La complexité croissante de notre environnement socio-économique se traduit en génie logiciel par une augmentation de la taille des systèmes et par conséquent de leur complexité. Les systèmes actuels sont le plus souvent concurrents, distribués à grande échelle et composés d’autre systèmes. Ils sont alors appelés Systèmes de Systèmes (SdS). La complexité des systèmes de systèmes réside dans leurs cinq caractéristiques intrinsèques qui sont : l’indépendance opérationnelle des systèmes constituants, leur indépendance managériale, la distribution géographique, l’existence de comportements émergents, et enfin un processus de développement évolutionnaire. Les SdS évoluent dans des environnements non prévisibles et intègrent constamment de nouveaux systèmes. Nous avons traité la problématique du développement évolutionnaire d’un SdS en utilisant la reconfiguration dynamique. Nous avons défini un processus pour élaborer des modèles de configurations et un processus de conception de la reconfiguration intégrant le concept de patron de reconfiguration. Pour la validité et la faisabilité de notre approche, nous avons développé un framework d’expérimentation basé sur notre cas d’étude réel d’organisation des systèmes de secours français. / The growing complexity of our socio-economic environment is reflected in software engineering by an increase of the size of systems and therefore their complexity. Current systems are mostly concurrent, widely distributed and composed of other systems. They are then called Systems of Systems (SoS). The complexity of systems of systems lies in five intrinsic characteristics: the operational independence of the constituent systems, their managerial independence, the geographical distribution, the existence of emerging behaviours, and finally an evolutionary development process.SoS evolve in unpredictable environment and are constantly integrating new systems. We deal with the problem of the evolutionary development of a SoS by using dynamic reconfiguration. We have defined a process for developing configuration models and a reconfiguration design process incorporating the concept of reconfiguration pattern. For the validity and feasibility of our approach, we have developed an experimental framework based on our real case study of organization of the French emergency service.

With increasing number of applications in Internet and mobile environments, distributed software systems are demanded to be more powerful and flexible, especially in terms of dynamism and security. This dissertation describes my work concerning three aspects: dynamic reconfiguration of component software, security control on middleware applications, and web services dynamic composition. <br><br> Firstly, I proposed a technology named Routing Based Workflow (RBW) to model the execution and management of collaborative components and realize temporary binding for component instances. The temporary binding means component instances are temporarily loaded into a created execution environment to execute their functions, and then are released to their repository after executions. The temporary binding allows to create an idle execution environment for all collaborative components, on which the change operations can be immediately carried out. The changes on execution environment will result in a new collaboration of all involved components, and also greatly simplifies the classical issues arising from dynamic changes, such as consistency preserving etc. <br><br> To demonstrate the feasibility of RBW, I created a dynamic secure middleware system - the Smart Data Server Version 3.0 (SDS3). In SDS3, an open source implementation of CORBA is adopted and modified as the communication infrastructure, and three secure components managed by RBW, are created to enhance the security on the access of deployed applications. SDS3 offers multi-level security control on its applications from strategy control to application-specific detail control. For the management by RBW, the strategy control of SDS3 applications could be dynamically changed by reorganizing the collaboration of the three secure components. <br><br> In addition, I created the Dynamic Services Composer (DSC) based on Apache open source projects, Apache Axis and WSIF. In DSC, RBW is employed to model the interaction and collaboration of web services and to enable the dynamic changes on the flow structure of web services. <br><br> Finally, overall performance tests were made to evaluate the efficiency of the developed RBW and SDS3. The results demonstrated that temporary binding of component instances makes slight impacts on the execution efficiency of components, and the blackout time arising from dynamic changes can be extremely reduced in any applications. / Heutige Softwareanwendungen fuer das Internet und den mobilen Einsatz erfordern bezueglich Funktionalitaet und Sicherheit immer leistungsstaerkere verteilte Softwaresysteme. Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der dynamischen Rekonfiguration von Komponentensoftware, Sicherheitskontrolle von Middlewareanwendungen und der dynamischen Komposition von Web Services. <br><br> Zuerst wird eine Routing Based Workflow (RBW) Technologie vorgestellt, welche die Ausfuehrung und das Management von kollaborierenden Komponenten modelliert, sowie fuer die Realisierung einer temporaeren Anbindung von Komponenteninstanzen zustaendig ist. D.h., Komponenteninstanzen werden zur Ausfuehrung ihrer Funktionalitaet temporaer in eine geschaffene Ausfuehrungsumgebung geladen und nach Beendigung wieder freigegeben. Die temporaere Anbindung erlaubt das Erstellen einer Ausfuehrungsumgebung, in der Rekonfigurationen unmittelbar vollzogen werden koennen. Aenderungen der Ausfuehrungsumgebung haben neue Kollaborations-Beziehungen der Komponenten zufolge und vereinfachen stark die Schwierigkeiten wie z.B. Konsistenzerhaltung, die mit dynamischen Aenderungen verbunden sind. <br><br> Um die Durchfuehrbarkeit von RBW zu demonstrieren, wurde ein dynamisches, sicheres Middleware System erstellt - der Smart Data Server, Version 3 (SDS3). Bei SDS3 kommt eine Open Source Softwareimplementierung von CORBA zum Einsatz, die modifiziert als Kommunikationsinfrasturkutur genutzt wird. Zudem wurden drei Sicherheitskomponenten erstellt, die von RBW verwaltet werden und die Sicherheit beim Zugriff auf die eingesetzten Anwendungen erhoehen. SDS3 bietet den Anwendungen Sicherheitskontrollfunktionen auf verschiedenen Ebenen, angefangen von einer Strategiekontrolle bis zu anwendungsspezifischen Kontrollfunktionen. Mittels RBW kann die Strategiekontrolle des SDS3 dynamisch durch Reorganisation von Kollabortions-Beziehungen zwischen den Sicherheitskomponenten angepasst werden. <br><br> Neben diesem System wurde der Dynamic Service Composer (DSC) implementiert, welcher auf den Apache Open Source Projekten Apache Axis und WSIF basiert. Im DSC wird RBW eingesetzt, um die Interaktion und Zusammenarbeit von Web Services zu modellieren sowie dynamische Aenderungen der Flussstruktur von Web Services zu ermoeglichen. <br><br> Nach der Implementierung wurden Performance-Tests bezueglich RBW und SDS3 durchgefuehrt. Die Ergebnisse der Tests zeigen, dass eine temporaere Anbindung von Komponenteninstanzen nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die Ausfuehrungseffizienz von Komponeten hat. Ausserdem bestaetigen die Testergebnisse, dass die mit der dynamischen Rekonfiguration verbundene Ausfallzeit extrem niedrig ist.

Notre objectif principal est de permettre l’utilisation de propriétés temporelles dans une politique d’adaptation en tenant compte des spécificités de la vérification à l’exécution.Pour y répondre, nous définissons un modèle de système à composants supportant les reconfigurations dynamiques. Nous introduisons les reconfigurations gardées qui nous permettent d’utiliser des opérations primitives en tant que “briques” pour construire des reconfigurations plus élaborées impliquant des constructions, non seulement, séquentielles, mais aussi alternatives ou répétitives, tout en garantissant la consistance des configurations du système.En outre, nous étendons (aux événements externes) la logique temporelle utilisée précédemment pour exprimer des contraintes architecturales sur des configurations. Avec une sémantique, dite progressive, nous pouvons, dans la plupart des cas, évaluer (de fac¸on centralisée ou décentralisée)une expression temporelle pour une configuration donnée `a partir d’ évaluations déjà réalisées à la seule configuration précédente. Nous utilisons cette logique dans des politiques d’adaptation permettant de guider et contrôler les reconfigurations de systèmes à composants à l’exécution.Enfin, l’implémentation de politiques d’adaptation a été expérimentée dans divers cas d’ études sur les plateformes Fractal et FraSCAti. Nous utilisons notamment le fuzzing comportemental afin de pouvoir tester des aspects spécifiques d’une politique d’adaptation. / Our main goal is to allow the usage of temporal properties within an adaptation policy while takinginto account runtime verification specificities.In order to reach it, we define a component-based system model that supports dynamicreconfigurations. We introduce guarded reconfigurations in order to use primitive operations as“building blocks” to craft more elaborated reconfigurations involving, not only sequential, but also,alternate and repetitive constructs while ensuring the system’s configurations consistency.Furthermore, we extend (to external events) the temporal logic previously used to expressarchitectural constraints on configurations. Using, so called, progressive semantics, we can, in mostof the cases, evaluate (in a centralised or decentralised fashion) a temporal expression for a givenconfiguration using evaluations performed only at the previous configuration. We use this logic withinadaptation policies enabling the steering and control of dynamic reconfigurations at runtime.Finally, we implemented such adaptation policies in various case studies using frameworks such asFractal and FraSCAti. We also use behavioural fuzzing to test various specific aspects of a givenadaptation policy.

Cette thèse porte premièrement sur la reconfiguration dynamique et la simulation hétérogène dans les Réseaux des Capteurs sans Fil. Ces réseaux sont constitués d’une multitude de systèmes électroniques communicants par radio-fréquence, très contraints en énergie. La partie de communication radio entre ces nœuds est la plus consommatrice. C’est pourquoi la minimisation du temps effectif est désirée. On a implémenté une solution qui consiste à envoyer au nœud un fichier de reconfiguration codé utilisant un langage de programmation haut niveau (MinTax). Le nœud sera capable de compiler ce fichier et générer le code object associé à son architecture, in-situ. Grâce au caractère abstrait du MinTax, plusieurs architectures matérielles et systèmes d’exploitation sont visés. Dans un deuxième temps, ce travail de thèse est lié au simulateur de réseaux de capteurs IDEA1TLM.IDEA1TLM permet de prédire quels circuits et configurations sont les plus adéquats à une application sans fil donnée. Ce simulateur a été amélioré pour permettre la simulation rapide des systèmes électroniques matériellement différents dans le même réseau ainsi que le logiciel présent sur les nœuds. / This PhD thesis concerns the dynamic reconfiguration and simulation of heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. These networks consist of a multitude of electronic units called ?nodes ?, which communicate through a radio interface. The radio interface is the most power-consuming on the node. This is why the minimisation of the radio-time would lead to improved energy efficiency. We have implemented a software solution which consists in sending an update to a node which is coded in a high-level language (MinTax). This file is compiled by the node and machine code is generated for the target hardware architecture. Owing to the abstract nature of MinTax, multiple hardware architectures. as well as operating systems are supported. As a second part of this PhD, work has been focused on a network simulator called IDEATLM.IDEA1TLM allows us to predict which circuits and configurations are the most appropriate for a given task. This solution has been improved to allow a faster simulation of electronic systems which are different from a hardware standpoint, yet part of the same network, as well as to model the actual software running on them.

Composição de serviços é um tópico que tem atraído cada vez mais o interesse por parte de pesquisadores na área de sistemas distribuídos. Além disso, o interesse por ambientes baseados em nuvem tem crescido significativamente conforme o seu uso aumenta e se firma como um importante modelo de negócios. Coreografias são formas de composições de serviços em que não há pontos centrais de falha; a responsabilidade da sua execução é distribuída entre os vários serviços componentes. Devido à natureza distribuída do fluxo de informações e dados de controle, o cumprimento de \\textit{Service Level Agreements} (SLAs) depende estritamente do monitoramento da Qualidade de Serviços (QoS), recursos virtuais da nuvem e mecanismos de reconfiguração dinâmica, capazes de automaticamente adaptar composições a mudanças de estado no sistema. Nesta dissertação, abordamos o estudo do gerenciamento de QoS em coreografias de serviços. Para isso desenvolvemos um sistema de middleware capaz de implantar e gerenciar o QoS de composições. Este teve seu desempenho avaliado utilizando o serviço Amazon EC2. Os resultados da avaliação mostram que com pouco esforço por parte dos desenvolvedores de composições, é possível cumprir o SLA de composições dentro do esperado utilizando escalabilidade horizontal ou vertical provida pelo middleware automaticamente. Adicionalmente, a nossa proposta traz economias em relação ao custo de implantação pois diminui a quantidade de recursos subutilizados. / Service composition has been a hot topic that has attracted the interesting of researchers in the distributed system area. Moreover, the interesting in cloud computing based environment has grown significantly. Its use has grown and it became to be a important business model. Choreographies are an specific kind of service composition that has no single point of failure; the responsibility of execution is distributed among the services. Due to the distributed nature of the these systems, the fulfilment of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) depends strictly on and automatic way to monitoring Quality of Service (QoS) and virtual computional resources as well as dinamic reconfiguration mechanisms, to be capable of automatically adapting compositions to changing environment. In this work, we studied QoS management in service choreographies. In order, we devised a middleware system capable of deploy service compositions and manage QoS of them. The middleware was evaluated using the Amazon EC2 cloud provider. The results shows that with less effort from the composition providers, it is possible to fulfil SLAs using horizontal or vertical scalability provided by the middleware automatically. Additionaly, our proposal brings up a cost reduction of deploy by decreasing the amount of underused resources.

La radio logicielle est une technologie prometteuse pour répondre aux exigences de flexibilité des nouvelles générations de standards de communication. Elle peut être facilement reprogrammée au niveau logiciel pour implémenter différentes formes d'onde. En s'appuyant sur une technologie dite logicielle telle que les microprocesseurs, cette approche est particulièrement flexible et assez facile à mettre en œuvre. Cependant, ce type de technologie conduit généralement à une faible capacité de calcul et, par conséquent, à des débit faibles. Pour résoudre ce problème, la technologie FPGA s'avère être une bonne alternative pour la mise en œuvre de la radio logicielle. En effet, les FPGAs offrent une puissance de calcul élevée et peuvent être reconfigurés. Ainsi, inclure des FPGAs dans le concept de radio logicielle peut permettre de prendre en charge plus de formes d'onde avec des exigences plus strictes qu'une approche basée sur la technologie logicielle. Cependant, les principaux inconvénients d’une conception à base de FPGAs sont le niveau du langage de description d'entrée qui doit typiquement être le niveau matériel, et le temps de reconfiguration qui peut dépasser les exigences d'exécution si le FPGA est entièrement reconfiguré. Pour surmonter ces problèmes, cette thèse propose une méthodologie de conception qui exploite à la fois la synthèse de haut niveau et la reconfiguration dynamique. La méthodologie proposée donne un cadre pour construire une radio flexible pour la radio logicielle à base de FPGAs et qui peut être reconfigurée pendant l'exécution. / Software defined radio (SDR) is a promising technology to tackle flexibility requirements of new generations of communication standards. It can be easily reprogrammed at a software level to implement different waveforms. When relying on a software-based technology such as microprocessors, this approach is clearly flexible and quite easy to design. However, it usually provides low computing capability and therefore low throughput performance. To tackle this issue, FPGA technology turns out to be a good alternative for implementing SDRs. Indeed, FPGAs have both high computing power and reconfiguration capacity. Thus, including FPGAs into the SDR concept may allow to support more waveforms with more strict requirements than a processor-based approach. However, main drawbacks of FPGA design are the level of the input description language that basically needs to be the hardware level, and, the reconfiguration time that may exceed run-time requirements if the complete FPGA is reconfigured. To overcome these issues, this PhD thesis proposes a design methodology that leverages both high-level synthesis tools and dynamic reconfiguration. The proposed methodology is a guideline to completely build a flexible radio for FPGA-based SDR, which can be reconfigured at run-time.

[pt] Algumas características básicas das redes de sensores sem fio (RSSF) dificultam as tarefas de criação e reconfiguração de aplicações. Nesse trabalho apresentamos um modelo de programação que pretende simplificar essas tarefas. O modelo se baseia no uso conjunto de funções parametrizáveis e de máquinas de estados finitos, e permite a implementação de diferentes tipos de aplicações para redes de sensores sem fio e a configuração remota dessas aplicações. Descrevemos alguns testes para avaliar o quanto esse modelo pode facilitar o desenvolvimento de novas aplicações, o quanto é fácil aplicar novas alterações sobre as aplicaçõesem execuçãos, e o impacto na quantidade de mensagens na rede por conta do uso da configuração remota. / [en] Some basic characteristics of wireless sensor networks (WSN) make application creation and reconfiguration dificult tasks. A programming model is presented to simplify these tasks. This model is based on a set of parametrized components and on a Finite State Machine, and allows the remote configuration of different applications over the same set of installed components. We describe some tests to evaluate its impact on the development process, and the ease of applying modifications to a running application. We also measure the additional impact of remote configuration on network activity.

Processing power is a key technical challenge holding back the development of a high-performance software defined radio (SDR). Traditionally, SDR has utilized digital signal processors (DSPs), but increasingly complex algorithms, higher data rates, and multi-tasking needs have exceed the processing capabilities of modern DSPs. Reconfigurable computers, such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), are popular alternatives because of their performance gains over software for streaming data applications like SDR. However, FPGAs have not yet realized the ideal SDR because architectures have not fully utilized their partial reconfiguration (PR) capabilities to bring needed flexibility. A reconfigurable processor architecture is proposed that utilizes PR in reconfigurable computers to achieve a more sophisticated SDR. The proposed processor contains run-time swappable blocks whose parameters and interconnects are programmable. The architecture is analyzed for performance and flexibility and compared with available alternate technologies. For a sample QPSK algorithm, hardware performance gains of at least 44x are seen over modern desktop processors and DSPs while most of their flexibility and extensibility is maintained.

Reconfigurable computing is an evolving paradigm in computer architecture where the ability to load different designs onto a field programmable gate array (FPGA) at execution time has proven useful in adapting FPGA prototypes to a wide range of applications. Reconfiguration techniques can be primarily categorized as Partial Dynamic Reconfiguration (PDR) and Partial Bitstream Relocation (PBR). PDR involves reconfiguring a single Partial Reconfiguration Region (PRR) with a partial bitstream, while PBR is targeted at reconfiguring multiple PRRs on the FPGA with a partial bitstream. Previous techniques have primarily focused on using either slower off-chip memory or on-chip memory-based solutions to store the partial bitstream, and then reconfigure a PRR on the FPGA. Another technique called Accelerated Relocation Circuit (ARC) provides a more efficient method where a PRR (active bitstream) is used to relocate to other PRRs on the fly using minimal on-chip memory. This thesis proposes a novel technique for Memory-based Frame Data Reconfiguration (M-FDR) of multi-row PRRs. ARC hardware was re-architected to provide an improved frame data reconfiguration framework, called Accelerated Memory-based Reconfiguration Circuit (AMRC) for use in MBR scenarios. A performance prediction model is also proposed that confirms the speedup achieved by AMRC, in comparison to ARC and earlier methods. This technique was found to be 26.6% faster than ARC in PRR-PRR relocation. In comparison to other relocation techniques like Bit Relocation Filter (BiRF), AMRC provides a speedup of 231x. The AMRC method was also able to dynamically parallelize multi-row designs with an average context switching time of 0.37 ms.

Un système logiciel embarqué est dit reconfigurable, s’il peut modifier son comportement ou son architecture selon l’évolution des exigences de son contexte d’utilisation et la variation des contraintes de son environnement d’exécution. La croissance constante de la complexité afférente et l’autonomie indispensable à la gestion des systèmes logiciels embarqués rendent la reconfiguration de plus en plus importante. Les défis concernent autant le niveau modèle de conception que le niveau environnement et support d’exécution. Les contributions de ce travail portent sur la reconfiguration dynamique guidée par les modèles dans le processus de développement des systèmes logiciels embarqués. Elles ciblent à la fois le niveau modélisation et le niveau plate-forme d’exécution. Par ailleurs, nous proposons une approche basée sur l’ingénierie dirigée par les modèles permettant le passage automatisé et fiable des modèles vers l’implantation, sans rupture de la chaîne de production. / An embedded software system is reconfigurable when it can modify its behavior or its architecture. The reconfigurations are launched according to the evolution of context requirements and the variation of execution environment constraints. The constant growth of the complexity in embedded systems makes the reconfiguration more important and more difficult to achieve. The challenges concern as much the design model level as the runtime support level. The development of these systems according to the traditional processes is not more applicable in this context. New methods are necessary to conceive and to supply reconfigurable embedded software architectures. We propose a model driven approach that enables to specify dynamic embedded software architectures with respect to non-functional properties. We also propose a runtime support that enables to perform dynamic embedded applications generated from a high level description.