Purpose: To determine possible differences in the pain level and soft tissue anesthesia duration of plain polocaine versus epinephrine-containing articaine and lidocaine during intraoral injections. Methods: Forty-eight subjects received plain polocaine and one epinephrine-containing anesthetic. Injections were randomized according to the first injection a)left or right buccal sulcus and b)epinephrine or not. The second injections were the opposite conditions. Subjects then recorded discomfort on a VAS and the time anesthesia wore off. Result: The second injection’s pain rating was influenced by the first. This carry-over effect makes it impossible to analyze all of the data. An analysis of the first injection showed no significant difference between the three anesthetics. The duration of anesthesia for epinephrine-containing anesthetic was significantly longer than plain polocaine. Conclusion: This pilot study was intended to create a sample size for a pediatric population. However, due to the carry-over effect, future split-mouth studies may not be justified.

Cette thèse vise à vérifier, à partir de données françaises, l’hypothèse d’Oswald selon laquelle la propriété immobilité serait un frein à la flexibilité du marché du travail et entraînerait donc un taux de chômage plus élevé. Le premier chapitre présente une synthèse de la littérature récente s’intéressant à la vérification de cette hypothèse. Le deuxième chapitre analyse l’effet du statut résidentiel sur les taux de retour à l’emploi. Les résultats empiriques montrent que les propriétaires ont plus de chance d’accéder à des emplois locaux, mais plus faible chance d’accéder à des emplois impliquant une mobilité résidentielle. Le troisième chapitre cherche à apporter un éclairage supplémentaire sur le comportement de recherche d’emploi des propriétaires selon qu'ils sont accédants ou non. Les résultats empiriques indiquent que les accédants à la propriété sortent plus vite du chômage tandis que les propriétaires détenant un stock d'actifs financiers élevé restent plus longtemps au chômage. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre propose un modèle théorique à agents hétérogènes afin d'analyser les effets du statut résidentiel et des politiques publiques sur les taux de retour à l'emploi. Nos résultats révèlent que la mobilité des propriétaires et des locataires est affectée par les coûts de mobilité et que le plus faible taux de sortie du chômage des propriétaires s’explique essentiellement par la stratégie d’accession à la propriété et par un effet de richesse. / This thesis seeks to verify, from French data, the Oswald hypothesis, according to which homeownership would be a hindrance to labor market’s flexibility and thus result in a higher unemployment rate. The first chapter presents a synthesis of recent literature seeking to verify this hypothesis. The second chapter analyzes the effect of residential status on rates return-to-employment. Empirical findings show that owners have more likely to access local jobs, but less likely to access jobs involving residential mobility. The second chapter investigates the effect of housing tenure status on unemployment duration. Empirical findings indicate that constrained owners leave faster unemployment, while owners holding a large stock of financial assets remain longer unemployed. Finally, the fourth chapter proposes a model with heterogeneous agents to analyze the effects of residential status and public policies on rates return-to-employment. Our results show that the cost of mobility affects the geographical mobility and the lowest exit rate of unemployment to owners is mainly due to the strategy of homeownership and a wealth effect.

M.Ing. (Electrical and Electronic) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Ph.D. (Geography) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Background: The HIV epidemic is a serious public health concern globally. There are 1,692,242 million known non-citizens in South Africa; this is equivalent to 3.3% of the total South African population (Statistics South Africa [STATS SA], 2011) this reflects global trends relating to number of non-citizens living in foreign countries (Vearey, 2008). Migration is an important demographic process to consider when studying HIV transmission as it increases migrants’ susceptibility to HIV (International Organisation for Migration [IOM], 2010). International migration, which is the movement of people across international borders, can result in migrants finding themselves in spaces of vulnerability which may lead to risky sexual behaviour (IOM, 2010). Furthermore, access to healthcare may be limited due to the dynamics of living in a foreign country. Internal migration, defined as the movement of people within the borders of a country (IOM, 2010) may result in ‘intra-urban’ inequalities that inhibit access to basic services such as housing and healthcare (Nunez et al, 2011). Despite it being the smallest province in the country, Gauteng has the highest level of in-migration, with an estimated net inflow of 367 100 internal migrants as for the period 2006–2011 (STATS SA, 2011). Globally, international migrants are more seriously considered as a concern for HIV transmission. However, in South Africa, internal migrants are equally as concerning particularly due to their circular migratory patterns. Knowledge of one’s status is a crucial first step in management of HIV. Voluntary HIV testing remains a challenging aspect of public health interventions, especially amongst key populations such as migrants (WHO, 2010). Although numerous studies have been conducted around migration and HIV, there remained a need for an investigation into the factors that influence HIV testing among Johannesburg residents. This is particularly significant, given the rapidly increasing levels of migration into the city, as well as the high urban HIV prevalence, which has been found to be twice high as that in rural areas and highest within urban informal settlements (Vearey, 2010). Therefore, this study set out to examine factors associated with HIV testing among residents of Johannesburg, in an attempt to determine whether migration status matters or not. Methods: This is a quantitative study with a sample size of 487 Johannesburg residents. International (n=150) and internal migrants (n=293) were examined in relation to each other and a comparative group of Johannesburg natives (n=44). STATA version 11 was utilised to conduct secondary data analysis of the RENEWAL survey (2008). This data, which was collected using a cross-sectional study design, was acquired from the African Centre for Migration and Society (ACMS) at the University of the Witwatersrand. Univariate descriptive analysis, bivariate chi-squared test and multivariate, logistic regression models were employed. Results: Levels of HIV testing were found to be higher amongst internal migrants (56%) when compared to international migrants (42%), (x2(1) =0.62; Pr=0.004). There was only a slight difference between Johannesburg natives and internal migrants who reported a 55% chance of HIV testing (x2(2) =8.32; Pr=0.016).These findings were only significant at the bivariate level. Overall, factors that were significantly associated with HIV testing amongst residents are: sex (95% CI 2.01 to 4.88; p=0.000); type of residence (95% CI 0.29 to 0.76; p=0.003); knows where to locate a testing facility (95% CI 1.41 to 3.50; p=0.001) and knows that anti-retroviral treatment (ART) is free (95% CI 1.93 to 4.83; p=0.000). Income was significantly associated with HIV testing amongst migrants (95% CI 0.40 to 0.90, p=0.016). Females were three times more likely (3.14) to test for HIV when compared to males. The odds of getting an HIV test by those who resided in informal settlements were less (0.48) when comparing with those who stay in formal housing. Residents who knew where to locate a HIV testing facility were twice (2.22) as likely to get tested for HIV as compared to those who did not know where to find one. Residents who knew that ART is free were three times as likely (3.05) to get tested for HIV as compared to those who did not. Those who were not earning a salary were less likely (0.61) to get tested for HIV compared to those who were earning a salary. Conclusion: The fact that migrant status, that is -internal versus international migration as a variable is not significant against HIV testing at the multivariate level indicates that there are far more important mediating factors that determine HIV testing than migration. More importantly, a more detailed and focused exploration into the length of stay of migrants in the city as well as the effect of urban inequalities on health, is needed.

Ao afirmar que a sua filosofia vê na duração o próprio tecido de que a realidade é feita, no último capítulo de A evolução criadora, Bergson explicita o seu projeto de construção de uma nova metafísica. Sabemos que a originalidade de sua empreitada está fundamentalmente nessa exigência da apreensão do tempo, sua transitoriedade e fluidez, como aquilo de que a realidade é feita. Trata-se de declarar a realidade temporal como definição da própria existência do mundo e da experiência humana sem a duração, não se pode falar em causalidade efetiva ou livre escolha. Sendo assim, a exigência de uma metafísica da duração se colocaria de imediato em contraposição não a uma filosofia somente, mas à história da filosófica como um todo, cuja crítica é essencial para a construção e consolidação do pensamento bergsoniano. Contudo, pensamos que, na tradição filosófica, destaca-se um autor com quem Bergson dialogou intensamente, declaradamente ou não, e que pouco esteve presente nos trabalhos dos estudiosos do seu pensamento: Espinosa. Pretendemos reconstituir esse diálogo a partir de um campo de comunicação que possibilite revelar seus pontos de entrecruzamento, confrontação e encontro. Talvez assim, o desencontro maior - entre uma filosofia da duração e, outra, da eternidade- mostre-se, ao fim e ao cabo, apenas aparente. / By stating that his philosophy \"sees in duration the own tissue that reality is made\" in the last chapter of Creative Evolution, Bergson explains his project to build a new metaphysics. We know that the originality of his work is based in this exigency of the sense time, its transience and fluidity, as that from which reality is made. It is time to declare the temporal reality as definition of the own existence of the world and human experience without the duration one can not speak in effective causality or free choice. Thus, the requirement of a metaphysics of duration is put immediately in opposition not only to one philosophy, but the history of philosophy as a whole, whose criticism is essential to building and consolidating of the Bergson\'s thought. However, we believe that, in the philosophical tradition, there is an author with whom Bergson spoke intensely, openly or not, and that little was present in the work of scholars of his thought: Espinosa. We intend to reconstruct this dialogue from a communication space that allows to reveal their points of intersection, confrontation and meeting. Perhaps then the biggest mismatch - between a philosophy of duration, and another, of eternity-shows, after all, only apparent.

Este trabalho estuda três obras de arte contemporânea que têm como proposta intervenções espaciais sutis e a consequente ressignificação dos espaços em que estão inseridas. Partimos de uma revisão histórica da apropriação do espaço na obra de arte, desde a expansão da escultura moderna para o espaço até o formato instalação, no qual a obra trabalha o espaço de forma específica. Em seguida, discutimos a relação entre os conceitos de tempo e duração, bem como sua relação com o espaço, como embasamento para análise das obras escolhidas. A partir daí, nos dedicamos ao estudo de três obras contemporâneas: a instalação Alter Bahnhof Video Walk (2012) [Vídeo-caminhada Alter Bahnhof (2012)] de Janet Cardiff & George Bures Miller, realizada na estação central de trens de Kassel, Alemanha; a instalação I Need Some Meaning I Can Memorise (The Invisible Pull) [Eu preciso de algum significado que eu possa memorizar (A piscina invisível)] (2012) de Ryan Gander realizada no museu Friedericianum, Kassel, Alemanha - ambas apresentadas durante a 13ª Documenta de Kassel (2012); e a instalação Sem título de Fernanda Gomes, apresentada na 30ª Bienal de São Paulo (2012). O interesse deste trabalho é apontar como tais obras interferem no espaço existente, sem necessariamente alterá-lo fisicamente, desde a ideia de vazio, analisandoos criticamente em relação aos seus precedentes. / This dissertation studies three works of contemporary art that have as their purpose subtle space interventions and the consequent redetermination of the spaces in which they are inserted. We start with a historical revision of the appropriation of space regarding the work of art, from the expansion of modern sculpture into space to the installation format, in which the work uses the space in a particular way. Next, we discuss the relationship between the concepts of time and duration, as well as their relationship with space, as a basis for analyzing the works selected. Hence, we study and analyze three contemporary works: Alter Bahnhof Video Walk (2012) by Janet Cardiff & George Bures Miller, designed for the central train station in Kassel, Germany; I Need Some Meaning I Can Memorize (The Invisible Pull) (2012) by Ryan Gander, at the Friedericianum Museum, Kassel, Germany - both presented during the 13th Documenta, Kassel (2012); and Untitled by Fernanda Gomes, presented at the 30th São Paulo Biennial (2012). This paper aims to point out how such works interfere in the existing space - the idea of emptiness, analyzing them critically in relation to its precedents - without necessarily changing it physically.

The aim of my thesis is an assessment of market value of a chosen company as of December 31, 2010. The appraisal was proceeded both by assumption of going concern and by assumption of limited duration of the company (in relation to prognosis of depletion of oil reserves).

Nous avons toujours été attirés par les images successives, car nos yeux passent d’une image à l’autre automatiquement. Il semble que ces images attirent notre regard. Néanmoins, malgré ce genre d’images employées depuis longtemps, nous ne savons pas grand chose sur elles. Ainsi, comme les images attirent notre regard, et que celui-Ci passe de l’une à l’autre, un certain temps existe dans cette action, ou plutôt parmi ces images. Mais, cette question reste compliquée et difficile à démêler. Ces questions sur les images successives forment une partie de notre problématique. Dans notre thèse, nous avons réfléchi sur l’ontologie des images successives, et avons pensé ces questions à travers la manière de raconter les phénomènes de ces images uniques. Nous nous sommes penchés sur les images successives en fonction de la philosophie. A travers les théories de l’empirisme anglais, nous avons trouvé une voie, à savoir la réalité de ce genre d’images, et cette réflexion sur l’ontologie du mouvement des images successives constitue la première partie de notre recherche. En étendant notre pensée sur le mouvement des images successives, nous avons tenté de résoudre les questions sur le temps, autrement dit, de la durée dans les images successives. Selon les théories de Bergson, Deleuze et Bachelard, nos réflexions sur le temps, la durée en général, la durée dans les images successives, la vie...etc, forment la deuxième partie, dans laquelle nous abordons le travelling et l’intervalle. Quelques exemples artistiques accompagnent nos théories philosophiques, pour les comprendre dont les applications. Ainsi, pour la troisième partie de cette thèse, nous avons réalisé des aquarelles pour appliquer et examiner nos théories. De plus, à travers notre pratique artistique, nous avons trouvé des idées nouvelles, ainsi que les problématiques de notre recherche prochaine. En composant les théories, les exemples et l’exécution artistiques, cette étude, qui traverse divers domaines, à savoir la philosophie, la photographie, la cinématographie et l’art plastique, s’est attachée à résoudre principalement notre soif de connaissance sur les images successives. / We have always been attracted by the successive images, as we automatically look at them one after the other. It seems that these images attract our look. Nevertheless, in spite of this type of images long practice, we don’t know much about them. In this way, because these images attract our look, and our look passes from one to another, some time exists in this action, or rather among these images. However, this question remain complex and difficult to untangle. These questions considered about successive images form a part of our problems. In our thesis, we have the ontology of successive images, and we have thought these questions through the manner of telling phenomenon of these unique images. We looked into successive images according to the philosophy. Through theories of the English empiricism, we found a way, namely the reality of these type of images, and this reflection about the ontology of these successive images movement constitutes the first part of our research. Extending our thought on the movement of successive images, we attempted to solve questions on the time, in other words, on the duration in successive images. According to the Bergson’s theories, Deleuze’s and Bachelard’s, our thoughts on time, duration generally, duration in successive images, life…etc, form the second part, in which we consider the travelling and the interval. Some artistic examples accompany our philosophical theories, in order to understand their application. In this way, for the third part of this thesis, we have realized watercolor to enforce and examine our theories. Further, through our artistic practice, we have found new ideas, as well as our future research problems. In composing these theories, artistic examples and implementation, our research which is interdisciplinary, namely philosophy, photography, cinematography and plastic arts, devoted to mainly resolve our thirst of knowledge about successive images.

Levando em conta as possibilidades de abordagem do pensamento de Bergson a partir de Matière et Mémoire - Essai sur la relation du corps à l´esprit, nos propomos, ao percorrer a análise da percepção e de suas conseqüências metafísicas, a tratar da relação entre o método bergsoniano e a ontologia dele resultante, o que implica uma crítica aos pressupostos do intelectualismo e, nesse sentido, uma nova concepção de Ser e de conhecimento. / Considering the possibilities of approache of Bergson\'s philosophy from Matière et Mémoire - Essai sur la Relation du Corp à L\'esprit, we intend to treat of the relation between his method and the onthology that arises from it, as we peruse his analysis of perception and it\'s metaphysical consequences. That implies a certain critic of the presuppositions of the intellectualism and, in this sense, a new conception, of Being and knowledge.