "有教無類"：正、嘉年間儒臣對宦官的普遍共識 --- p.102 / Chapter （一） --- 從黃佐、方鵬到王瓊、顧應祥："不以其人而沒其善" --- p.103 / Chapter （二） --- 何瑭："内臣未必無君子，外臣未必無小人" --- p.105 / Chapter （三） --- 唐樞："有教無類" --- p.107 / 小結 --- p.112 / Chapter 第四章 --- "化宦"與"格君"：中晚明人士重振內書堂的共識與努力 --- p.114 / Chapter 第一節 --- "以為汙辱"：成 弘年間士大夫對內書堂的觀感和態度 --- p.115 / Chapter 第二節 --- "宮府一體"：中晚明士大夫對內書堂的重視和重振 --- p.120 / Chapter 一 --- 初振與新義：正德和嘉靖初年的情形 --- p.120 / Chapter （一） --- 景暘與何瑭 --- p.120 / Chapter （二） --- 陸深與徐階 --- p.122 / Chapter 二 --- 共識與努力：嘉靖中至萬曆中的情形 --- p.125 / Chapter （一） --- 貢汝成："患無以教之" --- p.126 / Chapter （二） --- 郭樸、孫升、趙貞吉 --- p.129 / Chapter （三） --- 李春芳、胡傑、亢思謙、汪鏜 --- p.132 / Chapter （四） --- 姚弘謨、李貴及其《思齊錄》 金達、陶大臨 --- p.136 / Chapter （五） --- 羅萬化、 黃鳳翔、 趙志皋 --- p.140 / Chapter （六） --- 黃洪憲、 張元忭及其《內館訓言》、敖文禎 --- p.143 / Chapter （七） --- 禮部的呼籲：沈鯉《典禮疏》 --- p.151 / Chapter （八） --- 內書堂教材的確定：《中鑒錄》與《貂璫史鑒》 --- p.156 / Chapter （九） --- 教材的挑戰者：焦竑周如砥《中學始肄》 --- p.157 / Chapter 第三節 --- 餘緒：啓、 禎年間的情況 --- p.163 / Chapter 一 --- 東林的聲音：錢士升 --- p.163 / Chapter 二 --- "教養內監，最是重任"：善書的強調 --- p.164 / Chapter 三 --- "我者"與"他者"：宦官劉若愚振刷内書堂的倡議 --- p.167 / 小結 --- p.171 / Chapter 第五章 --- 著作與教化：王畿編纂"化宦"書《中鑒錄》的政治背景與内容特色 --- p.173 / Chapter 一 --- 引言 --- p.173 / Chapter 二 --- 《中鑒錄》的流傳、影響及其版本問題 --- p.175 / Chapter 三 --- 萬曆初王畿編纂《中鑒錄》的背景及其推廣的努力 --- p.187 / Chapter 四 --- 《中鑒錄》初刊和復梓者太監孫隆、劉成的事略 --- p.199 / Chapter （一） --- 翻刻者劉成的生平事略 --- p.199 / Chapter （二） --- 劉成與初刊者孫隆的關係 --- p.202 / Chapter （三） --- 孫隆的生平及其首刊《中鑒錄》的背景 --- p.206 / Chapter （四） --- 孫隆再度提督蘇杭織造期間的政治表現 --- p.216 / Chapter 五 --- 《中鑒錄》的內容安排 特色與取材 --- p.224 / Chapter 六 --- 小結 --- p.239 / Chapter 第六章 --- 同調與異趨：萬曆年間的宦官教化書籍 --- p.241 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《中鑒錄》與萬曆年間宦官教化書籍的持續出現 --- p.241 / Chapter 一 --- 王畿的同調：鄒德涵的聲音 --- p.241 / Chapter 二 --- 宦官"爰書"：李騰芳《宦寺考》 --- p.243 / Chapter 三 --- "銘讒鼎而志梼杌"：徐學聚《歷朝璫鑒》 --- p.248 / Chapter 四 --- "均治"之書：劉元卿《六鑒舉要》 --- p.253 / Chapter 五 --- 勸善戒惡：胡良臣《內臣昭鑑錄》 --- p.256 / Chapter 六 --- 宦官模範：佚名《中貴芳摹》 --- p.258 / Chapter 第二節 --- 張世則《貂璫史鑒》的撰作與命運：兼與《中鑒錄》比較 --- p.259 / Chapter 一 --- 張世則的生平與思想 --- p.259 / Chapter 二 --- 《貂璫史鑒》撰作的政治背景和直接用意 --- p.261 / Chapter 三 --- 《貂璫史鑒》內容特色與其備受宦官冷遇的關係 --- p.266 / Chapter 四 --- 餘論 --- p.275 / 小結 --- p.276 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.277 / Chapter 一 --- 明代士人與宦官關係的重新認識 --- p.281 / Chapter 二 --- "化宦"與士人"得君行道"理想的施展 --- p.282 / Chapter 三 --- 儒家價值系統的充實和實踐 --- p.284 / Chapter 附錄一 --- 丘濬《世史正綱》宦官條目後按語 --- p.285 / Chapter 附錄二 --- 張元忭《內館訓言》 --- p.292 / Chapter 附錄三 --- 王畿《中鑒錄·中鑒答問》 --- p.297 / Chapter 附錄四 --- 王畿《中鑒錄》的按語 --- p.302 / Chapter 附錄五 --- 圖一：馮保《經書音釋》自撰跋文後之印章 --- p.310 / Chapter 附錄六 --- 圖二：金忠《御世仁風》手書跋文後之章印 --- p.311 / 參考文獻 --- p.312

My thesis examines visual and written culture of the interwar Soviet Union dealing with the body as an object of public observation, appreciation, and critique. It explores how the need to construct new Soviet subjectivities was realised through the figure of the body. I explore the representation of ‘physical culture’ (fizkul’tura), with reference to newspapers, specialist fizkul’tura and medical journals, and Party debates. This textual discourse is considered alongside visual primary sources – documentary and non-fiction film and photography, painting and sculpture, and feature films. In my analysis of these visual primary sources I identify three ‘categories of looking’ – surveillance, aesthetics, and spectatorship – that I claim structure representations of the embodied Soviet subject. My introduction incorporates a brief history of early Soviet social psychological conceptualisations of the body, outlining the coercive renovative project of Soviet subjectification and introducing the notion of surveillance. My first and second chapters explore bodily aesthetics. The first focuses on non-fiction media from the mid- to late-1920s that capture the sporting body in action; this chapter introduces the notion of spectatorship and begins to unpack the ideological function of how bodies are observed. The second further explores questions of bodily aesthetics, now in relation to fizkul’tura painting and Abram Room’s 1936 film, Strogii iunosha. My third chapter looks at fizkul’tura feature films from the mid- 1930s to explore how bodies were related to social questions of gender and sexuality, including marriage and pregnancy. My final chapter focuses on cinematic representations of football from the late 1930s and the relationship between bodies on display and onlooking crowds. These two chapters together indicate how the dynamic between the body and its spectator (whether individual or in a group) was reimagined in the late interwar years; the body’s aesthetic appeal is now of little importance compared to its ability to constitute a public subjectivity through the manipulation of emotion, trauma, and pathos.

Historians have long struggled to conceptualise the Holy Roman Empire in the later Middle Ages. This thesis seeks to provide an interpretation of political life in the Empire which captures the structures and dynamics in evidence in the sources. It does so through a comparative study of the varied socio-political elites along the Upper Rhine between 1350 and 1500, with frequent reference to other regions of the Empire. The thesis is divided into three sections. Part I, consisting of four chapters, examines the shared and interconnective characteristics of several spheres of activity - the documentary, judicial, ritual, military, and administrative - in which various elites interacted through the same practices and conventions. Part II (five chapters) deals with the types of contractual association which emerged organically from these shared and interconnective structures and practices. It shows that these associations - leagues, alliances, judicial agreements, coinage unions, and others - were more common and more similar than typically assumed, that they regulated key judicial and military affairs, and that they reflected a shared ideology which emphasised peace-keeping and the common good within the Empire's framework. Part III of the thesis shows how the structures and dynamics explored in Parts I and II played out in specific situations by reference to three case studies in the 1370s-'80s, 1410s-'30s, and 1460s-'70s. All three demonstrate how the 'associative political culture' model can illuminate events which were previously considered to be moments of crisis or chaos, or the products of 'territorial' or 'constitutional' processes. The thesis concludes by arguing that, in light of this evidence, the Holy Roman Empire is best understood as a community of interdependent elites who interacted within a shared 'associative political culture'. This conclusion highlights the need for a new paradigm beyond those of the 'territory', the 'constitution', or the centralising 'state'.

[pt] Esta dissertação articula argumentos literários e históricos para a compreensão dos efeitos sociais e políticos provenientes da descolonização dos países africanos de língua portuguesa. A partir do estudo de dois dos romances do escritor português António Lobo Antunes As Naus (1988) e Boa Tarde às Coisas Aqui em Baixo (2003), pretende-se mapear, na obra do escritor, algumas representações literárias relevantes para a formulação de entendimentos acerca das diferenças - no contexto português e angolano - da condição pós-colonial. Os pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos deste trabalho estão associados a algumas contribuições críticas de textos históricos, filosóficos e literários de estudiosos que abordaram aspectos do processo de descolonização e dos seus conseqüentes conflitos e dilemas sociais enfrentados principalmente pelas sociedades portuguesa e angolana. / [en] This dissertation comprises literary and historic facts for the understanding of social and political effects proceeding from the decolonization of African countries of Portuguese language. Parting from the study of two novels from the Portuguese writer António Lobo Antunes, As Naus (1988) and Boa Tarde às Coisas Aqui em Baixo (2003), we intend to map, in these writer works, some literary representation relevant for the formulation of understanding concerning the differences - in the Portuguese and Angolan context of the after-colonial condition. The theoretical and methodological presuppositions drawn up in this essay are associated with some critical contributions of historical, philosophical and literary texts from scholars who approach aspects of the decolonization process and their consequent conflicts and social dilemma faced principally by the Portuguese and Angolan society.

This bibliography is an update of Thomas Geider’s comprehensive bibliography of 100 pages which he published in Swahili Forum 10 (2003). Thomas Geider had almost finished it when he fell ill in April 2010. He left the manuscript when he passed away on 15 October 2010. It has been completed and edited by the editors of Swahili Forum, and comprises mainly works published between 2003 and 2009. Also included are some works published in 2001 and 2002 which came to Thomas Geider’s attention after he had completed his 2003 bibliography.

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