Once a source of environmental concern, mine tailings could now contribute to the fight against climate change. Greg Dipple and team are discovering how mines can potentially ofset their own emissions.

Why do some people in Halifax, Nova Scotia work collecting recyclables rather than in other—more formal—means of employment? Some scholars argue that informal economic activity is the product of a shift towards flexible work regimes and reductions to the social welfare system (the informalization thesis) and/or that increasingly marginalized people are forced into informal economic activities by economic necessity (the marginalization thesis). Drawing on a close analysis of provincial and municipal recycling policies and ethnographic fieldwork with informal recyclers, I argue that the informalization and marginalization theses are based on overly deterministic models of informal employment. Demand for informal recycling in Halifax is supported by a complex raft of environmental legislation designed to increase the rate of recycling. People willingly choose informal recycling as an alternative to formal employment for various reasons, but above all because it offers a tax-free, honest living, autonomy and a decent income.

The Miocene Nullarbor Limestone is the most recent formation in the Cenozoic Eucla Group and was deposited in the Eucla Basin, southern Australia, at ~38°S paleolatitude during the early to middle Miocene. The rocks form the modern surface of the vast, karsted Nullarbor Plain. Older Eucla Group marine carbonates (Eocene-earliest Miocene) are cool-water in nature and dominated by bryozoans and echinoderms. The Nullarbor Limestone is subtropical in composition and rich in coralline algae (rhodoliths and articulated types), large and small benthic foraminifera and molluscs. Diverse zooxanthellate corals are also present but not numerous. Deposition is interpreted to have taken place in three main paleoenvironments: rhodolith gravels, seagrass banks, and open seafloors. The Southern Ocean extended inboard ~450 km from the shelf edge during Nullarbor Limestone deposition. Interpreted paleodepths ranged from the top to the base of the photic zone, implying a small slope over a wide shelf. The Miocene Eucla platform is therefore interpreted to have been epeiric in nature. Paleoenvironment distribution is explained using epeiric platform sedimentation patterns and comparisons with modern environments. Open seafloor environments, the deepest settings, are thought to have been below fair-weather wave base. Rhodolith gravels accumulated at intermediate depths, where waves frequently swept the seafloor. Seagrass banks developed in the shallowest waters farthest inboard, where wave energy had been largely dissipated. Diverse corals, large benthic foraminifera and micrite envelopes inboard and in the western part of the basin support the notion of paleotemperatures generally above 20°C, the upper limit of subtropical carbonate accumulation. Although deposition occurred during the Miocene Climatic Optimum, a simple overall temperature increase cannot completely account for the subtropical nature of these sediments at mid-latitudes. Tropical components decrease from west to east, implying a temperature gradient, probably due to the warm proto-Leeuwin Current. Thus, these subtropical carbonates were deposited at mid-latitudes and their presence did not simply reflect a change in global climate. / Thesis (Master, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-12-23 16:05:47.981

With the acceptance of the new Basel II banking regulation (implemented in South Africa in January 2008) the search for improved ways of modeling the most important banking activities has become very topical. Since the notion of Levy-process was introduced, it has emerged as an important tool for modeling economic variables in a Basel II framework. In this study, we investigate the stochastic dynamics of banking items that are driven by such processes. In particular, we discuss bank provisioning for loan losses and deposit withdrawals. The first type of provisioning is related to the earnings that the bank sets aside in order to cover loan defaults. In this case, we apply principles from robustness to a situation where the decision maker is a bank owner and the decision rule determines the optimal provisioning strategy for loan losses. In this regard, we formulate a dynamic banking loan loss model involving a provisioning portfolio consisting of provisions for expected losses and loan loss reserves for unexpected losses. Here, unexpected loan losses and provisioning for expected losses are modeled via a compound Poisson process and an exponential Levy process, respectively. We use historical evidence from OECD (Organization for Economic Corporation and Development) countries to support the fact that the provisions for loan losses-to-total assets ratio is negatively correlated with aggregate asset prices and the private credit-to-GDP ratio. Secondly, we construct models for provisioning for deposit withdrawals. In particular, we build stochastic dynamic models which enable us to analyze the interplay between deposit withdrawals and the provisioning for these withdrawals via Treasuries and reserves. Further insight is gained by considering a numerical problem and a simulation of the trajectory of the stochastic dynamics of the sum of the Treasuries and reserves. Since managing the risk that depositors will exercise their withdrawal option is an important aspect of this thesis, we consider the idea of a hedging provisioning strategy for deposit withdrawals in an incomplete market setting. In this spirit, we discuss an optimal risk management problem for a commercial bank whose main activity is to obtain funds through deposits from the public and use the Treasuries and reserves to cater for the resulting withdrawals. Finally, we provide a brief analysis of some of the issues arising from the dynamic models of the banking items derived. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Computer, Statistical and Mathematical Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

With the acceptance of the new Basel II banking regulation (implemented in South Africa in January 2008) the search for improved ways of modeling the most important banking activities has become very topical. Since the notion of Levy-process was introduced, it has emerged as an important tool for modeling economic variables in a Basel II framework. In this study, we investigate the stochastic dynamics of banking items that are driven by such processes. In particular, we discuss bank provisioning for loan losses and deposit withdrawals. The first type of provisioning is related to the earnings that the bank sets aside in order to cover loan defaults. In this case, we apply principles from robustness to a situation where the decision maker is a bank owner and the decision rule determines the optimal provisioning strategy for loan losses. In this regard, we formulate a dynamic banking loan loss model involving a provisioning portfolio consisting of provisions for expected losses and loan loss reserves for unexpected losses. Here, unexpected loan losses and provisioning for expected losses are modeled via a compound Poisson process and an exponential Levy process, respectively. We use historical evidence from OECD (Organization for Economic Corporation and Development) countries to support the fact that the provisions for loan losses-to-total assets ratio is negatively correlated with aggregate asset prices and the private credit-to-GDP ratio. Secondly, we construct models for provisioning for deposit withdrawals. In particular, we build stochastic dynamic models which enable us to analyze the interplay between deposit withdrawals and the provisioning for these withdrawals via Treasuries and reserves. Further insight is gained by considering a numerical problem and a simulation of the trajectory of the stochastic dynamics of the sum of the Treasuries and reserves. Since managing the risk that depositors will exercise their withdrawal option is an important aspect of this thesis, we consider the idea of a hedging provisioning strategy for deposit withdrawals in an incomplete market setting. In this spirit, we discuss an optimal risk management problem for a commercial bank whose main activity is to obtain funds through deposits from the public and use the Treasuries and reserves to cater for the resulting withdrawals. Finally, we provide a brief analysis of some of the issues arising from the dynamic models of the banking items derived. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Computer, Statistical and Mathematical Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Massive sulfide deposits in the Noranda mining camp, northwestern Québec, are mainly associated with extensive footwall alteration defined by intense chloritization and sericitization. However, Fe-carbonate alteration also occurs in proximity to some deposits. To test the exploration significance of carbonate alteration in the camp, two areas of intense carbonate alteration were examined, around the small Delbridge deposit and near the new Pinkos occurrence in the Cyprus Rhyolite. Between 1969 and 1971, the Delbridge deposit produced 370,000 t of ore grading 9.6% Zn, 0.61% Cu, 110 g/t Ag, and 2.1 g/t Au. Recent drilling at the new Pinkos occurrence intersected 2.64 m of massive to semi-massive sulfides grading 8.1% Zn and 18.2 g/t Ag. Alteration mapping has shown that the distribution of Fe-carbonates can be used to identify vertically extensive zones of hydrothermal upflow at both properties. At Delbridge, intense Fe-carbonate alteration in brecciated rhyolite defines a pipe-like upflow zone that extends vertically for up to 300 m within the stratigraphic footwall of the massive sulfides and 100 m into the hanging wall. The location of known massive sulfide mineralization coincides with the intersection of the alteration pipe and a favorable horizon marked by the occurrence of fine-grained volcaniclastic rocks. At Pinkos, a similar zone of Fe-carbonate alteration occurs in outcrops of coherent rhyolite. Fe-carbonate alteration is most intensely developed along polygonal cooling fractures in massive rhyolite and decreases in intensity towards the centers of the columns. Fe-carbonate stringers and locally abundant matrix carbonate occur in fragmental rocks at the stratigraphic top of the coherent rhyolite flows and are most intense at the location of sulfide-bearing outcrops that mark the known mineralized horizon. Whereas Fe-carbonate alteration defines the central part of the hydrothermal upflow zones at both properties, disseminated pyrite occurs at the margins and is widespread outside the main upflow zones. This may indicate that Fe-carbonate in the main upflow zones formed at the expense of earlier disseminated sulfides. Replacement of pyrite by synvolcanic Fe-carbonate alteration at Delbridge and Pinkos can probably be attributed to a relatively high concentration of dissolved CO2, possibly of magmatic origin, in the main-stage ore-forming fluids.

The Stuart Oil Shale Deposit is a major oil shale resource located near Gladstone on the central Queensland coast. It contains an estimated 3.0 billion barrels of oil in place in 5.6 billion tonnes of shale. Commissioning of a plant capable of producing 4,500 barrels per day has recently commenced. The shale is preserved in Tertiary age sediments of The Narrows Beds in the southern part of The Narrows Graben. The oil shale sequence consists of repetitive cycles composed of oil shale, claystone and lesser carbonaceous oil shale in the 400 metre thick Rundle Formation. The formation is the main oil-shale bearing unit in the preserved half-graben sequence up to 1,000 metres thick. Previous studies on the lacustrine sedimentology of the Rundle Oil Shale Deposit in the northern part of The Narrows Graben have recognised eight facies that exhibit unique and recognisable cycles. The cycles and sequence for the Kerosene Creek Member of the Rundle Formation is correlatable between the Rundle and Stuart deposits. The nature of these facies and the cycles is reviewed in some detail. In conjunction with the principles of sequence stratigraphy, the ideal oil shale cycle is described as the equivalent of a parasequence within a lacustrine system. The lacustrine parasequence is bounded by lacustrine flooding surfaces. The organic material in the oil shale consists of both Type I (algal dominated) and Type III (higher plant matter dominated) kerogen. Where Type I kerogen dominate, oil yields greater than about 100 litres per tonne are common. In contrast where Type III kerogens are dominant, yields above 100 litres per tonne are rare. The variation in oil yield is described for the Stuart lacustrine system. The variation is consequent on the balance between production, preservation and degradation of the kerogen in the parasequences within systems tracts. A system for the recognition of oil shale deposition in terms of lacustrine systems tracts is established based on oil yield assay parameters and the assay oil specific gravity. The oil yield and oil specific gravity variation within the Rundle Formation is modelled by member and the nature and distribution of oil yield quality parameters in terms of the contribution of organic and inorganic source material are described. The presence of significant oil yield (greater than 50 litres per tonne) is dependent on the dominance of lacustrine transitional systems tracts and to a lesser extent, lacustrine highstand systems tracts within the parasequence sets deposited in a balanced lake system in a generally warm wet climate during the middle to late Tertiary.

[Truncated abstract] Detailed sedimentological, petrographical, geochemical and palynological studies have provided insight into the source rocks and the processes that operated during formation of the Tertiary Yandi channel iron deposit (CID) of the eastern Pilbara, Western Australia. Yandi is the largest and most valuable CID in the world, accounting for more than 2.5% of global iron production in 2003, and is the type-example of CID. The Yandi CID occupies the palaeo-Marillana Creek in the central Hamersley Ranges. It is near-coincident-with the modern Marillana Creek which incised Proterozoic bedrock of the Weeli Wolli Formation (Hamersley Group) and associated dolerite intrusions. Three lithostratigraphic units fill the palaeo-Marillana Creek and comprise the Marillana Formation. The units in stratigraphic order are the: (1) Munjina Member; (2) Barimunya Member, which hosts the majority of the iron resource; and (3) Iowa Eastern Member. Fossil pollen and spores in organic-rich claystones in the Munjina Member indicate that deposition of the Marillana Formation most likely commenced in the Early Oligocene in response to erratic seasonal flows with high energy flood events and intervening quiescent suspension settling of clays. The Marillana Formation consists of twelve facies. These conglomerate and clay facies form three facies associations. The basal facies association is composed of polymictic conglomerate, clay and interbedded CID that represents a lag deposit along the base of the palaeochannel. This facies association characterises the Munjina Member. The second facies association consists of iron-rich conglomerate sheets, bars and subordinate scour-fills and characterises the Barimunya Member. Channel iron deposits of the overlying Iowa Eastern member consist of reworked Barimunya Member iron conglomerates. The upper facies association is polymictic conglomerate with clay that characterises the remainder of the Iowa Eastern Member. Polymictic iron conglomerate in the Munjina and Barimunya Members contains Weeli Wolli Formation and dolerite clasts indicating local derivation. Rare earth element profiles of the other iron conglomerate facies indicate derivation of the Barimunya and Iowa Eastern CID from a different source. These iron conglomerates are characterised by relatively flat LREE profiles. The LREE exhibit an enriched profile approaching the MREE [(average La/Nd)N = 0.7], and the HREE profile shows minor enrichment approaching ytterbium [(average Dy/Yb)N = 0.9]. Comparison of iron conglomerate REE profiles to those of the bedrock indicates that these conglomerates were most probably derived from the Joffre Formation BIF of the Hamersley Group

Submitted by José Antonio Cirillo de Assis null (jcirillo.assis@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T20:30:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãodeMestrado_JoséAntonioCirilloAssis.pdf: 5445876 bytes, checksum: cffaacc2000b5bdb88bfc9bbd7071d13 (MD5) / Rejected by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-05-09T14:15:22Z (GMT) / Submitted by José Antonio Cirillo de Assis null (jcirillo.assis@gmail.com) on 2016-05-10T11:56:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãodeMestrado_JoséAntonioCirilloAssis.pdf: 5492695 bytes, checksum: 098f2796a7e2e2a2b876f0e44a85c57b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-13T11:44:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 assis_jac_me_rcla.pdf: 5492695 bytes, checksum: 098f2796a7e2e2a2b876f0e44a85c57b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T11:44:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 assis_jac_me_rcla.pdf: 5492695 bytes, checksum: 098f2796a7e2e2a2b876f0e44a85c57b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / A análise e identificação do controle estrutural de um depósito de ouro é de grande importância para o estudo e pesquisa da mineralização aurífera, permitindo guiar e otimizar a prospecção e exploração de determinada ocorrência. O objetivo do presente trabalho é definir o empilhamento tectonoestratigráfico e a estruturação do depósito de ouro de C1-Santaluz, bem como seu controle estrutural. Como faz parte de um Greenstone Belt, em uma área de significativa atividade tectônica, esta ocorrência apresenta complexo arcabouço estrutural, havendo a necessidade de compreender melhor as estruturas que influenciam na geometria dos corpos mineralizados. As rochas da área de estudo foram mapeadas na escala 1:750 e foram estudadas através de descrições macroscópicas, microscópicas além de análises em microscópio eletrônico de varredura e análises de difração de raios-x. As unidades encontradas foram subdivididas em dois grandes domínios, sendo da base ao topo, Sequência Vulcânica e Sequência Metassedimentar, compostas por metadacitos e metadacitos brechados, e clorita sericita quartzo xisto, metassedimento carbonoso, brecha carbonosa, respectivamente. Também foi mapeado um corpo de metadiorito que corresponde à unidade Rochas Intrusivas Subvulcânicas Intermediárias. As fases minerais relacionadas com a mineralização aurífera são representadas por sulfetos, tais como, pirita, arsenopirita, esfalerita, calcopirita e stibinita, sendo que a arsenopirita mostrou relação direta com a presença de ouro, este ocorrendo associado ao sulfeto. Ao todo foram identificadas 3 fases deformacionais: Dn-1, Dn, Dn+1. Dentre essas fases, observa-se que a presença da mineralização na área de estudo possui direta relação com as fases Dn-1 ou Dn, visto que os veios de quartzo mineralizados se encontram encaixados na foliação Sn. A interação entre o bandamento composicional S0//Sn-1 e a foliação Sn gera lineação de intersecção paralela aos eixos de dobra Dn, com caimento para NW. A orientação dessa lineação é favorável para o posicionamento do corpo de minério, podendo apresentar inclusive espessuras maiores nessa orientação. As rochas que compõem as unidades mapeadas apresentaram metamorfismo regional progressivo na fácies xisto verde baixo, zona da biotita. / Structural control plays a major role in gold deposits. Thus, understanding the different structures present in the area, as well as the relationship between these structures, is a key issue. This work aims to identify the structural control of the gold deposit of C1-Santaluz. It also presents the tectono-stratigraphic stacking of the rocks and the main deformation phases that occur in the area. The C1-Santaluz deposit is located in a Greenstone Belt and has a complex structural setting. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the structures that can influence the geometry of the mineralized bodies. The rocks of the study area were mapped in 1:750 scale. The study was carried out through macroscopic and microscopic description of rocks, as well as scanning electron microscope and of x-ray diffraction analyses. The rock units that occur in the area were divided in two main domains, base to top, Sequência Vulcânica and Sequência Metassedimentar. The mineral paragenesis related to the auriferous mineralization is represented by sulphides, pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and stibnite. Arsenopyrite showed direct relation with the presence of gold, detected by scanning electron microscope analysis. A total of 3 deformational phases were identified: Dn-1, Dn, Dn+1. Phase Dn-1 and Dn have direct relation with the mineralization since mineralized quartz veins occur parallel to the Sn foliation (S0//Sn-1//Sn). The intersection between the bedding S0//Sn-1 and Sn foliation generates an intersection lineation that is parallel to the Dn fold axis, plunging to NW. These structures are favorable for the increase of the volume of the mineralized bodies, plunging to NW. The rocks were metamorphosed under lower greenschist facies conditions (biotite zone).

The aim of this two years master’s thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies is to investigate how the National Library of Sweden collects, arranges and provides access to its collection of printed ephemera. As a comparison, the thesis also looks at how Lund University Library is working with the same tasks. The main sources of information in this thesis comes from participant observations and interviews conducted with informants within the two libraries mentioned above. Document studies of the library’s internal documents and the Swedish Legal Deposit Law has also been used to get additional information. The findings in this thesis has been analyzed with a model based on a practice theory and a knowledge organization theory. The starting point in the investigation was to look at how these two libraries receives printed ephemera through legal deposits, if there are any problems connected to the legal deposits and if that possibly has an influence on the printed ephemera collections. The next part of the investigation focuses on how these collections has been organized with various classification systems over the years. In addition to this the survey wanted to find out if- and in what way these different systems have had an effect on the availability of this material and what tools the libraries uses to make it easier to find specific material within the collections and make it available for users. The results of the investigation show that National Library of Sweden and Lund University Library resave a wide range of material throw legal deposits but not nearly as much as they should get. One big problem is that many producers print their material outside of Sweden and are not aware that they are obligated to give copies of this to the Swedish Legal Deposit Library’s. The survey also reached the conclusion that the way the material is arranged and stored has a big impact on how accessible it is. However, by using cataloguing and digitalization the libraries can make this material more visible, and thus also more accessible.