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This correlational study examined parent-feeding practices, childrens negative affect towards food, and parental psychological and behavioural control, and parenting styles relating to parental behavioural and psychological control. Parents and their children aged 9-13 years completed self-report questionnaires measuring parental behavioural and psychological control, feeding practices, parenting styles and dimensions, and family eating and activity habits. Behavioural control was negatively related to monitoring, but positively correlated to parents using both pressure and rewards to encourage children to eat. Psychological control was negatively correlated to monitoring, but positively correlated to parents perceptions of their own weight and concerns about their children being overweight. No correlations were found between parents perceived use of psychological or behavioural control and childrens perceptions of parental control. Parental psychological control was positively correlated to children and parents eating in problematic situations. The three main parenting styles were investigated and behavioural and psychological control were positively related to authoritarian and permissive parenting styles. / Psychological Studies in Education

A obesidade infantil é influenciada por aspectos ligados à família, orientações alimentares e nutricionais, prática de exercícios físicos, mídia entre outros. Diante deste contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o estresse, as preferências alimentares e a imagem corporal de adolescentes na faixa etária de 10 a 13 anos e de seus cuidadores. Foram selecionados, por nutricionista, trinta adolescentes em acompanhamento médico e nutricional no Ambulatório de Obesidade Infantil e Adolescente (AOIA) do Departamento de Pediatria da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP-USP). O critério para inclusão dos adolescentes obesos foi baseado no índice de massa corporal (IMC) com percentil do IMC maior que 95 calculado após pesagem e medida destes. Foram pareados com outros adolescentes eutróficos, de acordo com sexo e faixa etária e seus cuidadores, recrutados na Unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde (PAM) da Vila Lobato, Ribeirão Preto (SP). Para avaliar os sintomas de estresse dos cuidadores foi utilizado o Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse para Adultos e para os adolescentes, o Inventário de Estresse Infantil. A percepção da imagem corporal foi investigada por meio da Escala de Silhuetas e a preferência alimentar pelo Teste de Preferências Alimentares. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados os seguintes testes: Teste Exato de Fisher, Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson , Modelo de Regressão Linear Múltiplo e Teste de Wilcoxon. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre os grupos na percepção de imagem corporal e nas preferências alimentares, mas não em relação ao diagnóstico de estresse. As diferenças na percepção da imagem corporal entre eutróficos e obesos foram observadas tanto nos adolescentes quanto em seus cuidadores. Tanto os adolescentes quanto seus cuidadores apresentaram inacurácia na percepção da imagem corporal, que foi ainda maior no grupo de obesos, assim como em seus cuidadores. Ambos os grupos, de adolescentes e seus cuidadores, apresentaram insatisfação com a imagem corporal. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos na avaliação do estresse. Comparando-se os grupos, foram observadas diferenças significativas em relação à preferência por alimentar, pelos adolescentes e seus cuidadores. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os cuidadores têm hábitos alimentares semelhantes aos de seus filhos. O julgamento da imagem corporal dos cuidadores também foi diferente comparando os grupos e semelhante ao dos adolescentes de cada grupo. / Rezende, C.A.A. Study of body image, stress and food preferences in adolescents and their caregivers. Thesis (Doctorade). 125 f. Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, 2012. The environmental influence on childhood obesity includes aspects related to family, food and nutrition guidelines, physical exercises, and media among others. Given this context, the present study aimed to assess the stress level, food preferences and body image in obese adolescents aged 10-13 years and their caregivers. Sixty adolescents were recruited by a dietitian under medical and nutrition supervision at the Clinic of Child and Adolescent Obesity (AOIA) Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP-USP). Inclusion criteria was based on body mass index (IMC) calculated after weighing and measuring of adolescents. They were paired with eutrophic adolescents according to gender and age and also their caregivers, which were recruited from the Unit of Primary Health Care (PAM) of Vila Lobato, Ribeirão Preto (SP). The Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults was used to evaluate the caregiver stress symptoms and, to assess the teenager´s, the Child Stress Inventory. The body image perception was investigated by Silhouettes Scale and the food preference through Preferences Food Test. For data analysis, the following tests were used: Fisher\'s exact test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Multiple linear regression model and Wilcoxon´s test. The results showed differences between groups related to the body image perception and food preferences, but not to stress diagnosis. The differences in body image perception between obese and eutrophic were observed, in adolescents and even in their caregivers. Both, adolescents and their caregivers, showed inaccuracy in body image perception, which was even higher in the obese group, as well as in their caregivers. The two groups, adolescents and their caregivers, showed dissatisfaction with body image, which was higher in females. There were no differences between groups in the stress evaluation. Comparing the groups, significant differences were observed regarding preference for low-calorie foods by eutrophic adolescents and their caregivers. These results suggest that caregivers can exert influence in the eating habits of their children regarding food preferences and in the judgment about their body image. Key-words: 1.Obesity; 2.Eating Habits; 3 Body image.

A obesidade infantil é influenciada por aspectos ligados à família, orientações alimentares e nutricionais, prática de exercícios físicos, mídia entre outros. Diante deste contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o estresse, as preferências alimentares e a imagem corporal de adolescentes na faixa etária de 10 a 13 anos e de seus cuidadores. Foram selecionados, por nutricionista, trinta adolescentes em acompanhamento médico e nutricional no Ambulatório de Obesidade Infantil e Adolescente (AOIA) do Departamento de Pediatria da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP-USP). O critério para inclusão dos adolescentes obesos foi baseado no índice de massa corporal (IMC) com percentil do IMC maior que 95 calculado após pesagem e medida destes. Foram pareados com outros adolescentes eutróficos, de acordo com sexo e faixa etária e seus cuidadores, recrutados na Unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde (PAM) da Vila Lobato, Ribeirão Preto (SP). Para avaliar os sintomas de estresse dos cuidadores foi utilizado o Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse para Adultos e para os adolescentes, o Inventário de Estresse Infantil. A percepção da imagem corporal foi investigada por meio da Escala de Silhuetas e a preferência alimentar pelo Teste de Preferências Alimentares. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados os seguintes testes: Teste Exato de Fisher, Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson , Modelo de Regressão Linear Múltiplo e Teste de Wilcoxon. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre os grupos na percepção de imagem corporal e nas preferências alimentares, mas não em relação ao diagnóstico de estresse. As diferenças na percepção da imagem corporal entre eutróficos e obesos foram observadas tanto nos adolescentes quanto em seus cuidadores. Tanto os adolescentes quanto seus cuidadores apresentaram inacurácia na percepção da imagem corporal, que foi ainda maior no grupo de obesos, assim como em seus cuidadores. Ambos os grupos, de adolescentes e seus cuidadores, apresentaram insatisfação com a imagem corporal. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos na avaliação do estresse. Comparando-se os grupos, foram observadas diferenças significativas em relação à preferência por alimentar, pelos adolescentes e seus cuidadores. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os cuidadores têm hábitos alimentares semelhantes aos de seus filhos. O julgamento da imagem corporal dos cuidadores também foi diferente comparando os grupos e semelhante ao dos adolescentes de cada grupo. / Rezende, C.A.A. Study of body image, stress and food preferences in adolescents and their caregivers. Thesis (Doctorade). 125 f. Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, 2012. The environmental influence on childhood obesity includes aspects related to family, food and nutrition guidelines, physical exercises, and media among others. Given this context, the present study aimed to assess the stress level, food preferences and body image in obese adolescents aged 10-13 years and their caregivers. Sixty adolescents were recruited by a dietitian under medical and nutrition supervision at the Clinic of Child and Adolescent Obesity (AOIA) Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP-USP). Inclusion criteria was based on body mass index (IMC) calculated after weighing and measuring of adolescents. They were paired with eutrophic adolescents according to gender and age and also their caregivers, which were recruited from the Unit of Primary Health Care (PAM) of Vila Lobato, Ribeirão Preto (SP). The Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults was used to evaluate the caregiver stress symptoms and, to assess the teenager´s, the Child Stress Inventory. The body image perception was investigated by Silhouettes Scale and the food preference through Preferences Food Test. For data analysis, the following tests were used: Fisher\'s exact test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Multiple linear regression model and Wilcoxon´s test. The results showed differences between groups related to the body image perception and food preferences, but not to stress diagnosis. The differences in body image perception between obese and eutrophic were observed, in adolescents and even in their caregivers. Both, adolescents and their caregivers, showed inaccuracy in body image perception, which was even higher in the obese group, as well as in their caregivers. The two groups, adolescents and their caregivers, showed dissatisfaction with body image, which was higher in females. There were no differences between groups in the stress evaluation. Comparing the groups, significant differences were observed regarding preference for low-calorie foods by eutrophic adolescents and their caregivers. These results suggest that caregivers can exert influence in the eating habits of their children regarding food preferences and in the judgment about their body image. Key-words: 1.Obesity; 2.Eating Habits; 3 Body image.

Thesis (M.A. (Voorligtingpsigologie)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Bakalauro darbe tiriami paauglių mitybos įpročiai ir sveikata. Išanalizavus literatūra pastebėta, kad paaugliai, kurie nesilaiko mitybos rėžimo, maitinasi neracionaliai, dažniau skundžiasi tam tikrais negalavimais, nei tie, kurie laikosi mitybos rėžimo. Tyrime dalyvavo 104 14-17 metų paaugliai. Anketinės apklausos metodu tirti paauglių mitybos įpročiai ir jų sveikata. Analizuojant duomenis ieškota sąsajos tarp mitybos įpročių ir nusiskundimų sveikatos sutrikimais. Tyrimu nustatyta, jog dauguma respondentų valgo nereguliariai, nemaža dalis kasdien nevalgo pusryčių, per mažai vartoja grūdinių ir duonos, vaisių ir daržovių maisto grupių produktų. Kasdien mokyklos valgykloje valgo ketvirtadalis respondentų, dauguma mokinių mokykloje renkasi šaltus užkandžius. Mažiau nei pusė respondentų (didesnė dalis berniukų, nei mergaičių) savo sveikatą vertina puikiai. Maždaug ketvirtadalis apklaustų paauglių skundžiasi dažnu galvos skausmu, nervine įtampa, nuovargiu. Palyginus su reguliariai besimaitinančiais respondentais, didesnė dalis mitybos rėžimo nesilaikančių apklaustųjų dažnai jaučia galvos skausmus ir nuovargį. Beveik visos respondentės, kurios teigė, kad riboja savo maitinimąsi, skundžiasi dažnu nuovargiu. Tiriamieji, kurie valgo 3-4 kartus per dieną savo sveikatą vertina geriau ir peršalimo ligomis serga rečiau, nei tie, kurie valgo 1-2 ar 5 ir daugiau kartų per dieną. / Nutritional needs during adolescence are increased because of the increased growth rate and changes in body composition associated with puberty. Adolescents are often thought of as a healthy group, but many serious diseases in adulthood have their roots in adolescence. For example, tobacco use, poor eating and exercise habits, lead to illness or premature death later in life. The bachelor work investigates adolescents eating habits and health. The purpose of investigation was to find out adolescents eating habits and self health assessment. Hundred and four adolescents participeted in this investigation. The respondents selected were from Biržai „Saulės“ gymnasium. Respondents had to fill the questionnaire about their eating habits at home and at school and evaluete their own health condition. The results of investigation showed that majority of respondents are skipping meals, eat iiregulary, some of girls diet. More than half of them are always having breakfast. Also, teens are not eating vegetables and fruits enough. Only quarter of respondents eat in school canteen everyday. Less than half of respondents assessed their health condition as excellent. The investigation revealed those, who are eating irregularly, more often catch a cold, complain of tiredness and headache.

Thesis (M.A. (Voorligtingpsigologie)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Looking at humankind and all the weight issues/problems, researchers ask one question: "Why do some people have problems with compulsive eating?" Throughout the years many studies has been done about Bulimia and Anorexia as eating behaviours, but not a lot of studies have been done about the theological area concerning research on compulsive eating disorders. From a Biblical and Christian-theological perspective, we find that God created the human as a being who is good and pure but as a result of disobedience, we are all sinners. Through sin, humankind is polluted; therefore humankind struggles to be in control of its own nature in itself. Because of sin, the whole trinity and harmony between God and His creation was disturbed. With a plan and a solution, God sent His only beloved Son, Jesus Christ to earth so that He could die for our sins on the cross. Jesus Christ, our Mediator, return to help us restore the balance between food and humankind. Looking at other social science research, we can see that eating disorders have been looked at and discussed in the medical world for at least the last century. An empirical research has been done with persons who believe that they are compulsive eaters. Through research, they discovered that the participants either had a very unpleasant childhood or during adulthood had had very difficult or unhappy relationships. It is because of these reasons that the researcher tried to establish that pastoral counseling could possibly help with healing. It can be a long and hard road to recovery because compulsive eating disorders can also be related to addiction. Research has shown that each person has to work on his/her relationships with him, God our Father, humankind and nature. The counselee has to acknowledge that he has a problem and there must be a deep desire to get healed systematically the counselee gets help/counseling through proposals as well as through deliberation. The counselee has to have a will to get healed as well as have the dedication to get rid of the addiction or habit through the help and strength of our beloved Father. / Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (M.A. (Voorligtingpsigologie)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Looking at humankind and all the weight issues/problems, researchers ask one question: "Why do some people have problems with compulsive eating?" Throughout the years many studies has been done about Bulimia and Anorexia as eating behaviours, but not a lot of studies have been done about the theological area concerning research on compulsive eating disorders. From a Biblical and Christian-theological perspective, we find that God created the human as a being who is good and pure but as a result of disobedience, we are all sinners. Through sin, humankind is polluted; therefore humankind struggles to be in control of its own nature in itself. Because of sin, the whole trinity and harmony between God and His creation was disturbed. With a plan and a solution, God sent His only beloved Son, Jesus Christ to earth so that He could die for our sins on the cross. Jesus Christ, our Mediator, return to help us restore the balance between food and humankind. Looking at other social science research, we can see that eating disorders have been looked at and discussed in the medical world for at least the last century. An empirical research has been done with persons who believe that they are compulsive eaters. Through research, they discovered that the participants either had a very unpleasant childhood or during adulthood had had very difficult or unhappy relationships. It is because of these reasons that the researcher tried to establish that pastoral counseling could possibly help with healing. It can be a long and hard road to recovery because compulsive eating disorders can also be related to addiction. Research has shown that each person has to work on his/her relationships with him, God our Father, humankind and nature. The counselee has to acknowledge that he has a problem and there must be a deep desire to get healed systematically the counselee gets help/counseling through proposals as well as through deliberation. The counselee has to have a will to get healed as well as have the dedication to get rid of the addiction or habit through the help and strength of our beloved Father. / Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.